# data[].attributes.body
A political and economic ideology that advocates for individual freedoms, democracy, limited government, and free market capitalism. It emphasizes the protection of individual rights and freedoms.

# data[].attributes.body
Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Alexis de Tocqueville.

# data[].attributes.body
Rights to life, liberty, and property; a limited role of the state in personal affairs.

# data[].attributes.body
A political ideology that emphasizes the interests, culture, and identity of a particular nation. It often advocates for self-determination and independence from foreign influence.

# data[].attributes.body
The belief that a group of people who share common language, culture, or history should form a nation-state.

# data[].attributes.body
The French Revolution, unification movements in Germany and Italy.

# data[].attributes.body
A type of socialism that envisions an ideal, perfect society where everyone lives in harmony and inequality is abolished. Utopian socialists believed that such a society could be created through education and reform.

# data[].attributes.body
Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen.

# data[].attributes.body
The belief that social problems could be solved by creating ideal communities based on equality and cooperation.

# data[].attributes.body
A socio-economic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that critiques capitalism and proposes a revolutionary path to a classless, stateless society. It argues that history is shaped by class struggles.

# data[].attributes.body
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels.

# data[].attributes.body
The historical materialism theory, class struggle, and the goal of achieving communism through the overthrow of capitalism.

# data[].attributes.body
A philosophical movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority. It promoted ideas about human rights, democracy, and scientific progress.

# data[].attributes.body
John Locke, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant.

# data[].attributes.body
"Dare to know" (Sapere aude) and the belief in progress through reason.

# data[].attributes.body
The principle of separating religion from political, social, and educational institutions. The Enlightenment period was characterized by a push for secularism in order to limit the influence of religious institutions on governance and intellectual life.