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interest groups inform the public and law makers about things they are advocating for

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interest groups inform the public and law makers about things they are advocating for

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Regulate interstate and foreign commerce.

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Regulate interstate and foreign commerce.

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Lays out the structure, functions, and powers of the judicial branch of the United States.

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They have the ability to rule legislation unconstitutional if a case comes to them regarding that particular legislation.

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The bureaucracy is responsible for enforcing laws passed by the legislative branch and as such has some control over the way the laws are enforced

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Function-Promote the interests and concerns of the members within the interest group. 

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Function-Promote the interests and concerns of the members within the interest group. 

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1. A political party is a linkage institution because they connect with voters to try and persuade them to believe certain things and vote a certain way.  They keep people informed and try to shape policies and opinions.

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2 Senators from each state, house members are proportional to state's population

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2 Senators from each state, house members are proportional to state's population

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Freedom to decide specifics of law enforcement

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Freedom to decide specifics of law enforcement

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The power of the President to command the armed forces

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The purposes of this branch are to interpret and determine the meaning of the law, hear court cases and applies the law to situations, and to determine if laws/other actions are Constitutional (Judicial Review). This is the weakest of the. three branches.

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They are mainly concerned about influencing public policy.

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They are mainly concerned about influencing public policy.

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Overrides Presidents veto with 2/3's majority vote.

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Overrides Presidents veto with 2/3's majority vote.

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Executive agencies (This works for executive AND legislative)

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Executive agencies (This works for executive AND legislative)

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Groups that are created by the legislative branch to handle issues but the agencies also report to the president and those who serve under the executive and also get the president to push for policies

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Made up of independent organizations that work indirectly for the executive branch

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Made up of independent organizations that work indirectly for the executive branch

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The HOR represents the population and has 435 members. The HOR represents the legislative branch. You have to be 25 years old and work for 2 years per term. More formal, and more rules. 

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The HOR represents the population and has 435 members. The HOR represents the legislative branch. You have to be 25 years old and work for 2 years per term. More formal, and more rules. 

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The power of the President to use his position to try and convince people to think a certain way about certian topics

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The senate has 100 members, represents the legislative branch, 6 year term, 30 years old, 2 senators per state, the senate has fewer rules and is less formal. 

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The senate has 100 members, represents the legislative branch, 6 year term, 30 years old, 2 senators per state, the senate has fewer rules and is less formal. 

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A party platform is a collection of a party's ideologies and plans. These are adopted every 4 years at a party's national convention, where a party's candidate is also selected.

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the judicial branch has the authority to overturn acts of Congress, state laws, or executive action that happen to be unconstitutional

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Reapportionment- Process by which congressional districts are redrawn and seats are redistributed among states in the house. 

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Reapportionment- Process by which congressional districts are redrawn and seats are redistributed among states in the house. 

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The legislative Branch is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives( Congress)

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The legislative Branch is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives( Congress)

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interest groups are like linkage institutions: connecting with the people and the government  

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interest groups are like linkage institutions: connecting with the people and the government  

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president can instate people/presidents party can instate people to make choices for the country OR people can be voted in/interviewed

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Political Spectrum (farthest left to farthest right)

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Political Spectrum (farthest left to farthest right)

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Radical- Favors immediate and fundamental social change (potential violence).

Liberal-Generally favors change through peaceful means.

Moderate-Want some change, some things to remain the same (mix of beliefs).

Conservative- Favors tradition; less change; emphasizes individual liberty.

Reactionary- Seek to undo any change, wants the “good ole days” (potential violence).

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The DNC and RNC are organizations that govern the Democratic and Republican parties. They are responsible for creating the party platforms (created every four years at the National Convention) and finding candidates who fit their ideology to help run for office.

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Power checked by veto override and judicial review

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Power checked by veto override and judicial review

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Expressed/Enumerated Powers of Congress (Definition & give a few examples)- Power specifically granted to the national gov’t in the constitution. 

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Expressed/Enumerated Powers of Congress (Definition & give a few examples)- Power specifically granted to the national gov’t in the constitution. 

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The power of the president to release a person of his or hers prior crimes

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commitees, house specific and senate specific commitees. Some are in both. Conference comitees compromise on bills

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commitees, house specific and senate specific commitees. Some are in both. Conference comitees compromise on bills

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Barriers:
1: Financing issues
2: Larger parties absorbing third-party ideologies
3: Many believe 3rd party votes don't matter
4: Single Member Districts: one person wins the entire state's electoral votes based on a simple majority.

Voting Systems
1: Single District Members ^
2: Proportional Systems:  Unlike single-member districts, proportional systems have multiple candidates per party for a potential legislative position, and, once the votes are counted, these candidates are given proportional positions in government. This allows 3rd parties to get members into government positions without having to get a majority of the votes
3:

Types of 3rd parties

1. Ideological Parties

1. Parties that adhere to a consistent ideology that spans many issues

2. Splinter Parties

1. Parties that break off from larger parties, bringing new ideologies with them

3. Single Issue Parties

1. Parties that focus on promoting a single issue

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To issue signing statements along with the passing of a legislation 

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To issue signing statements along with the passing of a legislation 

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Influence decision makers in the government

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Influence decision makers in the government

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Foreign Affairs/Military Powers of Congress (Consider the powers of Congress collectively, and also a power that the Senate has specifically)- Raise armies and navies, enact a draft, congress determines money spent on military bases, sets the salary schedule for all military personnel, and declares war.

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Foreign Affairs/Military Powers of Congress (Consider the powers of Congress collectively, and also a power that the Senate has specifically)- Raise armies and navies, enact a draft, congress determines money spent on military bases, sets the salary schedule for all military personnel, and declares war.

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The President appoints Supreme Court Justices with confirmation from the Senate.

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bureaucracies have the power to make regulations in accordance with laws

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Use Lobbyists to get their beliefs out into the world.

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Use Lobbyists to get their beliefs out into the world.

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- Courts should have an active role in policy-making
- More likely to rule actions by the other branches unconstitutional, especially in an attempt to broaden individual rights and liberties
- Often overlaps with living constitutional/loose construction

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maj leader, min leader, maj whip, min whip

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maj leader, min leader, maj whip, min whip

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1. Work to mobilize and educate voters
2. Responsible for creating party platforms: lists of their beliefs and goals.
3. Work to recruit candidates to run for office.
4. Help educate candidates on how to run a successful campaign, as well as on the beliefs of the people.
5. Help campaign by raising money through fundraisers and spreading the word through ads and canvassing.

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The 22nd Amendment, the POTUS can only serve two terms 

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The 22nd Amendment, the POTUS can only serve two terms 

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Democratic (Liberal)- Government should actively protect individual rights.
Republican (Conservative)- Government should intervene more to regulate social morals.
Libertarian- Government should stay out of social issues

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Greensboro sit in was a form of non direct lobbying, interest groups had influence on organizing things like this.

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Greensboro sit in was a form of non direct lobbying, interest groups had influence on organizing things like this.

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The federal bureaucracy is made by Congress and the president. But agencies independently make policy and exert power: legislating by rulemaking; executing by implementation; and adjudicating by hearing complaints, prosecuting cases, and judging disputes.

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Can confirm or reject presidential nominations for the heads of federal agencies, federal judges, and Supreme Court.

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Can confirm or reject presidential nominations for the heads of federal agencies, federal judges, and Supreme Court.

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types of interest groups: professional, single issue, public interest

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types of interest groups: professional, single issue, public interest

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Groups that work for the good of society in general. (ex. League of Women Voters, Environmental Defense Fund, Common Cause)

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Organizations that seek to influence laws that will benefit the professional interests of their members. Businesses are also included in this type. (ex. Exxon Mobil, BlueCross, Amazon, Banks)

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Single-issue interest groups focus on a single issue

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Single-issue interest groups focus on a single issue

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- The court should defer to the democratically elected branches whenever possible
- Judicial review should only be utilized when something is obviously unconstitutional
- Not the job of the Judiciary to solve problems
- Respect precedent & be aware of setting a new precedent
- Often overlaps with the idea of originalism or strict constructionism

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Political candidates give government jobs to supporters after winning an election

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To send treaties to the Senate for there ratification 

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To send treaties to the Senate for there ratification 

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what do interest groups do? encourage their members to vote for candidates who support/help them. They add pressure to the legislatures by the media. They help educate voters. write bills that would be introduced to congress members. They create PACs and lobby.  

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what do interest groups do? encourage their members to vote for candidates who support/help them. They add pressure to the legislatures by the media. They help educate voters. write bills that would be introduced to congress members. They create PACs and lobby.  

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-Younger
-Minorities
-Women
-LGBTQ
-Jewish, Muslim, secular
-Post-graduate education
-Urban

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The power of the President to represent the US on an international stage

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president of senate- vp, president pro temp- leads when vp isn't there

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president of senate- vp, president pro temp- leads when vp isn't there

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Hamilton wants life terms, an independent judiciary, and judicial review.

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lobbyists target congress to try to get bills to pass

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lobbyists target congress to try to get bills to pass

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-Older
-White
-Men
-Evangelical/White Protestants
-Higher Income
-Rural

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Selects Vice President if no one gets a majority in the EC.

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Selects Vice President if no one gets a majority in the EC.

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A federalist paper discussing the idea of having energy and swiftness in the executive branch.

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Often favoring the incumbent; gerrymandering is manipulation of an electoral constituency's boundaries so as to favor one political party.

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Written by Alexander Hamilton, it outlines how the judicial branch will operate and why it is important that it be structured as laid out in the Constitution.