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Nationalism developed in the 18th century, particularly during the French Revolution (1789-1799). The idea of nationalism emphasizes loyalty, and allegiance to a nation. This gave people a new sense of unity within their own nation, and it led to increased competition and fighting between states. In the late 19th century, several countries were feuding over territory in Africa, and Asia.

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The age of Imperialism is a time period where industrialized European nations colonized and annexed less developed areas to expand their own influence and power. The industrial revolution's demand for raw materials and new markets, as well as the idea of nationalism, provided an incentive for expansion.

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Militarism is an idea that emphasizes military power. In several nations, domestic policies were enacted to increase defense and arms spending.  This led to an arms race that created new technologies and changed society through the press and influenced public opinion.

"Domination of the military man over the civilian, an undue preponderance of military demands, an emphasis on military considerations." (German WW1 Veteran)

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1870s-1914: Creation of European Alliances

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1870s-1914: Creation of European Alliances

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By the early 20th century, the balance of power among Europe's major powers was split into two rival alliances. Germany's unification and rapid industrialization threatened established powers such as Britain, France, and Russia. Alliances were made to have collective security. If one state started a war, it would fight it would have to fight it's allies.

The Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, Italy, and Austro-Hungarian Empire

Triple Entente (1907): Russia, France, and Britain.

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A period where European powers partitioned Africa. Europeans sought large sections of territory to get access to resources and people. The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) legitimized and formalized colonialism. There were no Africans at the conference.

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1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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In June of 1914, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand visited Sarajevo and was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip. He was a member of the Black Hand, which was a nationalist group. Austria-Hungary issued a list of harsh demands and led to the beginning of WW1.

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The Battle of Tannenberg took place in the first month of the war. It was one of the first major battles, which resulted in a victory for the Germans. This showed that the Germans were better equipped and trained against the larger Russian army.

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Armenians in a multiethnic Ottoman empire were suspected of traitors (collaborating with Russians). An estimated 1 million people were massacred/deported. This event established a precedent for the term "genocide".

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A joint operation between British and French troops to launch a large-scale offensive on the german lines. It happened on both sides of the river Somme in France. Took place between 1 July and 18 November 1916. Over 50,000 soldiers died on the first day of the battle.

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A naval battle between the English and German Navy. During this time, the two countries held the most powerful navy in the world. First and last major naval fight with battleships in WW1, because they were expensive and both sides lost ships.

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A telegram Germany attempted to send to Mexico, asking for an alliance and aid if the U.S. joins the war against Germany. The telegram is intercepted by the British and is a turning point of the war because the U.S. enters the war.

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The Russian Revolution was a political event in the 20th century, that changed Europe. In 1917, the pressures of WWI inspired a violent revolution against the government. During the political turmoil, Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin took control and ended imperialist rule. The Bolsheviks would later be known as the Communist party of the Soviet Union.

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The Zimmerman Telegram pushes the U.S. to join the war. It's manpower and resources contributed greatly to the defeat of Germany. Before the entry of the U.S., the war was at a stalemate with both sides struggling. Woodrow Wilson arrived in Paris for a peace conference in 1919 and is famous for his 14 points (reform on international relations).

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A declining Ottoman Empire ended and split into new states of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine. These countries were under the control of Europeans. Nationalist movements and partitioning of Ottoman empire -> End.

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The Armistice was signed on 11 November 1918. This marked the end of fighting in World War 1. The agreement was signed in a railroad car in Compenge, France. Although it ended fighting on the western front, other peace treaties were negotiated later.

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The league of Nations was an organization founded in 1919 after the end of World War 1. As part of the treaty of Versailles, the body was established. The goal of the League of Nations was to prevent another war from happening by going through diplomatic means. It comprised 42 founding members, including France, UK, Italy, and Japan. Later it would struggle as significant powers such as the U.S. and Soviet Union did not join. It was dissolved in 1946, and replaced with United Nations in 1945.

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The treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919. It was negotiated at the Paris peace conference, in Versailles. The treaty was extremely harsh on Germany; disarming, territorial losses, reparations, and assuming responsibility for the war. This was significant because it led to economic and political instability in the country, and would lead to the rise of the Nazi party and Hitler in the future.