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1. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair, an English novelist, journalist, and essayist.

2. He is best known for his two dystopian novels, "Animal Farm" and "1984", which are considered classics of the 20th-century literature.

3. Born in India in 1903, Orwell was the son of a British colonial civil servant. He was educated at a private school in England before joining the Indian Imperial Police in 1922.

4. After leaving the police, Orwell worked as a private tutor, school teacher, and bookshop assistant before becoming a full-time writer in the late 1920s.

5. Orwell was a strong advocate for socialist and democratic ideals, and his work often critiqued totalitarianism and fascism.

6. In the 1940s, Orwell's health began to decline, and he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. He died in 1950 at the age of 46.

7. In 2002, "The Times" newspaper named "Animal Farm" as the greatest political novel of all time.

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The novel is set on a farm called Manor Farm, which is renamed "Animal Farm" after the animals successfully rebel against the human farmer, Mr. Jones, and take control of the farm. The animals, led by the pigs, establish a government in which all animals are equal and work together to run the farm. At first, the animals work hard and the farm is successful. However, as time goes on, the pigs, who had been the main leaders in the rebellion, begin to take more power and privileges for themselves. They begin to control the other animals and change the rules to suit their own interests. The other animals gradually begin to realize that the pigs have become just like the human oppressors they had overthrown and that the farm is no different than it was under Mr. Jones' rule. Throughout the story, the pigs gradually change the Commandments (which were initially set by all the animals together) to suit their own needs and conviniences, and the other animals are not able to realize it until it's too late.

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The main idea of the book "Animal Farm" by George Orwell is a satire of the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism. The story is told from the perspective of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer in order to run the farm themselves. Initially, the animals are able to create a successful and harmonious society, but as the pigs - who have taken the leadership role - become more power-hungry and corrupt, the other animals begin to realize that their lives under the pigs' rule are not much different from when they were ruled by humans.
The book is highly critical of the idea that a revolution can be led by a single party and when the people begin to trust these leaders blindly, it leads to a very brutal dictatorship, as the society fails to keep the leader accountable.

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"Animal Farm" uses a variety of metaphorical elements to convey its message. One of the most prominent metaphorical elements in the book is the use of animals to represent different groups of people.

The pigs represent the Soviet Communist Party and its leadership, while the other animals represent the working class.

Napoleon, the pig who emerges as the leader of the farm after the rebellion, represents Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union. Napoleon's rise to power and his increasing tyranny are meant to mirror Stalin's own rise to power and the way he used his position to become a dictator.

Snowball, a pig who is exiled by Napoleon, represents Leon Trotsky, a rival of Stalin's who was exiled from the Soviet Union. Snowball's exile is meant to mirror Trotsky's exile.

The other animals on the farm represent different classes or groups of people. The horses, for example, represent the working class and the cows represent the peasantry.

The farm, itself, represent the country and the changes that take place there, the changes in its management, goals, purpose and ultimately the way it is controlled by the pigs.

The Battle of the cowshed and the Battle of the Windmill represent the events of the Russian Revolution and the subsequent civil war.

The Commandments that the animals have to follow, initially meant to serve as guiding principles for the society they build, are later manipulated by Napoleon and the other pigs to justify their increasing power and control over the other animals. This represents the way that the principles of the revolution were twisted and perverted to justify Stalin's regime.

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Napoleon: A large, fierce-looking Berkshire boar who emerges as the leader of the farm after the rebellion. He is representative of Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union. Napoleon is portrayed as intelligent and cunning, but also ruthless and power-hungry. He uses propaganda, manipulation, and force to maintain his power and control over the other animals.

Snowball: A pig who is Napoleon's main rival for leadership of the farm. He represents Leon Trotsky, a rival of Stalin's who was exiled from the Soviet Union. Snowball is portrayed as intelligent, idealistic, and passionate, but also naive. He genuinely wants to create a fair and equal society, but he is ultimately driven off the farm by Napoleon.

Boxer: A large, powerful horse who represents the working class. Boxer is extremely hardworking and loyal to the farm, but he is not very intelligent and can be easily manipulated. He has a strong sense of duty and is willing to work himself to exhaustion in order to build the windmill and serve the farm.

Squealer: A small, clever pig who serves as Napoleon's propagandist. He represents the Soviet government's use of propaganda to control the people. Squealer is able to manipulate the other animals into believing whatever Napoleon tells them to, by using clever rhetoric and logical fallacies.

Old Major: A respected and aged pig who serves as an inspiration for the rebellion. He represents Karl Marx, the philosopher who developed the theory of communism. Old Major's ideas about animal equality and the overthrow of human oppression serve as the basis for the animal's rebellion, however, he dies before the revolution begins.

Mr. Jones: the human farmer who owns the farm and represents the Tsar and the nobility who were overthrown by the revolution. He is portrayed as cruel, lazy, and incompetent, and the animals overthrow him in order to take control of the farm.

Muriel: A clever goat who is one of the few animals that can read, she serves as an important voice of reason and is able to understand when things are going wrong and call attention to it, even if her voice is not always heard.

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The story is a political satire about the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism, where the author uses animal characters to comment on real-life events.

As I read, I found the portrayal of the pigs, who have taken the leadership role, becoming more power-hungry and corrupt. The other animals begin to realize that their lives under the pigs' rule are not much different from when they were ruled by humans. This is a clear commentary on how revolutions can be co-opted by those in power and used to justify the oppression and exploitation of the very people they were intended to liberate.

I was impressed by the author's use of symbolism and metaphor throughout the story. The use of animal characters as an allegory for different groups of people and the farm as a representation of a country helped me understand the book's commentary on the events of the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism in an easier way.

I also found the theme of betrayal of the revolution and how leaders become tyrants, depicted in a very powerful way throughout the story. It was also a warning about how society fails to keep leaders accountable, and the consequences that can arise from it.

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1. "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."
2. "The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which." This quote highlights the way in which the pigs and the humans become indistinguishable as the pigs become more like their human oppressors.
3. "All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work" - This quote shows how the pigs use manipulation and propaganda to control the other animals and make them believe that they are happy with their situation even though they are being treated unjustly.

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Original text:
"The animals worked with a will, but it was a constant struggle not to fall below the level of the year before. In addition to the regular work of the farm, and the rebuilding of the windmill, a large part of the animals' time was taken up with the education of the young. Some progress was made with the dogs and pigeons, but the other young animals were not yet ready to take the same responsibility as their elders."
My translation:
"Dzīvnieki strādāja ar gribu, bet tā bija pastāvīga cīņa, lai nekristu zemāk par iepriekšējā gada līmeni. Papildus parastajam fermas darbam un vēja dzirnavu atjaunošanai, liela daļa dzīvnieku laika tika tērēta uz jauno dzīvnieku izglītošanu. Nelielus panākumus sasniedza ar suņiem un baložiem, bet pārējie dzīvnieki vēl nebija gatavi uzņemties tādu atbildību kā viņu vecāki."
Google translate:
"Dzīvnieki strādāja ar gribu, taču bija nemitīga cīņa, lai nenokristu zem iepriekšējā gada līmeņa. Papildus kārtējam fermas darbam un vējdzirnavu atjaunošanai lielu daļu dzīvnieku laika aizņēma mazuļu izglītošana. Tika gūti zināmi panākumi ar suņiem un baložiem, bet pārējie dzīvnieki vēl nebija gatavi uzņemties tādu pašu atbildību kā viņu vecākie.
Deepl translation:
"Dzīvnieki strādāja ar gribasspēku, taču bija nepārtraukta cīņa, lai nesamazinātos zem iepriekšējā gada līmeņa. Papildus regulārajiem saimniecības darbie
m un vējdzirnavu pārbūvei lielu daļu dzīvnieku laika aizņēma jaunlopu audzināšana. Zināmi panākumi tika gūti ar suņiem un baložiem, bet pārējie jaunie dzīvnieki vēl nebija gatavi uzņemties tādu pašu atbildību kā vecākie."

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How does the novel depict the relationship between the ruling class and the working class?