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Importance of the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

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Importance of the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

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Tectonic plates, large slabs of rock that divide Earth's crust, move constantly to reshape the Earth's landscape. The system of ideas behind plate tectonics theory suggests that Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the Earth's rocky inner layer above the soft core (mantle)

Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Reference:
https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/Blog/2020/Understanding-Plate-Tectonic-Theory#:~:text=Tectonic%20plates%2C%20large%20slabs%20of,the%20soft%20core%20(mantle)

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Mark Joseph A. Barbosa | 11 - Rutherford

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Tectonic Plates

Tectonic plates, large slabs of rock that divide Earth's crust, move constantly to reshape the Earth's landscape. The system of ideas behind plate tectonics theory suggests that Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the Earth's rocky inner layer above the soft core (mantle). The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. The mantle sits between Earth's dense, very hot core and its thin outer layer, the crust.

Plate tectonics has become the unifying theory of geology. It explains the earth's surface movement, current and past, which has created the tallest mountain ranges and the deepest oceans.

Some scientists think that the shifting plates, which have the ability to help adjust our planet's temperature over billions of years, are a vital element for life.

Watch this video animation for more information.

what are tectonic plates?

Tectonic plates are gigantic pieces of the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They are made up of oceanic crust and continental crust. Earthquakes occur around mid-ocean ridges and the large faults which mark the edges of the plates.

The World Atlas names seven major plates: African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American, Pacific and South American.

California is located at the seam of the Pacific Plate, which is the world's largest plate at 39,768,522 square miles, and the Northern American plate.

Tectonic plates map showing the Ring of Fire

The Earth is always on the move due to the motion of the tectonic plates. Seven of the major plates make up most of the seven continents and the Pacific Ocean. They are named after nearby landmasses, oceans, or regions.

Source: National Parks Service (Public Domain)

What is the Ring of Fire?

The Ring of Fire is in the Pacific Ocean. It is made up of a string of volcanoes, deep ocean trenches, and high mountain ranges. It is the site of earthquakes around the edges of the Pacific Ocean.

The tectonic plates map of the Earth shows where mountain building, volcanoes, and earthquakes have occurred.

how many tectonic plates are there?

There are major, minor and micro tectonic plates. There are seven major plates: African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American, Pacific and South American.

The Hawaiian Islands were created by the Pacific Plate, which is the world's largest plate at 39,768,522 square miles.

what is a tectonic plate boundary?

A tectonic plate boundary is the border between two plates. The tectonic plates slowly and constantly move but in many different directions. Some are moving toward each other, some are moving apart, and some are grinding past each other. Tectonic plate boundaries are grouped into three main types based on the different movements.

types of plate boundaries

The study of plate boundaries and their motion is like figuring out a constantly moving jigsaw puzzle. Understanding the types of plate boundaries is vital to understanding the Earth's history. Subduction zones, or convergent margins, are one of the three types of plate boundaries.

The others are divergent and transform margins.

Subduction Zone

At subduction zones, a convergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates push together. When an ocean plate and a continental plate collide, the ocean plate slides under the continental plate, and bends downward.

Divergent Margin

A divergent margin occurs when two plates are spreading apart, as at seafloor ridges or continental rift zones such as the East Africa Rift. Molten rock rises from the Earth's center to fill the gap.

Transform Margin

Transform margins mark slip-sliding plates, such as California's San Andreas fault. The San Andreas fault marks the location where the North America and Pacific plates grind past each other in a horizontal motion.

The plates do not slide smoothly, but build tension and release it in the form of an earthquake.

how do tectonic plates create earthquakes, volcanoes & mountains?

The Earth's surface is active according to tectonic theory, moving as much as 1-2 inches a year. The many tectonic plates shift and interact all the time. This motion reshapes the Earth's outer layer. Earthquakes, volcanoes and mountains are the result of this process.

Also at work are the roles of convection and gravity:

Scientists have discovered that the continents have come together and spread apart at least three times in the Earth's history. Geologists believe this motion is driven by convection in Earth's mantle which causes hot rock to rise and cooler rock to sink.

When the denser tectonic plate dives beneath another plate it is due to the high energy by the Earth's gravity that pushes into the mantle. Earth's tides, which are caused by a gravitational tug of the Moon and the Sun, also put extra strain on geological faults.

how to prepare for an earthquake

Nothing can prevent the next major California earthquake from happening. The key to being safe during an earthquake is preparation. While an earthquake safety kit will be of help after an earthquake, the planning conversations you have with your family members before an earthquake are most important.

Create an earthquake safety plan for you and your loved ones.

Consider a seismic retrofit which involves strengthening your home's foundation to make it more resistant to shaking. CEA offers premium discounts for houses and mobilehomes that have been retrofitted. Find out about grants to help for retrofits under the Earthquake Brace + Bolt program, and the CEA Brace + Bolt program.

Understanding Geologic & Structural Risks

Find about the potential geologic threats to your home in case of a major earthquake. The violent shaking from earthquakes can:

Rupture the earth.

Trigger landslides.

Turn the surface of the earth into liquid.

If your home was built before 1980, you may have structural risks that could affect your safety.

Personal Preparedness Guidelines

Follow the Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety. Decrease your risk of damage and injury from a major earthquake by identifying possible home hazards:

Tall, heavy furniture that could topple, such as bookcases, china cabinets, or modular wall units.

Water heaters that are not up to code by being strapped could rupture.

Stoves and appliances that could move enough to rupture gas or electrical lines.

Hanging plants in heavy pots that could swing free of hooks.

Heavy picture frames or mirrors over a bed that could fall while you are sleeping.

Latches on kitchen cabinets or other cabinets that will not hold the door closed during shaking.

Breakables or heavy objects that are kept on high or open shelves could fall and break causing additional damage and safety hazards.

A masonry chimney could crumble and fall through an unsupported roof.

Flammable liquids, such as painting or cleaning products, would be safer in a garage or an outside shed.

is your house at risk for earthquake damage?

Do you know about the primary geologic hazards where you live? This information could affect your family's and home's safety during an earthquake. Visit CEA's county risk map to find out if you live near an active fault.

Your earthquake hazard and risk depends on the location of your home, your home's construction, and your home's location near an active fault zone. Other factors include:

1. The population density in your community.

2. Building codes.

3. Your family's emergency preparedness.

If your home was built before 1980, it may also be vulnerable to serious structural damage. With safety planning, reinforcing the structure of your home, securing your personal property, and buying earthquake insurance, you stand a better chance of riding out the next California earthquake.
Learn how to prepare your home
Sources Consulted:

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CEA - Understanding Plate Tectonic Theory

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Tectonic plates, large slabs of rock that divide Earth's crust, move constantly to reshape the Earth's landscape. The system of ideas behind plate tectonics theory suggests that Earth's outer shell (lithosphere) is divided into several plates that glide over the Earth's rocky inner layer above the soft core (mantle).

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The significance of tectonic context in mineral production and accumulation

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The significance of tectonic context in mineral production and accumulation

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The tectonic setting of a region can have a considerable impact on mineral production and accumulation. Plate tectonics, mountain building, and faulting can all create geological conditions that encourage the development and concentration of certain minerals.

Plate tectonics, for example, can transport various types of rocks to the Earth's surface, offering a mineral source. Plate tectonics can also result in the production of volcanic and geothermal activity, which can lead to the formation of minerals such as sulfides, native metals, and precious stones.

Mountain creation can also generate suitable circumstances for mineral production and concentration. The enormous pressure and heat generated by mountain development can result in the production of mineral deposits like porphyry copper.

John Eimann C. Culibrina | 11 - Einstein

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Importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

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Importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

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Minerals are directly related to the tectonic setting where it accumulates. For instance,  important metallic deposits like Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Au and Ag are found in ocean ridges that have divergent plates, while some metallic deposits are commonly found at both continental and convergent plate margins. The environment affects what mineral is going to accumulate in it, as well as the concentration, pressure, and heat.

According to Geology In, Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition. Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics. Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits. That is why the movements in tectonic plate boundaries greatly affects the production and accumulation of minerals.

Julia Monica E. Agron
11- Curie|Mendel

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One Of Our Most Fundamental Ideas About Volcanoes May Be Wrong

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The Importance of Tectonic Setting in Mineral Production and Accumulation

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The Importance of Tectonic Setting in Mineral Production and Accumulation

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The boundaries of tectonic plates are extremely dynamic. Volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and even important mineral resources can be found here. Mineral deposits formed at tectonic plate boundaries are heavily influenced by volcanic activity. Mineral deposition is controlled by geological processes that operate as a result of energy released at plate boundaries. Mineral deposits form in specific tectonic settings governed by plate tectonics. Rebuilding fragmented continents can provide a useful foundation for the exploration of new mineral deposits.

References:
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

https://study.com/academy/lesson/plate-tectonics-and-the-location-of-mineral-deposits.html

EVANGELISTA, Mhariel Joy Q.
11 - Einstein

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Similar to crustal evolution, plate tectonics offers a foundation for comprehending the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources. Three factors make the connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits important:
Mineral deposition is governed by geological processes driven by energy generated at plate borders.
Mineral deposits develop in certain tectonic environments that are controlled by plate tectonics.

The search of new mineral reserves can be based on the reconstruction of broken continents.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Stephanie Gwen R. Mangmang 11 - Galilei

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

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Plate Tectonics: The Earth's crust is broken into dozen/ more plates of different sizes that move relative to one another. These plates are moving slowly on top of a hot and more mobile material called the "asthenosphere" resulting to different tectonic settings.  Due to geological processes, energy is released which plays a vital role in controlling processes involving mineral deposition. Different tectonic setting produces and contain different minerals which helps us people to locate and find them easily.

Sources: https://www.coursehero.com/file/26334287/Ore-Deposits-and-Plate-Tectonicsdocx/

Fulgueras, Elishaelet I. | 11-Curie

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics.docx - Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding | Course Hero

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View Notes - Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics.docx from GEOLOGY 13 at Aligarh Muslim University. Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Plate tectonics describes how the Earth's crust is divided into plates. The constant movement of plates produces convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries. Divergent boundaries form sea ridges where seafloor spreading occurs. The process allows new hot rocks to move and rise from the inner part of the Earth. With the help of hot water, these rocks contain minerals like iron, zinc, copper, lead, gold, and silver. Convergent boundaries form subduction zones, mountain ranges, and volcanoes because of the collision of two crusts, which have high production of minerals such as tin, tungsten, uranium, gold, and other minerals, primarily because of heat and volcanism. Lastly, Transform boundaries form as two crusts slip alongside each other. Although it has little hydrothermal activity, which is the needed condition for mineral formation, it can still be a deposit for certain minerals like gold.

Overall, it is reasonable to learn the relativity of the tectonic setting to the accumulation and production of minerals as they are correlated. Identifying a type of boundary in a location can help you identify the extractable minerals and vice versa.

https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YYb57F2NrkFfvWG02tjFTgJyrHTji_Ga/view

Khurt Denzel R. Querubin
11-Rutherford

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals? 

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals? 

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The production and accumulation of minerals are significantly influenced by the tectonic setting. The energy released during the process enabled the reconstruction. Due to that, there would be a possibility for the exploration of new mineral deposits.

Alexandra Carla Sablaon
11 - Newton

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P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

S everal requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals. A number of tectonic settings meet these requirements:

I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

Hydrothermal activity at the ridges gives rise to a) Sulfide deposits and b) Metalliferous sediments on the flanks of ridges. Important metallic deposits formed are Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Au and Ag. In the Red Sea metalliferous sediments containing Fe, Zn and Cu are being deposited.

Mn oxide deposits are important at some ridges Eg the TAG Hydrothermal field on the Atlantic Ridge.

Ultramafic rocks in ophiolites containing asbestos, chromite and nickel ores. These are generally accessible in Phanerozoic orogenic belts to which sites they have been transported due to plate movement.

Podiform chromite deposits associated with serpentinized ultramafic rocks.

Cyprus Type massive sulfide deposits (Cu-Fe rich) are also associated with ophiolites and represent hydrothermal deposits formed at ocean ridges.

Several types of mineral deposits appear to show a genetic relationship to either the hot mantle plume itself or the tracks it produces.

II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

M etallic deposits are commonly found at both continental and arc convergent plate margins. Along the Circum-Pacific Belt major metallic deposits occur in western North and South America, Japan, Philippines, New Zealand and Indonesia. More than half of the world's supply of copper comes from the Porphyry Copper Deposits of this region. Important deposits associated with present and former convergent margins are:

Base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo).

Precious metals (Pt, Au, Ag).

Other metals (Sn, W, Sb, Hg). (Red Bed uranium deposits are also associated with convergent boundaries Eg SW United States).

Z oning of mineral deposits forming at convergent margins is apparent Eg in the Andes, going from west to east, the various zones encountered are:

a) contact metasomatic Fe- deposits;
b) Cu-Ag and Ag veins;
c) Porphypy Cu-Mo deposits;
d) Pb-Zn-Ag veins and contact metasomatic deposits; and
e) Sn deposits.

T hese zones are caused due to progressive liberation of metals from the descending slab, with Sn coming from a depth of 300 Km. The metals are derived from some combination of the descending slab and the overlying mantle wedge. They move upwards in magmas or fluids and are concentrated in late hydrothermal and magmatic fluids.

P etroleum occurs in the back-arc basins in arc convergent margins where organic matter is trapped and there is a lack of free circulation so that its oxidation is prevented. Geothermal heat facilitates conversion of organic matter to petroleum, and accompanying deformation forms traps for accumulation of petroleum.

P otential geothermal fields also occur along convergent margins.

III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

A variety of local tectonic settings exist along collision plate margins. Most of the deposits that occur here have formed in diverse tectonic settings and have been transported to the collision zones. Consequently, a variety of metallic deposits are abundant here:

Deposits generally related with oceanic ridges (ophiolites).

Those associated with convergent plate margins.

Mineral deposits associated with cratonic assemblages.

Deposits associated with continental rifts.

Deposits genetically related to collision zones are hydrocarbons which may accumulate in foreland basins associated with such zones, Eg the Persian Gulf SW of the Zagros Suture in Iran.

IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

Regional uplift and doming usually result when a continent comes to rest over a hotspot and huge volumes of magma rise to the surface. Extensional failure of the lithopheric crust may occur with continued doming, triggering the development of a triple junction - a three armed continental rift system. Typically, one arm of the rift fails remaining a fissure in the crust known as an aulacogen, while the remaining two arms open to form an oceanic basin.

The prevalence of three armed rifts is revealed by reassembling the continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean to their positions before Pangea split up. In most cases two of the arms were incorporated into the Atlantic, while the third remained as a blind rift extending into the continent.

R ifting follows crustal doming in response to hot-spot activity in the mantle.

Granites intruded at this stage have associated Sn and fluorite deposits.

Evaporites accumulate in the rifts during the more advanced stages, with Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in limestones forming during the early and middle stages of rifting. These are followed by oceanic metalliferous deposits.

Aulacogens are characterized by the presence of fluorite, barite, carbonatites (with Nb, P, REE, U, Th etc) and Sn-bearing granites.

Geothermal fields occur along the rifts due to the upwelling of the asthenosphere.

C arbonatites (unusual igneous rock rich in calcite and other carbonate minerals which are considered to be mantle derived), kimberlites, and alkaline granites within or adjacent to rifts provide a major source of metallic and other minerals.

V. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

M arginal and intracontinental cratonic basins provide a favourable setting for accumulation of organic matter. During the opening of a cratonic rift, seawater moves into the basin and evaporation exceeds inflow, giving rise to the formation of evaporites. The environment is characterized by restricted circulation and hence organic matter is preserved leading to the accumulation of petroleum. With continued rifting, circulation becomes unrestricted and deposition of evaporites and organic matter ceases.

H igh geothermal gradients beneath the opening rift and increase in pressure due to burial by sediments facilitates the conversion of organic matter to petroleum. In the final stages of the opening of the basin, the salt beds may begin to rise as salt domes forming traps for oil and gas. Oil and gas may also be trapped in structural and stratigraphic traps as they move up due to increasing temperature and pressure, Eg the Red Sea.

T his speculation is lent support by the fact that around the Atlantic there is a close geographic and geologic relationship between hydrocarbons and salt accumulations.

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P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts: Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

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Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition. Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics. Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.
Source: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html#:~:text=Geological%20processes%20operating%20due%20to,exploration%20of%20new%20mineral%20deposits.

Elyza Ramirez, 11-Newton

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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It is very important. Geological processes happen mainly due to energy released at plate boundaries. Mineral deposits were said to be formed in particular tectonic settings. In simple words, tectonic settings make the accumulation and production of minerals possible.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/tectonic-phenomena

Natasha Lois S. Montas

11 - Newton

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Tectonic Setting and its Significance to Mineral Production and Accumulation

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Tectonic Setting and its Significance to Mineral Production and Accumulation

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Understanding the tectonic setting is important because it can help explain the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. This is due to the fact that minerals are produced and accumulated in different tectonic setting. Furthermore, deposits can be found at oceanic ridges, convergent plate margins, collision boundaries, cratonic rift systems, and cratonic basins.

The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits (geologyin.com)

Patag, Joshua Antonio M. || 11 - Rutherford

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

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Tectonic settings are very important in the production and accumulation of minerals. They are the primary controls over the occurrence and distribution of mineral deposits. Tectonic settings create different geological environments that can favor the formation of certain types of mineral deposits, particularly those related to magmatic, hydrothermal, and sedimentary processes. Tectonic settings also influence how and where minerals are deposited, as well as how they are transported and concentrated. In addition, tectonics can play a role in the erosion and deposition of mineral deposits, allowing for their accumulation over time.

Vaughn Marc Martinez
11-Galilei

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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By definition, tectonic setting refers to the different tectonic conditions present at a particular location on Earth. It describes whether a certain location is near a tectonic plate boundary or in a more complex position in the plate. Relating it to the plate tectonics, different plates move and interact with each other in the form of convergent, divergent, and transform plate boundaries. In consideration to the subduction zones in the convergent plate boundary, denser oceanic plate sinks down into the mantle carrying rocks that may contain sedimentary ore deposits which is then converted into metamorphic rocks with the aid of heat and pressure and pushed out of the crust as igneous rocks by means of volcanic activities. Hence, the rock cycle continues. And since minerals are the building blocks of rocks, it will always be formed, recycled, and present in our Earth's surface.

Ariza, Aneeza Yeddah Ll. | 11 - Curie - Mendel

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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The production and accretion of various minerals depends on the characteristics of plate tectonics. Understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources is based on plate tectonics.

The seabed is extended out by the convection current, which also raises fresh rocks that may contain minerals to the top. The plate's subducted portion melts, transforms into magma, and then erupts farther inland. Minerals are frequently concentrated by plate tectonic processes in veins or ore deposits.

Magmatic Mechanisms
Different minerals crystallize at various temperatures as magma cools, and as the magma solidifies, the concentration of various minerals changes.

Basically, tectonic setting and the other mentioned factors, raise minerals to the surface and groups them up for easy collection

Jayk Malhberg C. Ramolete
11-Mendel

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Magma is brought to the Earth's surface by the forces of plate tectonics and mantle convection. In addition to burying organic material to generate fossil fuels, tectonic forces also exhume buried reservoirs to make them accessible for mining. When minerals are dissolved in water heated by magma bodies, they become precious ores when the water cools. Mineral deposition is governed by geological processes driven by energy generated at plate borders. Mineral deposits develop in certain tectonic environments that are controlled by plate tectonics. The search of new mineral reserves can be based on the reconstruction of broken continents.

Valerie L. Maqui - 11Newton

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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The convection current spreads the seafloor and brings new rock to the surface and those rocks may contain minerals. The subducted part of the plate melts and is turned into magma and the magma erupts farther inland. Plate tectonic processes often concentrate minerals in ore deposits or veins.

Magmatic Processes
as magma cools, minerals crystallize at different temperatures and the concentration of different minerals changes as the magma solidifies.

Hydrothermal Deposits
hot water can dissolve minerals and form brine, a mixture of water and dissolved minerals. As the brine flows upward and cools, its ability to keep minerals in the solution decreases and minerals precipitate from the brine

Sedimentary Processes
Sedimentation can naturally concentrate material

Placer Deposits
Result of weathering and gravity-induced density sorting.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YYb57F2NrkFfvWG02tjFTgJyrHTji_Ga/view

http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter16/P01.html

John Kyrk B. Terrobias || 11-Rutherford

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Magma is brought to the Earth's surface by the forces of plate tectonics and mantle convection. In addition to burying organic material to generate fossil fuels, tectonic forces also exhume buried reservoirs to make them accessible for mining. When minerals are dissolved in water heated by magma bodies, they become precious ores when the water cools.

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Tectonics refers to the processes related to the crust and its evolution, predominantly plate tectonics, which is the movement of large tectonic plates above the asthenosphere that divide the Earth's lithosphere.

According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), plate tectonics plays a significant role in controlling the process of mineral and rock formations. Mineral deposits form in different tectonic settings, wherein some may be displaced or moved due to geologic processes and tectonic forces. For example, veins formed in fractures of igneous rocks underground have concentrated gold and other minerals. These rocks undergo uplifting by tectonic forces in convergent boundaries, which create mountain ranges. Once at the surface, these veins become subjected to weathering and erosion.

Reference:
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2005/17/gip-17.pdf

Jan Jerwin A. Tongohan | 11-Rutherford

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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The correlation of the plate tectonic and its mineral deposit are dependent on these three factors. The first one being, geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition. Second is the mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics. And third, reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits. These three factors determine what kind of mineral deposits are formed at which area.

Ken Jacob P. Ayongao 11-Mendel

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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It is possible for various minerals to be concentrated because of the volcanic and hydrothermal activity that is caused by the energy generated along tectonic plates. Deep-seated mantle rocks can also find their way to the surface via plate borders. Many of our major mineral deposits are derived from these rocks.
Three factors make the connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits significant:
• Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.
• Plate tectonics controls the formation of mineral deposits in certain tectonic settings.
• A  great starting point for the investigation of new mineral deposits can be provided by the reconstruction of fragmented continents.

Sources:
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/

Rabboni Charles G. Opiniano | 11 - Mendel

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Several requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals. A number of tectonic settings meet these requirements:

I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

V. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

REFERENCE;https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

11-MENDEL REYES,E

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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The distribution and origin of various mineral deposits can be subjected to plate tectonics. The present deposits in a certain tectonic setting are caused by the processes caused by the movement of plate tectonics. These processes can affect the formation and accumulation of several deposits, affecting their distribution as seen in the picture above. Moreover, the setting where these deposits accumulate depends solely on the environment and factors present around them, including the movement of the plate tectonics and processes caused by it.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

John Dhey A. Cruz
11-Curie/Galilei

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

# data[].attributes.headline
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.subject
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.body
Similar to crustal evolution, plate tectonics offers a foundation for comprehending the location and history of mineral and energy reserves. Three factors make the connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits significant:

1. Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

2. Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

3. Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Ryan James C. Malapitan | 11 - Rutherford

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

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According to eqseis.geosc, the forces of plate tectonics and mantle convection allowed magmas to exist on the Earth's surface. Additionally, organic matter creates fossil fuels and unearths underground reservoirs so that they can be mined. Water is heated by magma bodies, which dissolves minerals and causes them to precipitate out as precious ores when the water cools.

Perez, Christopher M. | 11 - Galilei

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Deposition of minerals is controlled by geological processes that are fueled by energy produced at plate boundaries. Tectonic settings distinct to those regulated by plate tectonics are where mineral deposits are formed. In order to locate new mineral reserves, reconstruction of shattered continents can be a useful starting point.

In order for minerals to be produced and accumulated in any tectonic setting, a variety of conditions must be met. Thus, deposits can be found in the following places: continental crust, back-arc basins, magmatic arcs, fore-arc basins, oceanic crusts, mid-ocean ridges.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits

Fidel Tyron B. Ceñidoza
11-Galilei

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Plate tectonics have properties that are vital for the production and accumulation of various minerals. Plate tectonics, according to GeologyIn, provides the basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Plate tectonics and mineral deposits are related in three ways: 1) geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition, 2) mineral deposits form in specific tectonic settings governed by plate tectonics, and 3) reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Source:
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Rein Gabrielle T. de Leon | 11- Newton

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.subject
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Mineral deposition is governed by geological processes driven by energy generated at plate borders. Mineral deposits develop in certain tectonic environments that are controlled by plate tectonics.

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium make up the majority of the crust's chemical composition. The majority of crustal material is composed of these components. The remaining 1% contains a variety of priceless materials. It is typically too expensive to break rocks and sift through the powder to locate the materials we need unless minerals are somehow concentrated.

Minerals are frequently concentrated by plate tectonic processes in veins or ore deposits. This is a crucial justification for the study of geology as well as for understanding the specifics of Earth's functioning. We may use this knowledge to help locate the mineral if we understand how a material is concentrated and the kind of geologic environment that supports that concentration.

Sources:
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html
http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter16/P01.html

De Leon, Ananda Ruth L.
11-Curie (Mendel)

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Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, helps to explain the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant in three ways:
Mineral deposition is controlled by geological processes that operate as a result of energy released at plate boundaries.
Mineral deposits form in specific tectonic settings governed by plate tectonics.

Rebuilding fragmented continents can provide a useful foundation for the exploration of new mineral deposits.

Several conditions must be met in any tectonic setting for mineral production and accumulation. Several tectonic settings have a criteria that should be met.

Navarrete, Chaim Monic B.
11-Galilei

# data[].attributes.body
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Victorino, Anna Francesca A.
11 - Rutherford

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

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The minerals we use in our daily lives are formed and gathered with the help of tectonic setting. Minerals are absolutely essential; without these, we would not be capable of functioning properly in this modern world.

Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, has an essential role that provides us help in understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

It is very crucial for tectonic settling to take place to be able to produce and accumulate minerals. And to be able to produce and create minerals, there are several requirements that must be met:

I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

In conclusion, without the help of the tectonic setting, we would’ve had a hard time when it comes to the production and accumulation of minerals.

Reference: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Andrea Eloise T. Reponcion
11-Einstein

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According to ScienceDirect, tectonic setting is the principal controlling factor of lithology, chemistry, and preservation of sediment accumulations in their depocenters, the sedimentary basins. This process is what causes earthquakes and volcanic activities to occur which directly or not, produce our mineral resources that we rely on to uphold modern life.

The relationship between plate tectonics and mineral deposits is also notable on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for the exploration of new mineral deposits.

"Every act of creation begins with an act of destruction." - Pablo Picasso

Peñaranda, Cassandra M.
11 - Rutherford

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

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Essence of Tectonic Setting of Metal Deposits

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Essence of Tectonic Setting of Metal Deposits

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Geological systems known as tectono-metallogenic systems connect ore-forming processes with geodynamic and tectonic processes. Throughout Earth's history, fundamental geodynamic processes, such as those related to buoyancy, crustal/lithospheric thinning, and crustal/lithospheric thickening, have taken place, but tectonic systems, which are influenced by these processes, have changed as Earth's interior has cooled. It is assumed that tectonic systems developed from magma oceans in the Hadean, a "stagnant-lid" regime that was unstable in the early Archean, and a proto-plate tectonic regime from the late Archean onward. It is believed that at the beginning of the Paleozoic, plate tectonics in the modern manner had taken control.
Most of Earth's current endowment of mineral wealth was formed during and after the Neoarchean, when proto- or modern-style plate tectonic systems became increasingly dominant and after significant changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Mineral systems with general similarities to modern or geologically recent systems have been present episodically (or semi-continuously) throughout much of Earth's history. Changes in the properties of some mineral systems, such as the volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) system, can be attributed to secular changes in the hydrosphere and atmosphere as well as tectonic style changes over the progression towards the current plate tectonic regime.

REFERENCE: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169136815300482

Georgia Milan W. Garcia // 11 - Einstein

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Significance of Tectonic Setting for the Formation of Minerals

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Significance of Tectonic Setting for the Formation of Minerals

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Plate tectonics are significantly involved with the formation and distribution of mineral and energy resources/deposits. Their relationship benefits one another and is of great importance to us humans. Why? Well there are 3 points to consider. First, these geological processes are fueled by the energy released at plate boundaries which facilitate the formation of mineral deposits. Second, in specific tectonic settings, plate tectonics also contribute to the accumulation of mineral deposits. And third, reformation of broken-up continents can be a significant basis for a new mineral deposit discovery. However, criteria must be attained for the production and formation of these minerals. For example: For hydrothermal deposits at oceanic ridges, important metallic deposits are accumulated like Iron, Zinc, Copper, Lead, Gold, and silver. This is because this place caters to hydrothermal deposits such as sulfide deposits and metalliferous deposits on ridges. Without plate tectonics and the natural production/accumulation of minerals, we will have a hard time surviving.

Source: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Alphonse Leon M. Manda | 11-Newton

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The primary causal element of the lithology, chemistry, and preservation of sediment accumulations in their depocenters, the sedimentary basins, is tectonic setting.

In a manner similar to how crustal evolution is explained, plate tectonics establishes a structure for comprehending the location and history of energy and mineral resources. As stated by geologyin.com, one should be aware of the following three things to fully understand how important plate tectonics is in connection to mineral deposits:

Mineral deposition is governed by geological processes driven by energy generated at plate borders.

Mineral deposits develop in certain tectonic environments that are controlled by plate tectonics.

The search of new mineral reserves can be based on the reconstruction of broken continents.

These three helped us, stating unequivocally, to comprehend that plate tectonics, plate borders, and tectonic settings are what lead to mineral concentration and dispersion.

Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits (geologyin.com)

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Dolores, Camilla Elizabeth S. | 11 - Einstein

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Tectonic setting is the principal controlling factor of lithology, chemistry, and preservation of sediment accumulations in their depocenters, the sedimentary basins.

The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Maegan Kate D. Magallanes
G11 Rutherford

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

# data[].attributes.headline
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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To start it all off, based on geologyin.com, plate tectonics contributes in understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Quoting what is said in geologyin.com, plate tectonics and mineral deposits connect in three ways:
"

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits. "

In addition to that, before tectonic setting can contribute to the production and accumulation of minerals, there are requirements that need to be met.

source: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Mischa Vianne S. Requiron || Newton

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The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts: Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition. Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics. Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Camilla Rivera
11-Newton

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Significance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals 

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Significance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals 

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According to sciencedirect.com, tectonic setting is the principal controlling factor of lithology, chemistry, and preservation of sediment accumulations in their depocenters, the sedimentary basins. This refers to the different tectonic conditions present at a particular location on Earth. It describes whether somewhere is near a tectonic plate boundary or in a more interior position on the plate.

According to geologyin.com, tectonic setting is significant in the production and accumulation of minerals on three factors:

• Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

• Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

• Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Minerals are produced and accumulated because of geological processes that is from the energy that is released from the plate boundaries. Moreover, mineral deposits are formed in tectonic settings, based on the information above, which makes tectonic setting important in the production of minerals.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html?m=1
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/tectonic-setting#:~:text=Tectonic%20setting%20is%20the%20principal,their%20depocenters%2C%20the%20sedimentary%20basins.

Regencia, Ellyza Mikelle G. | Newton

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.subject
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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According to geologyin.com, Understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources is made possible by plate tectonics. There are three reasons why the connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits is important.

Mineral deposition is regulated by geological processes driven by energy generated at plate borders.

Mineral deposits develop in certain tectonic environments that are controlled by plate tectonics.

The search of new mineral reserves can be based on the reconstruction of broken continents.

In any tectonic context, a number of conditions must be met in order for minerals to be produced and accumulated.

SOURCE: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Carl Arellano
11-Curie/Rutherford

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Tectonic Setting and Minerals: What is their relationship?

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Tectonic Setting and Minerals: What is their relationship?

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One of the key reasons why tectonic setting is important in the accumulation of minerals is that the forces of mantle convection and plate tectonics bring magma to the surface, which is then the reason why the rock cycle exists to formulate minerals.

The relationship between tectonic setting and minerals is significant for three reasons:

1. Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

2. Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings, which are governed by plate tectonics.

3. Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Although tectonic plates are significant for mineral accumulation, there are specific requirements to be able to formulate minerals, which are:

1. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

2. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

3. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

4. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

5. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

In the end, if it weren’t for the movement of plate tectonics, we wouldn’t have minerals existing today. And by that thought alone, we can already say that tectonic setting is important to the formulation of minerals.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter16/P01

DIZON, Michaela Cyd T.
11 - Rutherford

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Tectonic setting plays an important role in the formation of minerals. Plate tectonic form ridges, mountains, trenches, and faults when the plates move towards and away from each other. Now the forces of mantle convection and plate tectonics bring magma to the Earth's surface. The tectonic forces also bury organic matter to form fossil fuels and exhume buried reservoirs, rendering them accessible to mining. Water heated by magma bodies dissolves minerals, which precipitate out as valuable ores upon cooling.
According to GeologyIn, the relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:
• Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.
• Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.
• Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.
GeologyIn also stated the requirements for the production of minerals:
I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges
II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins
III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries
IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems
V. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

Enrico Lagarejos 11-Rutherford

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Tectonic Setting: Its Importance in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Tectonic Setting: Its Importance in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Tectonic settings is important in the process of production and
and production of accumumulation of minerals. In these settings,
there are different circumstances depending on the type of plate boundaries,
and this circumstance determine what kind of mineral will be
produced in a certain area. For example. based on the picture,
copper and zinc are found in mid-ocean ridge, while in oceanic crust,
we can find manganese, cobalt, and nickel. We can see that
the location or settings affects the production and accumulation.
This just shows how important tectonic setting is.

Hacel F. Campana | 11-Curie-Mendel

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All about Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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All about Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Are there even any needs to overthink what's beneath us?
Have you ever wondered how deep can a human dig beneath soils? As we all know, some minerals ban be found deep under beneath us, but how did they even form?

Tectonic settings play a huge role in accumulating minerals. Plate tectonics form mountains, ridges, faults and trenches by plates moving against or apart each other, and one moving up against another. Now due to these boundaries, the energy released forms a volcanic and hydrothermal activity for minerals to be concentrated the way they are.

Now we're on the topic, how are tectonic and mineral deposits related? According to GeologyIn, the relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

There must be something needed for minerals to accumulate, how can they even form? GeologyIn also listed the requirements for the production and accumulation of minerals:

1. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

2. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

3. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

4. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

5. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html
https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/

MACULANGAN, Chriszelle Joyce A.
11 - Rutherford

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

# data[].attributes.body
Similar to crustal evolution, plate tectonics offers a foundation for comprehending the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources. Three factors make the connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits important:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

There are also several requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals. A number of tectonic settings meet these requirements:

I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)
II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins
III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries
IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems
V. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

Sources:
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Daphne Nicole C. Crisolo
11- Newton

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

# data[].attributes.body
The tectonic setting is the primary factor that controls the lithology, chemistry, and the preservation of sediment accumulations in their respective depocenters, which are the sedimentary basins. It recognizes 26 different types of basins and classifies basins according to whether they are associated with divergent, interplate, convergent, transform, or hybrid settings. Even though this classification does not take into account the full complexity of natural systems, it does imply that basins associated with transform and convergent boundaries are more susceptible to destruction than basins associated with divergent and intraplate settings, particularly basins formed on continental crust. This is especially true for basins that were formed on continental crust.

Kate Christine T. Laurenciano || 11-Einstein

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significance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
significance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.body
Tectonic setting is crucial in the production, accumulation, and distribution of minerals, specifically metal deposits. Plate boundaries also play a significant role in some of the formation of our planet’s geological makeup.

For example, magmatic arcs produce more metal deposits such as copper, gold, silver, tin, lead, mercury, and molybdenum, as well as porphyry, and vein type deposits as it is exposed to hydrothermal systems which are responsible in the production of precious metals and base metal deposits. In addition, subduction zones produce chromium and are responsible for the production of magmatic ore deposits.

Having said that, we can truly say that plate tectonics, plate boundaries, and tectonic settings are concentration and distribution of minerals.

Deciar, James Darius D. || 11 Einstein

# data[].attributes.headline
Tectonic Setting & its importance in the production & accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
Tectonic Setting & its importance in the production & accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.body
Tectonic setting is vital to the production & accumulation of minerals. It is also important in providing a basis for understanding the distribution & origin of minerals & energy deposits.

The link between plate tectonics & mineral deposits has three main significances:

1. Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

2. Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

3. Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

To summarize, the processes that happen in the different plate tectonics is crucial to mineral production because these processes essentially control mineral formation. Tectonic settings are also where deposits are formed, which is why by having the knowledge of plate tectonics & its relationship with minerals & its deposits can help us discover more deposits.
Without tectonic settings, mineral deposits would not be formed & the important minerals that we use to create different things like appliances that are important in our daily lives would not be made. Humanity's technological advancements may have been slowed significantly if not for the tectonic settings & its role in mineral production & accumulation.

Sources:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geologyin.com%2F2014%2F05%2Ftectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html&psig=AOvVaw3Hnzt3CnBYjzVOuicASbjj&ust=1675459432684000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBEQjhxqFwoTCKj7sPXi9_wCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAQ

Arwen Tabalina || 11-Newton

# data[].attributes.headline
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.subject
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Similar to crustal evolution, plate tectonics offers a foundation for comprehending the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources. According to Geologyin's website, there are three known factors that make the connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits essential:

1.  Mineral deposition is governed by geological processes driven by energy generated at plate borders.
2. Mineral deposits develop in certain tectonic environments that are controlled by plate tectonics.
3. The reconstruction of broken continents can serve as a valuable starting point for the search for new mineral reserves.

Source:
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Seane Villamarin | 11-Newton

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According to Geologyin.com, tectonic setting is important and is a significant factor for the production and accumulation of minerals becauseof various reasons. Some mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings, leaving it slightly easier to find concentrated patches of minerals. Geological processes also occur due to energy released at plate boundaries, this controlling the process of mineral disposition. The study and observation of tectonic plates make it easier to explore and collect minerals for our consumption.

ATILANO, LEANNE B. || 11 : Curie - Einstein

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The concept of plate tectonics describes how the various portions of the Earth's crust move and float on the mantle's molten rock. Many of the Earth's geological features are the result of activity at the planet's borders and special mantle characteristics in certain places.

It is important because magma is brought to the Earth's surface by the forces of plate tectonics and mantle convection. In addition to burying organic material to generate fossil fuels, tectonic forces also exhume buried reservoirs to make them accessible for mining. When minerals are dissolved in water heated by magma bodies, they become precious ores when the water cools. Also because of it, the Earth is now habitable. We can't survive underwater, therefore it created the continents on which we now reside. Volcanoes are produced when plates clash and subduct, generating magma. We believe that numerous cycles of this process created the continents.

Source:
https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/qa-plate-tectonics-fundamental-understanding-earths-evolution-big-questions-remain#:~:text=It%20is%20what%20made%20the,is%20what%20built%20the%20continents.
https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/Blog/2020/Understanding-Plate-Tectonic-Theory#:~:text=It%20explains%20the%20earth's%20surface,a%20vital%20element%20for%20life.
https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/Blog/2020/Understanding-Plate-Tectonic-Theory#:~:text=It%20explains%20the%20earth's%20surface,a%20vital%20element%20for%20life.

Miranda, Javen Ashlee C.
G11 - Galilei

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Dr Rychert kitted out the deep ocean floor with instruments to detect what's happening to the tectonic plates below. The geophysicist, from the National Oceanography Centre at the University of Southampton, UK, spoke to Horizon about the remaining mysteries in plate tectonics - and what she found when she hauled her instruments back to ship after a year clocking data.
Why is it important to understand plate tectonics?
It is broadly important to our understanding of the evolution of the planet.

At a very grand scale, the Earth formed billions of years ago by accreting hot material as it swirled around the young sun. The heat is still being released by the Earth and all of the planets today. Other planets near our sun have evolved differently due to various factors, including the materials that were incorporated during accretion, and also how they cooled, and different materials were released into their atmosphere/cosmos. The Earth was unique in that it developed plate tectonics as we know it, and through this process, including gassing and degassing, it led to an atmosphere, oceans, and continents and the conditions suitable for life.

There are many broad implications, from mitigation of geohazards that affect society, like tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, (to) climate studies and even finding other distant planets that might also have conditions suitable for life.
We know Earth's plates move - drawing apart from each other, rubbing together or colliding, which pushes one plate down and another up. How does this shape the world?
It is what made the Earth habitable. It formed the continents we live on - we can't live under water. When plates collide and subduct (where one plate goes under another), magma is generated, creating volcanoes. We think several repetitions of this process is what built the continents.

The tectonic plates are part of the water cycle of the Earth. Water is bound in the minerals of the rocks that make up the plates. The plates bring water down into the Earth when they subduct, but much of that water is released, for instance at volcanic eruptions. Remarkably, despite large amounts of mass transfer, the Earth has maintained a stable hydrosphere (the amount of water on the surface of the planet) over billions of years. That's very important because our existence also depends on the presence of water on Earth's surface.

Another thing that many people don't realise is that the mountains built by plate tectonics affect our climate. We have mountains both above and below water that affect the motions of the atmosphere and the oceans, which in turn dictate the climate. Tectonics also opens and closes ocean basins and seas like the Mediterranean.
Do we know why plate tectonics are unique to Earth?
Just as the Earth is unique in that it has free surface water, it is also the only planet in our solar system to currently have plate tectonic cycling of its rocky surface. We think the presence of free surface water is a key factor in causing plate tectonics. So the two are intricately linked.

Dr Kate Rychert is conducting seismic experiments on the Atlantic ocean floor to better understand ocean plates. Image credit: Saikiran Tharimena
What are the major unanswered questions?
The existence of rigid plates that move over a weaker, deeper mantle is central to plate tectonic theory, and yet the exact thickness of the plates, and also what defines them, is not well-known. In other words - what makes a plate plate-like? This fundamental question is the focus of my EURO-LAB experiment.

Many observations about plates are easily described using a thermal definition: the plates are more rigid because they have cooled, and they have cooled because they are at the surface of the Earth. But then there have been observations from a host of different disciplines in the past 15 years that suggest there is something different going on as well.

There are many ideas about it but one idea we like is to do with the influence of partial melt (of rock). The presence of partial melt in the mantle would weaken the mantle. It may be that a plate's thickness and the property that defines it is not just dictated by temperature but also the location of melt in the mantle. This would have a big effect on how we model and understand Earth's evolution, including the factors that drive plate motions.
What have you been doing to investigate that theory?
We put out an array of 39 ocean bottom seismometers and 39 ocean bottom magnetotelluric (electromagnetic) instruments across the Atlantic Ocean. The seismometers detect earthquakes, but the magnetotellurics are sensitive to the Earth's natural electromagnetic field. The idea was to image the plates at a range of scales of resolution and sensitivities. The data provide independent constraints on the properties of the Earth, with the advantage that together they can precisely constrain the location of melt.

It's a big experiment because the Atlantic is in some cases 5km deep so these instruments have to withstand these great pressures; they have to work for an entire year and then you have to get them back. That's expensive and risky.

"
We think the presence of free surface water is a key factor in causing plate tectonics.

Dr Kate Rychert, University of Southampton, UK

What have you found?
We found that the lithosphere was in some places getting gradually thicker with age just like you would expect. But in other locations we actually saw the evidence of more undulating character. The variability seems to be controlled by melt interacting with the plate in a dynamic way.

The undulations seem to be dictated by convection cells (where hot material rises and cooler material sinks) occurring over thousands of kilometres. Where the material is rising it also melts slightly, and this rising and melting in turn shapes the base of the plate. We also found evidence for melt that has risen and coalesced into channels along the base of the plate, and other locations where no melt was imaged. Overall, it suggests that the plate is defined by some very interesting melt dynamics.

Up until this point there have been few large-scale ocean bottom seismic experiments. This is because it is a remote and harsh place to work, and also because there was the general feeling that the ocean lithosphere is for the most part simple. However, if the system is more complex, and includes melt dynamics, as our results suggests, then more imaging studies are required to fully understand the system.
How is work such as this going to help us?
We typically study earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes by monitoring them and that's really important. But for a full understanding of the systems we really need to understand the plate tectonics which is driving them. It's also important for understanding climate change over geological time scales.

Finally, it's also going to be key to better connect our understanding of current day tectonics and tectonic motions to better understand current climate.
This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity. The research in this article was funded by the EU's European Research Council. If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.

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Q&A: Plate tectonics is fundamental to understanding Earth's evolution - but big questions remain

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Dr Rychert kitted out the deep ocean floor with instruments to detect what's happening to the tectonic plates below. The geophysicist, from the National Oceanography Centre at the University of Southampton, UK, spoke to Horizon about the remaining mysteries in plate tectonics - and what she found when she hauled her instruments back to ship after a year clocking data.Why is it important to understand plate tectonics?It is broadly important to our understanding of the evolution of the planet.

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Understanding the distribution and origins of minerals and energy resources is based on plate tectonics and crustal development. Three factors make the relationship between plate tectonics and mineral deposits important:

1.) Geological processes are fueled by energy released at plate borders to generate mineral deposits.

2.) Plate tectonics and the particular tectonic context have an impact on the creation of mineral deposits.

3.) Through plate tectonics, it is possible to reconstruct shattered continents and find new mineral reserves.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Mark Aeron S. Magwili
11-Rutherford

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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There are 3 main ways plate tectonic activity relates to ore deposits. Firstly, geological processes that concentrate minerals and elements of rocks in a particular area are facilitated by the energy produced by tectonic activity. Not only that but the precipitation of these minerals is governed by plate activity. And lastly, the placements of tectonics are useful for the discovery of new minerals. As we’ve learned from the previous lessons, plate tectonic activity plays a vital role in the rock cycle, likewise, it plays the same vital role for mineral ore deposits since it is directly related to geologic activities. As for the placement of these plates, it's closely related to the activity that it produces. For example,  minerals like tin, tungsten, bismuth, and copper are more abundant in continental crusts. While copper, zinc, and lead are more common in fore-arc basins since water is also an important factor for these minerals. To sum it up the tectonic setting is a result of tectonic activity, likewise, the geologic activity that precipitates these minerals is also a result of tectonic activity. Without the difference in tectonic setting, geological activities won’t occur and we wouldn’t have a wide variety of minerals as well as the abundance of it in certain mineral deposits.

Reference:

Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits. (n.d.). (C) 2014. https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Ashley Cayle Niña T. Cabigao | 11 - Mendel Curie

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Tectonic settings are crucial in mineral production and accumulation since they provide a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Furthermore, its significance is rooted in the fact that geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition. At the same time, mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings governed by plate tectonics. Lastly, the reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a valuable basis for the exploration of new mineral deposits. Based on these points, tectonic settings give us the knowledge of where and what minerals to find in a specific tectonic setting.

Welch Allyn F. Vocal
11-Rutherford

# data[].attributes.body
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Without these tectonic activities, minerals that are relevant these days would not be accessible.

Shra Nicole L. Parungao | 11-Newton

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

# data[].attributes.headline
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.subject
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Before we talk about the importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals, let us define tectonic setting first. According to homework.study, tectonic setting refers to the different tectonic conditions present at a particular location on Earth. It describes whether somewhere is near a tectonic plate boundary or in a more interior position on the plate.

Then, why is it important for the accumulation of minerals? According to geologyforinvestors, what happens along plate boundaries is critical for mineral formation. The energy released along boundaries causes volcanic and hydrothermal activity, which makes the ideal environment for the concentration of several minerals. Deep-seated rocks from the mantle can also find their way to the near-surface through plate boundaries. We get many of our major mineral deposits from these rocks. And according to geologyin, plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship between plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:
- Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.
- Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings, which are governed by plate tectonics.
- Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for the exploration of new mineral deposits.

Sources:
https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html
https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-does-tectonic-setting-mean.html#:~:text=Tectonic%20setting%20refers%20to%20the,interior%20position%20on%20the%20plate.

Karrylle Hazel Anne M. Yson
11 - Newton

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The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes! Along with the destruction though, comes the creation of many of the mineral deposits we rely on.

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains why there are lots of volcanoes in Iceland and Japan, but far fewer in Russia and Africa. It also explains why the Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world while the highest peak in Australia is barely over 2000m!

The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

Plate boundaries are crucial; they are where new land is created. If the plates suddenly stopped moving, fairly quickly, in geological terms, the whole world would be one gigantic ocean again as the continents were eroded down to below sea level.

Although the details can be complex - there are in essence three types of plate boundaries:

Divergent boundaries - where the plates are being forced apart, usually along mid-oceanic ridges. Iceland is the best-studied example, as it's conveniently above sea level, undersea examples include the "black smokers" of the mid-Atlantic and northwest Pacific.

Convergent boundaries - where plates collide, one will be forced under the other - the Himalayas being the most spectacular example, formed as the Indian plate slams into the southern edge of the Eurasian plate. These don't always create mountain ranges - a subduction zone is marked by a deep ocean trench with a line of volcanoes such as Indonesia where the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and others are volcanic, formed by the collision of the Australian plate which is being forced under the Eurasian plate.

Transform boundaries are less common - in this case the plates slide alongside each other. The San Andreas fault in California is the best known example.

Not all plates are the same thickness - oceanic plates are thinner while the continental plates are thicker with a much lower geothermal gradient. Simplistically, as we move away from the mid-ocean ridges the crust gets thicker and colder.

Mineralisation and Plate Boundaries

What happens along plate boundaries is critical for mineral formation. The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

However, for the exploration geologist, it is not just about where plate boundaries are now - it's about where they were many hundreds of millions of years ago. If we have a clear understanding of the location of ancient plate boundaries, it's easier to predict where regional mineralisation may occur today.

Divergent Plate Boundaries and Mineralisation

As the seafloor splits apart, the hydrothermal activity cause deposits of both sulphides and metalliferous sediments along flanks of ridges. Black smokers and volcanic massive sulphide deposits are created by water circulating via cracks along ridges, collecting minerals from the heated rock before being expelled through hydrothermal vents. As the super-heated fluids make contact with the seawater, metals that were dissolved from the surrounding basaltic rocks are re-deposited on the sea floor.

Companies are currently considering undersea mining of this type of deposit in the Red Sea. Minerals associated with mid-ocean ridges include iron, zinc, copper, lead, gold, and silver.

Historic examples of volcanic massive sulphide deposits include the Troodos copper-iron complex in Cyprus. The massive sulphides and related stockwork occurs within a basaltic pillow lava sequence. Similar mineralisation occurs in Semail, Oman.

Some 50% of the world's chromite production is associated with oceanic rocks consisting of layered mafic and ultramafic (i.e. silicon poor) intrusives.

Also associated with mid-ocean ridges are manganese-rich polymetallic nodules that are thought to result from slow accretion of minerals from the seawater over extremely wide areas of the ocean floor.

Subduction Zones and Mineralisation

The well-known Pacific Ring of fire - is also a ring of mineral deposits, including deposits along the western North and South Americas, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia and New Zealand. Key resources include:

base metals - copper lead, zinc, and molybdenum

precious metals platinum copper gold

others metals including tin, tungsten, antimony, mercury and uranium deposits

At these boundaries, one oceanic plate is being forced progressively under another plate. This creates both a source of both heat and minerals that result in a wide variety of mineral deposits.

Mineralization along subduction zone boundaries show a predictable pattern that has been observed in many locations including Myanmar and the Andes. For example from west to east in the Andes we observe mineral deposits including:

contact metasomatic iron

copper-silver and gold veins

porphyry copper molybdenum deposits

lead zinc silver veins and contact metasomatic deposits

tin deposits

This mineralogy reflects progressive melting of metals from the descending slab - tin coming from a depth of 300km. The metals are sourced from the descending slab and overlying mantle. There are often associated geothermal regions.

Collision Boundaries

When two crustal plates collide the thickness of the plates ensure that there is far less hydrothermal activity, compared to the thin-skinned oceanic plates at subduction zones. Rather than directly causing the formation of mineral deposits, this type of plate boundary will expose a variety of mineralisation which were created elsewhere, displaced and then uplifted by the moving plate.

Transform Faults and Mineralisation

In a transform fault neither plate is being forced down into the mantle, so there is little hydrothermal activity. What mineralisation that does occur tends be localised and small scale e.g. the hot spring gold deposit at McLaughin in the California coast ranges

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Minerals on the Edge - Plate Boundaries and Minerals

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The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes!

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Tectonic Setting: The Earth-shaking Setting 

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Tectonic Setting: The Earth-shaking Setting 

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The tectonic setting describes the tectonic condition at a particular place on Earth. It determines whether the plate is near or distant from a plate boundary. However, how significant is this tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

Together with tectonic plates and their movements, the tectonic setting provides primary info on a mineral's origin, distribution, and lodging. First, the tectonic plates' movement laid the groundwork. The tectonic plates decide where the minerals will be located as they progress and recycle through their faults; hence, abundant minerals can be found everywhere underground, like scattered stars underneath us. The tectonic setting then follows. Due to this factor, some minerals are more prevalent in a particular place than others. It specifies the area where minerals will be temporarily placed.

Simply said, the tectonic setting serves as a "landmark" for certain minerals' placements. It helps pinpoint the position of the production and accumulation of minerals. So next time...when conversing about minerals, think of this new, earth-shaking knowledge of the tectonic setting.

Sources:
https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-does-tectonic-setting-mean.html#:~:text=Tectonic%20setting%20refers%20to%20the,interior%20position%20on%20the%20plate.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Kharl Anfernie M. Opeñano
11-Galilei

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.subject
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.body
Plate tectonics are critical for mineral formation and accumulation since they are the driving force behind these phenomena. What happens along plate boundaries is vital for mineral formation. The energy released along borders causes volcanic and hydrothermal activity, which offers the ideal circumstances for the concentration of various minerals.

Reference:
Sowerbutts, L. (2013, August 12). Minerals on the Edge – Plate Boundaries and Minerals. Mineralisation and Plate Boundaries. Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/

Bambalan, Cyriz Fate M.
11-Curie-Mendel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes! Along with the destruction though, comes the creation of many of the mineral deposits we rely on.

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains why there are lots of volcanoes in Iceland and Japan, but far fewer in Russia and Africa. It also explains why the Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world while the highest peak in Australia is barely over 2000m!

The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

Plate boundaries are crucial; they are where new land is created. If the plates suddenly stopped moving, fairly quickly, in geological terms, the whole world would be one gigantic ocean again as the continents were eroded down to below sea level.

Although the details can be complex - there are in essence three types of plate boundaries:

Divergent boundaries - where the plates are being forced apart, usually along mid-oceanic ridges. Iceland is the best-studied example, as it's conveniently above sea level, undersea examples include the "black smokers" of the mid-Atlantic and northwest Pacific.

Convergent boundaries - where plates collide, one will be forced under the other - the Himalayas being the most spectacular example, formed as the Indian plate slams into the southern edge of the Eurasian plate. These don't always create mountain ranges - a subduction zone is marked by a deep ocean trench with a line of volcanoes such as Indonesia where the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and others are volcanic, formed by the collision of the Australian plate which is being forced under the Eurasian plate.

Transform boundaries are less common - in this case the plates slide alongside each other. The San Andreas fault in California is the best known example.

Not all plates are the same thickness - oceanic plates are thinner while the continental plates are thicker with a much lower geothermal gradient. Simplistically, as we move away from the mid-ocean ridges the crust gets thicker and colder.

Mineralisation and Plate Boundaries

What happens along plate boundaries is critical for mineral formation. The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

However, for the exploration geologist, it is not just about where plate boundaries are now - it's about where they were many hundreds of millions of years ago. If we have a clear understanding of the location of ancient plate boundaries, it's easier to predict where regional mineralisation may occur today.

Divergent Plate Boundaries and Mineralisation

As the seafloor splits apart, the hydrothermal activity cause deposits of both sulphides and metalliferous sediments along flanks of ridges. Black smokers and volcanic massive sulphide deposits are created by water circulating via cracks along ridges, collecting minerals from the heated rock before being expelled through hydrothermal vents. As the super-heated fluids make contact with the seawater, metals that were dissolved from the surrounding basaltic rocks are re-deposited on the sea floor.

Companies are currently considering undersea mining of this type of deposit in the Red Sea. Minerals associated with mid-ocean ridges include iron, zinc, copper, lead, gold, and silver.

Historic examples of volcanic massive sulphide deposits include the Troodos copper-iron complex in Cyprus. The massive sulphides and related stockwork occurs within a basaltic pillow lava sequence. Similar mineralisation occurs in Semail, Oman.

Some 50% of the world's chromite production is associated with oceanic rocks consisting of layered mafic and ultramafic (i.e. silicon poor) intrusives.

Also associated with mid-ocean ridges are manganese-rich polymetallic nodules that are thought to result from slow accretion of minerals from the seawater over extremely wide areas of the ocean floor.

Subduction Zones and Mineralisation

The well-known Pacific Ring of fire - is also a ring of mineral deposits, including deposits along the western North and South Americas, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia and New Zealand. Key resources include:

base metals - copper lead, zinc, and molybdenum

precious metals platinum copper gold

others metals including tin, tungsten, antimony, mercury and uranium deposits

At these boundaries, one oceanic plate is being forced progressively under another plate. This creates both a source of both heat and minerals that result in a wide variety of mineral deposits.

Mineralization along subduction zone boundaries show a predictable pattern that has been observed in many locations including Myanmar and the Andes. For example from west to east in the Andes we observe mineral deposits including:

contact metasomatic iron

copper-silver and gold veins

porphyry copper molybdenum deposits

lead zinc silver veins and contact metasomatic deposits

tin deposits

This mineralogy reflects progressive melting of metals from the descending slab - tin coming from a depth of 300km. The metals are sourced from the descending slab and overlying mantle. There are often associated geothermal regions.

Collision Boundaries

When two crustal plates collide the thickness of the plates ensure that there is far less hydrothermal activity, compared to the thin-skinned oceanic plates at subduction zones. Rather than directly causing the formation of mineral deposits, this type of plate boundary will expose a variety of mineralisation which were created elsewhere, displaced and then uplifted by the moving plate.

Transform Faults and Mineralisation

In a transform fault neither plate is being forced down into the mantle, so there is little hydrothermal activity. What mineralisation that does occur tends be localised and small scale e.g. the hot spring gold deposit at McLaughin in the California coast ranges

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Minerals on the Edge - Plate Boundaries and Minerals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes!

# data[].attributes.headline
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.subject
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.body
Tectonic setting plays a huge role in the accumulation and production of minerals. Due to the energy released at plate boundaries, it controls the process of mineral deposition.
Several requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals:
1) Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)
2) Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins
3) Deposits at Collision Boundaries
4) Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems
5) Deposits in Cratonic Basins

Trisha Padlan | 11-Curie/Newton

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

# data[].attributes.headline
The significance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals.

# data[].attributes.subject
The significance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals.

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The production, accumulation, and variety of minerals within a given surface area are all influenced by plate tectonics, which also acts as a driving force behind these processes. Volcanic activity is fueled by plate tectonics, which is connected to a region's mineral production. Magma concentrates heavy metals at both divergent boundaries and subduction zones, where they are later further concentrated by hydrothermal fluids in the Earth. For the production of minerals, what happens along plate tectonics is essential. The energy released along borders causes volcanic and hydrothermal activity, which makes the ideal environment for the concentration of several minerals. Deep-seated rocks from the mantle can also reach the near-surface through plate tectonics.

https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/

Ayesha V. Vergara | 11-Mendel

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The importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals.

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The importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals.

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Tectonic setting plays a huge role in the formation of minerals. Within this area, minerals are concentrated as plate tectonics are unstable, and have more access to our mantle. The tectonic setting is where energy is released and therefore minerals are created here as the conditions are perfect for its formation. Not to mention, plate boundaries can also act as a gate or escape to the minerals from the mantle.

World is such an amazing place. Without these tectonic settings, there will be fewer concentrations of minerals that are used everywhere that eases our work to do.

Jenard Latorre || 11-Galilei

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Plate tectonics offers a starting point for comprehending the distribution and origin of mineral and energy reserves. According to geologyin, there are three important reasons on why there is a correlation between plate tectonics and mineral formations. First off, the energy generated at plate borders stimulates geological processes that influence mineral deposition. In certain tectonic settings that are governed by plate tectonics, mineral deposits typically develop. The restoration of fractured continents can also serve as a helpful basis for the search for undiscovered mineral deposits. The development and accumulation of mineral deposits are influenced significantly by tectonic settings.

source:
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Pederio, Ericka S.
11 - Curie/Rutherford

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Tectonic setting is important especially in the production and accumulation of minerals since it is an essential feature to control the location of mineral deposits. This could be also used to identify minerals.

Llana Daniella R. Botin | 11-Galilei

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits (Phot Credit- geologyin.com)

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As Plate Tectonics play a role in the development and formation of different types of rocks. They also help in regulating the formation and concentration of different minerals. The tectonic settings visualizes and shows how different kinds and types of minerals can accumulate depending on the geological activity. For example, Divergent Plate Boundaries that result in Mid-ocean ridges result in magma being uplifted to the ocean floor and is then cooled resulting in Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. So this shows that the tectonic settings regulate the formation of minerals driven by certain geological processes.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Randie Ferdinand F. Rafin | 11-Galilei

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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The movements of tectonic plates bury organic matter and at the same time brings magma to the surface making it accessible for mining. As the magma bodies heat water that dissolves minerals, it's precipitation of valuable minerals come out once cooled. This process also contributes to the creation of mineral deposits, as the reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Katrina Lauren T. Manalili | 11-Rutherford

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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The tectonic setting is important for mineral production and accumulation because it provides a diverse range of minerals for use. Mineral deposition is controlled by geological processes that operate as a result of energy released at plate boundaries. Mineral deposits form in specific tectonic settings that are controlled by plate tectonics. Rebuilding fragmented continents can lay the groundwork for the discovery of new mineral deposits. This allows us to use a variety of minerals for specific purposes.

- Tanawan, 11-Newton

In, Geology. “Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits.” Geology In. Accessed February 1, 2023. https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html#:~:text=Geological%20processes%20operating%20due%20to,exploration%20of%20new%20mineral%20deposits

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Tectonic setting is very important in he production and accumulation of minerals because in different tectonic settings like divergent plate at oceanic ridges, convergent plate margins and etc. There are different types of minerals formed, for example metallic deposits at convergent plate margins and the reason is because of geological process operating due to the heat of plate boundaries that control the mineral deposits, like in convergent plate margins. Different plate setting also produced different chemicals that have an effect in mineral type and number of accumulation.

Source: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html#

Angelica Cabansag| 11-Einstein

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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It is essential. The interaction between these plate boundaries is critical for mineral formation. Because the energy produced along plate boundaries results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for mineral concentration. Plate boundaries also allow deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

Each plate boundary has its form of mineralization. Like for divergent boundaries where the seafloor splits apart, then the hydrothermal activity causes deposits of both sulfides and metalliferous sediments along flanks of ridges. In convergent boundaries, there is far less hydrothermal activity. So, rather than directly causing the formation of mineral deposits, convergent plate boundary will expose a variety of mineralization created elsewhere, displaced, and then uplifted by the moving plate. And in Transform plate boundary, there is a little hydrothermal activity, so the mineralization that occurs tends to be localized and in small scale.

Lastly, minerals can form in the Subduction Zones. It is where one oceanic plate is forced progressively under another. This creates a source of both heat and minerals that result in a wide variety of mineral deposits like copper, lead, gold, silver, and more.

SOURCE:
- https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/
- https://slideplayer.com/slide/4526334/

Julie Andrea M. Robles | 11 - MENDEL

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how important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

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how important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

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There are chemical geological processes that occur around the plates that move above the asthenosphere. These processes happen to eventually form mineral deposits in which we can derive valuable minerals from.
For instance, when plates pull apart from each other, a divergent boundary is formed. As they full farther apart from each other, the heavier plate that meets convergently with another subducts into the asthenosphere where it gets heated and melted eventually forming magma chambers. These magma chambers can cause accumulation of minerals in deposits such as magmatic ore deposits and hydrothermal deposits.

alasco, keara

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The recent emergence of rare earth elements (REE) as critical metals for modern technology has fueled global efforts to locate new REE orebodies. These orebodies have now been identified in a variety of geological settings around the world (Weng et al., 2013, Weng et al., 2015; Van Gosen et al., 2017), but very few are currently being mined for REE. Currently, China supplies the majority of the world's REE, but Australia is emerging as a major alternative supplier, with two operations (Mount Weld and Browns Range) in operation and several advanced projects that are expected to supply REE products in the near future.

Recent studies, in particular, have used the geochronological and geochemical/isotopic archives of REE ore minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and apatite to determine metal sources as well as the temporal and geodynamic setting of ore formation (e.g., Downes et al., 2016; Huston et al., 2016; Spandler and Morris, 2016; Nazari-Dehkordi et al., 2018, Nazari-Dehkordi et al., 2020). Because these ore minerals are frequently subject to hydrothermal or tectonic resetting/recrystallisation, they may record geological activity that predates primary ore formation (e.g., Schoneveld et al., 2015; Anenburg et al., 2018; Slezak and Spandler, 2019).

This focuses on the geological evolution of the deposits, with an emphasis on their tectonic setting of formation and subsequent tectonic/hydrothermal activity. We show that REE ore deposits can be effective records of tectonic events, including far-field tectonic activity that is not well preserved in the nearby rock units. We also look for similarities in the Australian and global records of REE mineraliZation, which leads us to believe that REE orebodies could help us understand the geological evolution of continental interiors over long time scales.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103219

CERVANTES, JAOSCH MARCELL V.
11 - CURIE - GALILEI

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Mineral deposition is controlled by geological processes that operate as a result of energy released at plate boundaries. Mineral deposits form in specific tectonic settings governed by plate tectonics. Rebuilding fragmented continents can provide a useful foundation for the exploration of new mineral deposits.

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The geological processes due to energy released at plate boundaries is what's responsible for controlling the process of mineral deposition. Mineral deposits occur at tectonic plates which are responsible for particular tectonic settings that these mineral deposits need.

Specific metallic deposits form at different plate tectonics. For example, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Gold, and Silver form at the deposits at Oceanic Ridges. There are also other mineral deposits that can form at Convergent Plate Margins, Collision Boundaries, Cratonic Rift Systems, and Cratonic Basins.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html?m=1#:~:text=Geological%20processes%20operating%20due%20to,exploration%20of%20new%20mineral%20deposits.

Oliveros, Mariel M. | 11 - Newton

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P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

S everal requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals. A number of tectonic settings meet these requirements:

I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

Hydrothermal activity at the ridges gives rise to a) Sulfide deposits and b) Metalliferous sediments on the flanks of ridges. Important metallic deposits formed are Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Au and Ag. In the Red Sea metalliferous sediments containing Fe, Zn and Cu are being deposited.

Mn oxide deposits are important at some ridges Eg the TAG Hydrothermal field on the Atlantic Ridge.

Ultramafic rocks in ophiolites containing asbestos, chromite and nickel ores. These are generally accessible in Phanerozoic orogenic belts to which sites they have been transported due to plate movement.

Podiform chromite deposits associated with serpentinized ultramafic rocks.

Cyprus Type massive sulfide deposits (Cu-Fe rich) are also associated with ophiolites and represent hydrothermal deposits formed at ocean ridges.

Several types of mineral deposits appear to show a genetic relationship to either the hot mantle plume itself or the tracks it produces.

II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

M etallic deposits are commonly found at both continental and arc convergent plate margins. Along the Circum-Pacific Belt major metallic deposits occur in western North and South America, Japan, Philippines, New Zealand and Indonesia. More than half of the world's supply of copper comes from the Porphyry Copper Deposits of this region. Important deposits associated with present and former convergent margins are:

Base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo).

Precious metals (Pt, Au, Ag).

Other metals (Sn, W, Sb, Hg). (Red Bed uranium deposits are also associated with convergent boundaries Eg SW United States).

Z oning of mineral deposits forming at convergent margins is apparent Eg in the Andes, going from west to east, the various zones encountered are:

a) contact metasomatic Fe- deposits;
b) Cu-Ag and Ag veins;
c) Porphypy Cu-Mo deposits;
d) Pb-Zn-Ag veins and contact metasomatic deposits; and
e) Sn deposits.

T hese zones are caused due to progressive liberation of metals from the descending slab, with Sn coming from a depth of 300 Km. The metals are derived from some combination of the descending slab and the overlying mantle wedge. They move upwards in magmas or fluids and are concentrated in late hydrothermal and magmatic fluids.

P etroleum occurs in the back-arc basins in arc convergent margins where organic matter is trapped and there is a lack of free circulation so that its oxidation is prevented. Geothermal heat facilitates conversion of organic matter to petroleum, and accompanying deformation forms traps for accumulation of petroleum.

P otential geothermal fields also occur along convergent margins.

III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

A variety of local tectonic settings exist along collision plate margins. Most of the deposits that occur here have formed in diverse tectonic settings and have been transported to the collision zones. Consequently, a variety of metallic deposits are abundant here:

Deposits generally related with oceanic ridges (ophiolites).

Those associated with convergent plate margins.

Mineral deposits associated with cratonic assemblages.

Deposits associated with continental rifts.

Deposits genetically related to collision zones are hydrocarbons which may accumulate in foreland basins associated with such zones, Eg the Persian Gulf SW of the Zagros Suture in Iran.

IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

Regional uplift and doming usually result when a continent comes to rest over a hotspot and huge volumes of magma rise to the surface. Extensional failure of the lithopheric crust may occur with continued doming, triggering the development of a triple junction - a three armed continental rift system. Typically, one arm of the rift fails remaining a fissure in the crust known as an aulacogen, while the remaining two arms open to form an oceanic basin.

The prevalence of three armed rifts is revealed by reassembling the continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean to their positions before Pangea split up. In most cases two of the arms were incorporated into the Atlantic, while the third remained as a blind rift extending into the continent.

R ifting follows crustal doming in response to hot-spot activity in the mantle.

Granites intruded at this stage have associated Sn and fluorite deposits.

Evaporites accumulate in the rifts during the more advanced stages, with Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in limestones forming during the early and middle stages of rifting. These are followed by oceanic metalliferous deposits.

Aulacogens are characterized by the presence of fluorite, barite, carbonatites (with Nb, P, REE, U, Th etc) and Sn-bearing granites.

Geothermal fields occur along the rifts due to the upwelling of the asthenosphere.

C arbonatites (unusual igneous rock rich in calcite and other carbonate minerals which are considered to be mantle derived), kimberlites, and alkaline granites within or adjacent to rifts provide a major source of metallic and other minerals.

V. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

M arginal and intracontinental cratonic basins provide a favourable setting for accumulation of organic matter. During the opening of a cratonic rift, seawater moves into the basin and evaporation exceeds inflow, giving rise to the formation of evaporites. The environment is characterized by restricted circulation and hence organic matter is preserved leading to the accumulation of petroleum. With continued rifting, circulation becomes unrestricted and deposition of evaporites and organic matter ceases.

H igh geothermal gradients beneath the opening rift and increase in pressure due to burial by sediments facilitates the conversion of organic matter to petroleum. In the final stages of the opening of the basin, the salt beds may begin to rise as salt domes forming traps for oil and gas. Oil and gas may also be trapped in structural and stratigraphic traps as they move up due to increasing temperature and pressure, Eg the Red Sea.

T his speculation is lent support by the fact that around the Atlantic there is a close geographic and geologic relationship between hydrocarbons and salt accumulations.

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P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts: Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

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Three factors make the connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits significant: Geological processes that are driven by energy generated at plate boundaries regulate the mineral deposition process. Mineral deposits develop in certain tectonic environments that are controlled by plate tectonics.

Mangmang, Stephanie Gwen R. || 11 - Galilei

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The various tectonic conditions that are present at a specific spot on Earth are referred to as the tectonic setting. It indicates whether a location is close to a tectonic plate boundary or is farther inside the plate.

As the six setting (cratons, hot spots, divergent boundaries, ocean basins, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries) occur, they build different sources of minerals like volcanoes and mountains. By forming of these different setting, the accumulation of minerals are getting higher. As mountains and volcanoes are the most found places that we could extract and found minerals.
Aurick Dwayne C. Oliveros | 11-Galilei

https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-does-tectonic-setting-mean.html

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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Tectonic setting refers to the different tectonic conditions present at a particular location on Earth. It describes whether somewhere is near a tectonic plate boundary or in a more interior position on the plate.

In an article by Geology In, it was stated that plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on 3 points:
- Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.
- Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.
- Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

There are different tectonic settings, and it is important as it allows the production and accumulation of various mineral deposits. These settings are also involved in the reconstruction of fragmented continents, which, as stated above, can provide a useful basis in exploring new mineral deposits.

Aisley Keith B. Medina
11 - Curie - Newton

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

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Tectonic setting aids in the accumulation of minerals. It occurs when two plates interact by subduction or abduction which results in the accumulation of minerals. Molina 11-galilei

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How does earth movements aid in the accumulation of minerals?

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How does earth movements aid in the accumulation of minerals?

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Plate tectonics drive geological processes such as subduction, and abduction. These processes produce plate boundaries, which are abundant with minerals. These minerals are formed through the rock cycle processes that are abundant in the plate boundaries. The plates also tend to bury organic matter which, under pressure and heat, turns into fossil fuels.

http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter16/P01.html#:~:text=The forces of mantle convection,as valuable ores upon cooling

- Miguel Antonio N. Purisima | 11 - Galilei

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Because of Tectonic Setting, Igenous, Metamorphic, and Sedimentary rocks are able to be found over time and if those rocks are found, that also means that minerals can be found because of Tectonic Setting. So over time, because of Tectonic Setting, we are able to produce and accumulate many types of minerals across the years and the minerals that we are producing also varies because of Tectonic Setting.

Justice B. Tiamson | 11-Einstein

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The geological processes happening due to the released energy at plate boundaries controls the process of mineral production, deposition, and accumulation. Minerals deposits forms in specific/particular tectonic settings which are controlled by plate tectonics. The forces of both mantle convection and tectonic settings brings magma to the Earth’s surface. Mineral deposits usually happens or are located in tectonic plate boundaries which gives us an overview of why it is important in minerals.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/plate-tectonics-and-the-location-of-mineral-deposits.html

Rivas, Elisha Nicole B. | 11-Mendel

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

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As stated by the site geologyforinvestors, "The energy released along plate boundaries results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for mineral concentration. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits."

Some examples listed include the divergent plate boundaries, subduction zones, collision boundaries, and transform faults. An example of divergent plate boundary is the splitting apart of the seafloor, the activity results in sulphides and metalliferous sediments. In subduction zones, an oceanic plate is forced under another which results in a source for both heat and minerals to form mineral deposits. Next is the collision boundary, this is where two crustal plates collide, this doesnt cause the formation of mineral deposites but only expose mineralisation. Lastly, transform faults, in transform faults no plates are being forced so mineralisation is only at a small scale.

Source: Minerals on the Edge – Plate Boundaries and Minerals | Geology for Investors

Leus Tabornal | Rutherford

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The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes! Along with the destruction though, comes the creation of many of the mineral deposits we rely on.

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains why there are lots of volcanoes in Iceland and Japan, but far fewer in Russia and Africa. It also explains why the Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world while the highest peak in Australia is barely over 2000m!

The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

Plate boundaries are crucial; they are where new land is created. If the plates suddenly stopped moving, fairly quickly, in geological terms, the whole world would be one gigantic ocean again as the continents were eroded down to below sea level.

Although the details can be complex - there are in essence three types of plate boundaries:

Divergent boundaries - where the plates are being forced apart, usually along mid-oceanic ridges. Iceland is the best-studied example, as it's conveniently above sea level, undersea examples include the "black smokers" of the mid-Atlantic and northwest Pacific.

Convergent boundaries - where plates collide, one will be forced under the other - the Himalayas being the most spectacular example, formed as the Indian plate slams into the southern edge of the Eurasian plate. These don't always create mountain ranges - a subduction zone is marked by a deep ocean trench with a line of volcanoes such as Indonesia where the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and others are volcanic, formed by the collision of the Australian plate which is being forced under the Eurasian plate.

Transform boundaries are less common - in this case the plates slide alongside each other. The San Andreas fault in California is the best known example.

Not all plates are the same thickness - oceanic plates are thinner while the continental plates are thicker with a much lower geothermal gradient. Simplistically, as we move away from the mid-ocean ridges the crust gets thicker and colder.

Mineralisation and Plate Boundaries

What happens along plate boundaries is critical for mineral formation. The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

However, for the exploration geologist, it is not just about where plate boundaries are now - it's about where they were many hundreds of millions of years ago. If we have a clear understanding of the location of ancient plate boundaries, it's easier to predict where regional mineralisation may occur today.

Divergent Plate Boundaries and Mineralisation

As the seafloor splits apart, the hydrothermal activity cause deposits of both sulphides and metalliferous sediments along flanks of ridges. Black smokers and volcanic massive sulphide deposits are created by water circulating via cracks along ridges, collecting minerals from the heated rock before being expelled through hydrothermal vents. As the super-heated fluids make contact with the seawater, metals that were dissolved from the surrounding basaltic rocks are re-deposited on the sea floor.

Companies are currently considering undersea mining of this type of deposit in the Red Sea. Minerals associated with mid-ocean ridges include iron, zinc, copper, lead, gold, and silver.

Historic examples of volcanic massive sulphide deposits include the Troodos copper-iron complex in Cyprus. The massive sulphides and related stockwork occurs within a basaltic pillow lava sequence. Similar mineralisation occurs in Semail, Oman.

Some 50% of the world's chromite production is associated with oceanic rocks consisting of layered mafic and ultramafic (i.e. silicon poor) intrusives.

Also associated with mid-ocean ridges are manganese-rich polymetallic nodules that are thought to result from slow accretion of minerals from the seawater over extremely wide areas of the ocean floor.

Subduction Zones and Mineralisation

The well-known Pacific Ring of fire - is also a ring of mineral deposits, including deposits along the western North and South Americas, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia and New Zealand. Key resources include:

base metals - copper lead, zinc, and molybdenum

precious metals platinum copper gold

others metals including tin, tungsten, antimony, mercury and uranium deposits

At these boundaries, one oceanic plate is being forced progressively under another plate. This creates both a source of both heat and minerals that result in a wide variety of mineral deposits.

Mineralization along subduction zone boundaries show a predictable pattern that has been observed in many locations including Myanmar and the Andes. For example from west to east in the Andes we observe mineral deposits including:

contact metasomatic iron

copper-silver and gold veins

porphyry copper molybdenum deposits

lead zinc silver veins and contact metasomatic deposits

tin deposits

This mineralogy reflects progressive melting of metals from the descending slab - tin coming from a depth of 300km. The metals are sourced from the descending slab and overlying mantle. There are often associated geothermal regions.

Collision Boundaries

When two crustal plates collide the thickness of the plates ensure that there is far less hydrothermal activity, compared to the thin-skinned oceanic plates at subduction zones. Rather than directly causing the formation of mineral deposits, this type of plate boundary will expose a variety of mineralisation which were created elsewhere, displaced and then uplifted by the moving plate.

Transform Faults and Mineralisation

In a transform fault neither plate is being forced down into the mantle, so there is little hydrothermal activity. What mineralisation that does occur tends be localised and small scale e.g. the hot spring gold deposit at McLaughin in the California coast ranges

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Minerals on the Edge - Plate Boundaries and Minerals

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The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes!

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How does earth movements aid in the accumulation valuable minerals?

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How does earth movements aid in the accumulation valuable minerals?

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Plate tectonics are the drivers of our geologic processes. Therefore, it makes accumulation of valuable minerals possible, rendering them accessible to mining or production.

The forces of mantle convection and plate tectonics bring magma to the surface of the earth. Techtonic forces also bury organic matter from the remains of plants and animals which constitutes the fossil fuels that we use today. Magma heats up liquids which dissolves minerals, which then precipitates as valuable ores as they cool.

http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter16/P01.html#:~:text=The%20forces%20of%20mantle%20convection,as%20valuable%20ores%20upon%20cooling.

Althea Hyacinth Q. Ponesto | Grade 11 - Galilei

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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The process of mineral deposition is controlled by geological processes that are powered by energy generated at plate borders. Plate tectonics controls the formation of mineral deposits in specific tectonic environments. A helpful starting point for the investigation of new mineral reserves can be provided by the reconstruction of broken continents.

Plate subduction, volcanic eruptions, and sea bottom spreading are all caused by moving plates. The convection in the Earth's mantle is what allows the plates to move during these processes. All three rock types are produced and destroyed at different rates depending on the speed of plate tectonic processes.

Magma is brought to the Earth's surface via plate tectonics and mantle convection processes. Additionally, the tectonic forces bury biological material to create fossil fuels and exhume buried reservoirs to make them accessible for extraction. Water heated by magma bodies dissolves minerals, which then form precious ores when cooled.

Earth's minerals and commodities are essential to supporting the enormous global population. To comprehend and locate mineral resources, we need the field of study known as geoscience. The concentration of minerals into ore that humans can use to meet our needs is the result of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes. The interactions of the tectonic plates and those between the plates and the hydrosphere lead to these processes. We research these natural interactions and geologic processes to correlate dynamic activity with the distribution of natural resources in order to locate our required resources. We use this knowledge to analyze rocks in order to interpret a region's geologic past. We gauge a region's potential for mineral wealth by looking at its past. Because of this, we pay people to do it.

Many scientists, especially those who work in academic institutions, have varied motivations for researching nature. Perhaps best putting it was Cicero (106 BC – 43 BC):

"Nature has sown an unquenchable need for the truth in our minds."

We merely desire to understand Earth's functioning and our place within it.

Anonuevo 11-Curie; Galilei

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in The Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Importance of Tectonic Setting in The Production and Accumulation of Minerals

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Plate tectonics is responsible for distribution and knowing where energy and minerals form. The kinds of elements found in mineral deposits depend on what types of plate boundary is present. Metallic deposits like Iron, Zinc, and Copper are formed at divergent plate boundaries specifically at ocean ridges, while in convergent plate boundaries, precious metals like gold and silver are found. I think that it is important as we, humans that need mineral resources can have hints/clues of where to find what we need by means of tectonic plates.

Source:
www.geologyin.com

George C. Villasfer II | 11-Newton

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The importance of tectonic setting in the production of minerals 

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The importance of tectonic setting in the production of minerals 

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As minerals and rocks are mostly and often formed from geological occurrences and tectonic setting is the conditions that affects a geological process of volcanic occurrence occurs, it is co-related. Tectonic setting tells you much about a certain place because it tells you where a magma chamber is below, forcing fossil fuels to be buried from a million years ago, heat enough to accumulate and make crystals and minerals, etc.

http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter16/P01.html#:~:text=The%20forces%20of%20mantle%20convection,as%20valuable%20ores%20upon%20cooling.

Cruz, Winona Francine A.
Galilei

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Earth, Our Environment - Class Notes Chapter 16, Earth's Resources

Overview

Economically important elements and compounds do not occur in sufficient concentration in most rocks to be extracted for profit.

The forces of mantle convection and plate tectonics bring magma to Earth's surface. The tectonic forces also bury organic matter to form fossil fuels and exhume buried reservoirs, rendering them accessible to mining.

Water heated by magma bodies dissolves minerals, which precipitate out as valuable ores upon cooling. The water in contact with magma becomes superheated and can be used to drive steam turbines to generate electricity.

Coal and peat are formed from the burial of many types of vegetation, including mosses, ferns, algae, and trees.

Petroleum results mainly from burial and alteration of marine microorganisms.

Fresh water is arguably Earth's most important natural resource. Most potable water is contained as groundwater in fractures and pores in the crust.

Mineral Resources

Although we may not be aware of our dependence on natural materials, our society strongly depends on the availability of minerals. People have gone to war over mineral wealth and the economic well-being of many countries is a direct result of their mineral wealth.

An ore is a concentration of a mineral or mineral aggregate that has achieved a concentration of the valuable constituent that makes it profitable to mine and/or extract.

Early in human history, we exploited the natural materials to sustain and improve the quality of our lives. As a result, human population grew and we eventually became dependent on our ingenuity and our ability to find, mine, and use natural materials. The early history of humans is often divided by the types of natural materials that we exploited:

Stone Age (Before 4000 BC)

Bronze Age (From 4000 to 800 BC)

Iron Age (Since 800 BC)

Mineral Deposits
The crust is primarily composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. These elements make up 99% of crustal material. The remaining 1% includes many valuable materials. Unless minerals are somehow concentrated, it is usually too expensive to crush rocks and sift through the powder to find the materials we need.

[Study Figure 16.2 on page 412 of the text]

Plate-tectonic processes often concentrate minerals in ore deposits or veins. This is an important reason for science of geology and an important reason for unraveling the details of how Earth works. If we know how a material is concentrated and we know the type of geologic environment conducive to that concentration, we can use that information to help find the mineral.

Magmatic Processes

Recall that during the cooling of magma, minerals crystallize at different temperatures and the concentration of different minerals changes as the magma solidifies. This cooling "series" is one Earth concentrates materials. Chromite for example is a dense mineral that settles out of mafic and ultramafic magmas. We extract chromium from this material.

[See the example in Figure 16.3 of the text]

Diamond is a mineral that is "concentrated" by magmatic processes. Recall that diamond is a high-pressure polymorph of carbon that can only form at very high pressure. Thus diamonds are associated with features called kimberlite pipes, which are explosive volcanic vents that bring material up from 100-200 kilometers deep in Earth. Most dating investigations of diamonds suggest that they are nearly 3 billion years old and most kimberlite vents are found in cratonic (old) provinces of the continents.

[Study Figure 16.4 on page 414 of the text]

Hydrothermal Deposits

Many ores are associated with fluid flow induced by heat from magmatic intrusions; veins of gold, silver, and copper are examples. Magma intrudes into the shallow crust and begins to cool. The heat of the magma drives a water convection system. Water in contact with the magma becomes heated and less dense and flows upward being and is replaced by cooler water. In this way, heat is carried away from the intrusion by water flowing through cracks. When the water is hot, it can dissolve minerals to form what is called a brine (a mixture of water and dissolved minerals). As the brine flows upward and cools, its ability to keep the minerals in solution decreases and minerals precipitate from the brine. The precipitated minerals fill in the cracks that the water is flowing through producing what we call a mineral vein.

[Study Figure 16.5 on page 415 of the text]

Sedimentary Processes

Sedimentation also can naturally concentrate material. Two processes operate during sedimentation - precipitation and sorting. A good example of mineral concentration by precipitation is salt which we discussed in Chapter 4. A more complicated precipitation process is associated with Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits. Brines rising from deep and compacting sedimentary basins flows through porous carbonate rocks. As a result of chemical reactions with the carbon, zinc and lead sulfides are precipitated within the limestone.

One of the most important iron-producing deposits are the "Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)". The BIFs consist of inter-layered iron oxide and chert (silica). The exact process that created the BIFs is unknown. The BIFs are found on all the continents and formed between 2 and 3 billion years ago. Their formation may be related unusual weathering processes that were the result of a different atmospheric chemistry at the time of deposition.

Placer Deposits

Sedimentary sorting is another important process of mineral concentration. Placer deposits are the result of weathering and gravity-induced density sorting. Panning for gold is a process that relies on placers. The gold is eroded from a hydrothermal deposit and flows down stream.
Nonmetallic Resources
We have focused on metallic minerals, but we also make great use of nonmetallic minerals such as clays and stone. Limestone, for example, is very common in this area and is used as a building stone, to make concrete, and as aggregate for construction. Metamorphosed limestone and dolomite, marble is also used as building and sculpture stones. Granite has been used as building and a decorative stone.

Fuels

We also rely on Earth to provide fuels. From Uranium to natural gas, the fuels we burn are natural products. Perhaps we make most use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas (wood is another organic fuel, but it's not fossil). Interesting enough, we owe a debt to previous life for much of our fuel resources. Peat and coal are resources formed from decayed plants. Oil is produced by the decay of marine micro-organisms.

Peat

Normally, when an organism dies, bacteria set in and decompose the resulting material. However, if the material gets buried, the bacteria cannot operate as efficiently and the decay process is slowed or halted. Peat is a valuable source of fertilizer and fuel. In areas where plant material from mosses to trees is produced faster than the material can decay, peat forms.

Coal

With deeper burial, the material that made peat can be transformed into lignite and eventually coal. Coal is a sedimentary/metamorphic rock with a range of compositions. The higher the carbon content, the higher the grade of coal. With increasing burial, volatiles are driven from the decaying material and the pressure transforms the material into coal. The highest grade of coal is anthracite, which has been subjected to deep burial and metamorphosed by structural deformation.

[Study Figures 16.9-16.11 on pages 422 & 423 of the text]

Naturally, since coal depends on plants for its existence, is primarily limited to the Phanerozoic sedimentary deposits. Much of Earth's discovered coal was produced during a peak period around 300 Ma. Coal is an important fuel still used extensively. This was the fuel that powered the Industrial Revolution. However, coal burning produces pollution and acid rain and has been more recently replaced by the "cleaner" burning petroleum products.

Petroleum

Petroleum refers to all hydrocarbons (liquid, solid, r gas) that are found in rocks. Petroleum thus includes natural gas and crude oil. Most oil forms from organic matter trapped in marine sediments. The main contributor are plankton, which thrive in coastal waters. Provided that the material is kept in a low-oxygen environment (which inhibits decay) and buried to a depth of several km (which drives off water), the organic material will form petroleum. Most of Earth's oil formed after 200 Ma, as plankton became more abundant. Another factor may be that older oil was metamorphosed during its long history. The search for petroleum has been a great impetus for understanding plate tectonics and sedimentary basin formation and evolution.
Oil-Reserve Formation:

Source (Deposition)

Maturation

Expulsion-migration

Entrapment

We use indirect imaging methods such as seismic prospecting coupled with an understanding of the development and geologic structures of basins to find subsurface oil.

Water

Earth is an ideal place for us to live:

It is large enough to prevent degassing and keep an atmosphere.

It is close enough to the sun to be warm enough for water to remain a liquid but not so warm as to boil.

It has a biosphere capable of modulating the temperature and preventing runaway greenhouse effects.

Earth is rich in water - 71% of the surface is covered with oceans and much more water remains locked in the minerals deep in Earth. For humans, perhaps our most precious resource is fresh water. We cannot survive without it and it makes up about 0.65% of the available water on Earth.

Groundwater

Most of the potable, or drinking-quality water is stored in pores fractures cracks in rocks. Porous and permeable rocks are usually limited to shallow part of Earth because the pressure at depth generally causes the pores and fractures to close. We call a rock that acts as a water reservoir an aquifer. Such rocks are porous (they have space between their mineral grains that can store water) and permeable (the pores are connected and water can flow through the rocks). An impermeable rock impedes fluid flow. Clays and shales are examples of these aquicludes.

[Study Figure 16.22 on page 434 of the text]

For the most part, the flow of water through rocks is governed by gravitational forces. The rate at which the water moves depends on the rock type and texture and can vary from meters per second to cm per century.

The Water Table

The water table is underground "boundary" below which all the pores spaces and fractures are saturated with water. Sometimes, in swamps and near rivers, etc. the water table reaches the surface and produces springs. Other times, we must drill down to the water table to access the water. In essence, this is mining for water. If the groundwater is capped by an aquiclude, it may be under pressure. Then simply tapping the water will produce an artesian well (water maintains a constant level equal to the height of the water table).

Managing Water Resources

The depth to the water table can be seasonal - high during times of heavy precipitation and low during times of drought. We can also impact on the depth of the water table through modifications of rain runoff (such as those caused by urbanization). We can over-extract water and cause a drop in the water table or subsidence.

[Study Figure 16.24 on page 437 of the text]

Summary

Sustaining our large world population depends on minerals and materials from Earth. Geoscience is the branch of study we use to understand and find mineral resources. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes concentrate minerals into ore that we can exploit to satisfy our needs. These processes are a result of interactions among the tectonic plates and between the plates and the hydrosphere. To find our needed resources, we study these natural interactions and geologic processes to correlate the dynamic activity with the distribution of natural resources. With this information, we examine rocks to decipher the geologic history of a region. From the history we assess the potential of a region for mineral wealth. This is the economic basis for the geosciences and why we pay people to study Earth.

Many scientists, particularly those at universities, have a different reason for studying nature. Perhaps Cicero (106 BC-43 BC) said it best:

"Nature has planted in our minds an insatiable longing to see the truth"

We just want to know how Earth works and how we fit into the picture.

Back to EAS 111 Home | Ammon's Home | Department of Geosciences

Prepared by: Charles J. Ammon

cammon@geosc.psu.edu
April 1997

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Overview Economically important elements and compounds do not occur in sufficient concentration in most rocks to be extracted for profit. The forces of mantle convection and plate tectonics bring magma to Earth's surface. The tectonic forces also bury organic matter to form fossil fuels and exhume buried reservoirs, rendering them accessible to mining.

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The recent emergence of rare earth elements (REE) as critical metals for modern technology has fueled global efforts to locate new REE orebodies. These orebodies have now been identified in a variety of geological settings around the world (Weng et al., 2013, Weng et al., 2015; Van Gosen et al., 2017), but very few are currently being mined for REE.

Recent studies, in particular, have used the geochronological and geochemical/isotopic archives of REE ore minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and apatite to determine metal sources as well as the temporal and geodynamic setting of ore formation (e.g., Downes et al., 2016; Huston et al., 2016; Spandler and Morris, 2016; Nazari-Dehkordi et al., 2018, Nazari-Dehkordi et al., 2020). Because these ore minerals are frequently subject to hydrothermal or tectonic resetting/recrystallisation, they may record geological activity that predates primary ore formation (e.g., Schoneveld et al., 2015; Anenburg et al., 2018; Slezak and Spandler, 2019).

This focuses on the geological evolution of the deposits, with an emphasis on their tectonic setting of formation and subsequent tectonic/hydrothermal activity. We show that REE ore deposits can be effective records of tectonic events, including far-field tectonic activity that is not well preserved in the nearby rock units. We also look for similarities in the Australian and global records of REE mineralization, which leads us to believe that REE orebodies could help us understand the geological evolution of continental interiors over long time scales.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103219

CERVANTES, JAOSCH MARCELL V.
11 - CURIE - GALILEI

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Importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

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Importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

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According to geologyin, understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources is made possible by plate tectonics. Production and accumulation of minerals also heavily rely on how the tectonic plates move, just like Divergent Plate Margins and Convergent Plate Margins.

https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Jullienne R. Agpaoa 11-Curie-Galilei

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

# data[].attributes.headline
Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
Importance of Tectonic Setting in the Production and Accumulation of Minerals

# data[].attributes.body
Similar to crustal evolution, plate tectonics offers a foundation for comprehending the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources. Three factors make the connection between plate tectonics and mineral deposits important:

Mineral deposition is governed by geological processes driven by energy generated at plate borders.

Mineral deposits develop in certain tectonic environments that are controlled by plate tectonics.

The search of new mineral reserves can be based on the reconstruction of broken continents.

Source: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html?m=1

Ianna Cassie A. Magsino
11-Mendel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

S everal requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals. A number of tectonic settings meet these requirements:

I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

Hydrothermal activity at the ridges gives rise to a) Sulfide deposits and b) Metalliferous sediments on the flanks of ridges. Important metallic deposits formed are Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Au and Ag. In the Red Sea metalliferous sediments containing Fe, Zn and Cu are being deposited.

Mn oxide deposits are important at some ridges Eg the TAG Hydrothermal field on the Atlantic Ridge.

Ultramafic rocks in ophiolites containing asbestos, chromite and nickel ores. These are generally accessible in Phanerozoic orogenic belts to which sites they have been transported due to plate movement.

Podiform chromite deposits associated with serpentinized ultramafic rocks.

Cyprus Type massive sulfide deposits (Cu-Fe rich) are also associated with ophiolites and represent hydrothermal deposits formed at ocean ridges.

Several types of mineral deposits appear to show a genetic relationship to either the hot mantle plume itself or the tracks it produces.

II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

M etallic deposits are commonly found at both continental and arc convergent plate margins. Along the Circum-Pacific Belt major metallic deposits occur in western North and South America, Japan, Philippines, New Zealand and Indonesia. More than half of the world's supply of copper comes from the Porphyry Copper Deposits of this region. Important deposits associated with present and former convergent margins are:

Base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo).

Precious metals (Pt, Au, Ag).

Other metals (Sn, W, Sb, Hg). (Red Bed uranium deposits are also associated with convergent boundaries Eg SW United States).

Z oning of mineral deposits forming at convergent margins is apparent Eg in the Andes, going from west to east, the various zones encountered are:

a) contact metasomatic Fe- deposits;
b) Cu-Ag and Ag veins;
c) Porphypy Cu-Mo deposits;
d) Pb-Zn-Ag veins and contact metasomatic deposits; and
e) Sn deposits.

T hese zones are caused due to progressive liberation of metals from the descending slab, with Sn coming from a depth of 300 Km. The metals are derived from some combination of the descending slab and the overlying mantle wedge. They move upwards in magmas or fluids and are concentrated in late hydrothermal and magmatic fluids.

P etroleum occurs in the back-arc basins in arc convergent margins where organic matter is trapped and there is a lack of free circulation so that its oxidation is prevented. Geothermal heat facilitates conversion of organic matter to petroleum, and accompanying deformation forms traps for accumulation of petroleum.

P otential geothermal fields also occur along convergent margins.

III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

A variety of local tectonic settings exist along collision plate margins. Most of the deposits that occur here have formed in diverse tectonic settings and have been transported to the collision zones. Consequently, a variety of metallic deposits are abundant here:

Deposits generally related with oceanic ridges (ophiolites).

Those associated with convergent plate margins.

Mineral deposits associated with cratonic assemblages.

Deposits associated with continental rifts.

Deposits genetically related to collision zones are hydrocarbons which may accumulate in foreland basins associated with such zones, Eg the Persian Gulf SW of the Zagros Suture in Iran.

IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

Regional uplift and doming usually result when a continent comes to rest over a hotspot and huge volumes of magma rise to the surface. Extensional failure of the lithopheric crust may occur with continued doming, triggering the development of a triple junction - a three armed continental rift system. Typically, one arm of the rift fails remaining a fissure in the crust known as an aulacogen, while the remaining two arms open to form an oceanic basin.

The prevalence of three armed rifts is revealed by reassembling the continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean to their positions before Pangea split up. In most cases two of the arms were incorporated into the Atlantic, while the third remained as a blind rift extending into the continent.

R ifting follows crustal doming in response to hot-spot activity in the mantle.

Granites intruded at this stage have associated Sn and fluorite deposits.

Evaporites accumulate in the rifts during the more advanced stages, with Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in limestones forming during the early and middle stages of rifting. These are followed by oceanic metalliferous deposits.

Aulacogens are characterized by the presence of fluorite, barite, carbonatites (with Nb, P, REE, U, Th etc) and Sn-bearing granites.

Geothermal fields occur along the rifts due to the upwelling of the asthenosphere.

C arbonatites (unusual igneous rock rich in calcite and other carbonate minerals which are considered to be mantle derived), kimberlites, and alkaline granites within or adjacent to rifts provide a major source of metallic and other minerals.

V. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

M arginal and intracontinental cratonic basins provide a favourable setting for accumulation of organic matter. During the opening of a cratonic rift, seawater moves into the basin and evaporation exceeds inflow, giving rise to the formation of evaporites. The environment is characterized by restricted circulation and hence organic matter is preserved leading to the accumulation of petroleum. With continued rifting, circulation becomes unrestricted and deposition of evaporites and organic matter ceases.

H igh geothermal gradients beneath the opening rift and increase in pressure due to burial by sediments facilitates the conversion of organic matter to petroleum. In the final stages of the opening of the basin, the salt beds may begin to rise as salt domes forming traps for oil and gas. Oil and gas may also be trapped in structural and stratigraphic traps as they move up due to increasing temperature and pressure, Eg the Red Sea.

T his speculation is lent support by the fact that around the Atlantic there is a close geographic and geologic relationship between hydrocarbons and salt accumulations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts: Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

# data[].attributes.headline
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.subject
How important is the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals?

# data[].attributes.body
Tectonic setting is very vital in the formation and accumulation of minerals. It has a relationship that goes hand in hand with how minerals are formed. It is important because:

Minerals are guided and mainly formed by geological processes that is operated by the energy that is being released from the plate boundaries.

It is also formed because of the plate tectonics involved in the tectonic setting.

Lastly, the discovery of new mineral reserves are based on the reconstruction of separated continents.

Marquez | 11-Einstein

# data[].attributes.headline
Importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
Importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.body
Plate tectonics provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

first, Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition. second, Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics. and third, Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

source: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Johanne Narice SE. Catindig
11- Newton

# data[].attributes.headline
Importance of Tectonic Setting in Production and Accumulation of Minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
Importance of Tectonic Setting in Production and Accumulation of Minerals

# data[].attributes.body
According to Geology In, plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Several requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals.

Shania Vianelle S. Sampang
11 - Curie - Newton

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

# data[].attributes.headline
importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
importance of tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.body
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant.

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

To sum it up, because of the tectonic setting it gives way to the accumulation of minerals. Without tectonic plates there's no collision or separation and tectonic plates gives rise to different geological processes like volcanic eruption that helps in accumulating minerals. With Tectonic setting or different specific conditions we come across different minerals that helps our society to advance.

Jalen Royce DC. Villamarin
11 - Mendel
source:
https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html#:~:text=Geological%20processes%20operating%20due%20to,exploration%20of%20new%20mineral%20deposits.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

S everal requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals. A number of tectonic settings meet these requirements:

I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

Hydrothermal activity at the ridges gives rise to a) Sulfide deposits and b) Metalliferous sediments on the flanks of ridges. Important metallic deposits formed are Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Au and Ag. In the Red Sea metalliferous sediments containing Fe, Zn and Cu are being deposited.

Mn oxide deposits are important at some ridges Eg the TAG Hydrothermal field on the Atlantic Ridge.

Ultramafic rocks in ophiolites containing asbestos, chromite and nickel ores. These are generally accessible in Phanerozoic orogenic belts to which sites they have been transported due to plate movement.

Podiform chromite deposits associated with serpentinized ultramafic rocks.

Cyprus Type massive sulfide deposits (Cu-Fe rich) are also associated with ophiolites and represent hydrothermal deposits formed at ocean ridges.

Several types of mineral deposits appear to show a genetic relationship to either the hot mantle plume itself or the tracks it produces.

II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

M etallic deposits are commonly found at both continental and arc convergent plate margins. Along the Circum-Pacific Belt major metallic deposits occur in western North and South America, Japan, Philippines, New Zealand and Indonesia. More than half of the world's supply of copper comes from the Porphyry Copper Deposits of this region. Important deposits associated with present and former convergent margins are:

Base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo).

Precious metals (Pt, Au, Ag).

Other metals (Sn, W, Sb, Hg). (Red Bed uranium deposits are also associated with convergent boundaries Eg SW United States).

Z oning of mineral deposits forming at convergent margins is apparent Eg in the Andes, going from west to east, the various zones encountered are:

a) contact metasomatic Fe- deposits;
b) Cu-Ag and Ag veins;
c) Porphypy Cu-Mo deposits;
d) Pb-Zn-Ag veins and contact metasomatic deposits; and
e) Sn deposits.

T hese zones are caused due to progressive liberation of metals from the descending slab, with Sn coming from a depth of 300 Km. The metals are derived from some combination of the descending slab and the overlying mantle wedge. They move upwards in magmas or fluids and are concentrated in late hydrothermal and magmatic fluids.

P etroleum occurs in the back-arc basins in arc convergent margins where organic matter is trapped and there is a lack of free circulation so that its oxidation is prevented. Geothermal heat facilitates conversion of organic matter to petroleum, and accompanying deformation forms traps for accumulation of petroleum.

P otential geothermal fields also occur along convergent margins.

III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

A variety of local tectonic settings exist along collision plate margins. Most of the deposits that occur here have formed in diverse tectonic settings and have been transported to the collision zones. Consequently, a variety of metallic deposits are abundant here:

Deposits generally related with oceanic ridges (ophiolites).

Those associated with convergent plate margins.

Mineral deposits associated with cratonic assemblages.

Deposits associated with continental rifts.

Deposits genetically related to collision zones are hydrocarbons which may accumulate in foreland basins associated with such zones, Eg the Persian Gulf SW of the Zagros Suture in Iran.

IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

Regional uplift and doming usually result when a continent comes to rest over a hotspot and huge volumes of magma rise to the surface. Extensional failure of the lithopheric crust may occur with continued doming, triggering the development of a triple junction - a three armed continental rift system. Typically, one arm of the rift fails remaining a fissure in the crust known as an aulacogen, while the remaining two arms open to form an oceanic basin.

The prevalence of three armed rifts is revealed by reassembling the continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean to their positions before Pangea split up. In most cases two of the arms were incorporated into the Atlantic, while the third remained as a blind rift extending into the continent.

R ifting follows crustal doming in response to hot-spot activity in the mantle.

Granites intruded at this stage have associated Sn and fluorite deposits.

Evaporites accumulate in the rifts during the more advanced stages, with Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in limestones forming during the early and middle stages of rifting. These are followed by oceanic metalliferous deposits.

Aulacogens are characterized by the presence of fluorite, barite, carbonatites (with Nb, P, REE, U, Th etc) and Sn-bearing granites.

Geothermal fields occur along the rifts due to the upwelling of the asthenosphere.

C arbonatites (unusual igneous rock rich in calcite and other carbonate minerals which are considered to be mantle derived), kimberlites, and alkaline granites within or adjacent to rifts provide a major source of metallic and other minerals.

V. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

M arginal and intracontinental cratonic basins provide a favourable setting for accumulation of organic matter. During the opening of a cratonic rift, seawater moves into the basin and evaporation exceeds inflow, giving rise to the formation of evaporites. The environment is characterized by restricted circulation and hence organic matter is preserved leading to the accumulation of petroleum. With continued rifting, circulation becomes unrestricted and deposition of evaporites and organic matter ceases.

H igh geothermal gradients beneath the opening rift and increase in pressure due to burial by sediments facilitates the conversion of organic matter to petroleum. In the final stages of the opening of the basin, the salt beds may begin to rise as salt domes forming traps for oil and gas. Oil and gas may also be trapped in structural and stratigraphic traps as they move up due to increasing temperature and pressure, Eg the Red Sea.

T his speculation is lent support by the fact that around the Atlantic there is a close geographic and geologic relationship between hydrocarbons and salt accumulations.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts: Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

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Tectonic setting: How is it related to the accumulation of minerals?

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Tectonic setting: How is it related to the accumulation of minerals?

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The movement of the tectonic plates is usually linked with volcanic activity. As we all know, some minerals come from the cooling of magma, water dissolving minerals due to magma bodies, and the such. Depending on the abundance of volcanoes in a certain location, many minerals can be extracted from that certain location.

Because of these interrelated processes, we use the product as a part in our everyday lives.

references:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/plate-tectonics-and-the-location-of-mineral-deposits.html
http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter16/P01.html#:~:text=The%20forces%20of%20mantle%20convection,as%20valuable%20ores%20upon%20cooling.

de Guzman, Rae Cassandra S.
11-Galilei

# data[].attributes.body
Tectonic setting here, tectonic setting that. You might be wondering what tectonic setting even is. Well, to define tectonic setting, it is the various tectonic conditions that occur at a specific location on Earth.

Tectonic activities help or may not help in the production and accumulation of minerals. For example, a tectonic activity may bring up minerals that have been buried for a long time — exposing them to mining capabilities. It may also bury some minerals that are already within our reach.

Tectonic setting is important because it enables us to produce minerals that are essential to our everyday lives.

refs: https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-does-tectonic-setting-mean.html#:~:text=Tectonic%20setting%20refers%20to%20the,interior%20position%20on%20the%20plate.

symmon jerom s. buenaventura
11 - curiegalilei

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Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition. Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics. Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Source: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html

Maria Kiara T. Capistrano || 11-Einstein

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Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

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Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

# data[].attributes.body
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

Yohanan Yael S. Montoya
11-Rutherford

Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits (geologyin.com)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tectonic Settings of Metal Deposits – Geology In

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ore Deposits and Plate Tectonics P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin o…

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Importance of the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
Importance of the tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.body
The relationship between plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant in three ways: geological processes that operate as a result of energy released at plate boundaries control the mineral deposition process. Mineral deposits form in specific tectonic settings governed by plate tectonics.

What happens along plate boundaries has a big impact on mineral formation. The energy released along boundaries causes volcanic and hydrothermal activity, which creates the ideal conditions for the concentration of many minerals. Deep-seated rocks from the mantle can also find their way to the near-surface via plate boundaries. Many of our largest mineral deposits are formed as a result of these rocks.

The exploration geologist, on the other hand, is concerned with where plate boundaries were many hundreds of millions of years ago. It is easier to predict where regional mineralisation may occur today if we have a clear understanding of the location of ancient plate boundaries.

https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/

Reyes, Arkinna Britney R.
11 - Mendel

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The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes! Along with the destruction though, comes the creation of many of the mineral deposits we rely on.

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains why there are lots of volcanoes in Iceland and Japan, but far fewer in Russia and Africa. It also explains why the Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world while the highest peak in Australia is barely over 2000m!

The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

Plate boundaries are crucial; they are where new land is created. If the plates suddenly stopped moving, fairly quickly, in geological terms, the whole world would be one gigantic ocean again as the continents were eroded down to below sea level.

Although the details can be complex - there are in essence three types of plate boundaries:

Divergent boundaries - where the plates are being forced apart, usually along mid-oceanic ridges. Iceland is the best-studied example, as it's conveniently above sea level, undersea examples include the "black smokers" of the mid-Atlantic and northwest Pacific.

Convergent boundaries - where plates collide, one will be forced under the other - the Himalayas being the most spectacular example, formed as the Indian plate slams into the southern edge of the Eurasian plate. These don't always create mountain ranges - a subduction zone is marked by a deep ocean trench with a line of volcanoes such as Indonesia where the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and others are volcanic, formed by the collision of the Australian plate which is being forced under the Eurasian plate.

Transform boundaries are less common - in this case the plates slide alongside each other. The San Andreas fault in California is the best known example.

Not all plates are the same thickness - oceanic plates are thinner while the continental plates are thicker with a much lower geothermal gradient. Simplistically, as we move away from the mid-ocean ridges the crust gets thicker and colder.

Mineralisation and Plate Boundaries

What happens along plate boundaries is critical for mineral formation. The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

However, for the exploration geologist, it is not just about where plate boundaries are now - it's about where they were many hundreds of millions of years ago. If we have a clear understanding of the location of ancient plate boundaries, it's easier to predict where regional mineralisation may occur today.

Divergent Plate Boundaries and Mineralisation

As the seafloor splits apart, the hydrothermal activity cause deposits of both sulphides and metalliferous sediments along flanks of ridges. Black smokers and volcanic massive sulphide deposits are created by water circulating via cracks along ridges, collecting minerals from the heated rock before being expelled through hydrothermal vents. As the super-heated fluids make contact with the seawater, metals that were dissolved from the surrounding basaltic rocks are re-deposited on the sea floor.

Companies are currently considering undersea mining of this type of deposit in the Red Sea. Minerals associated with mid-ocean ridges include iron, zinc, copper, lead, gold, and silver.

Historic examples of volcanic massive sulphide deposits include the Troodos copper-iron complex in Cyprus. The massive sulphides and related stockwork occurs within a basaltic pillow lava sequence. Similar mineralisation occurs in Semail, Oman.

Some 50% of the world's chromite production is associated with oceanic rocks consisting of layered mafic and ultramafic (i.e. silicon poor) intrusives.

Also associated with mid-ocean ridges are manganese-rich polymetallic nodules that are thought to result from slow accretion of minerals from the seawater over extremely wide areas of the ocean floor.

Subduction Zones and Mineralisation

The well-known Pacific Ring of fire - is also a ring of mineral deposits, including deposits along the western North and South Americas, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia and New Zealand. Key resources include:

base metals - copper lead, zinc, and molybdenum

precious metals platinum copper gold

others metals including tin, tungsten, antimony, mercury and uranium deposits

At these boundaries, one oceanic plate is being forced progressively under another plate. This creates both a source of both heat and minerals that result in a wide variety of mineral deposits.

Mineralization along subduction zone boundaries show a predictable pattern that has been observed in many locations including Myanmar and the Andes. For example from west to east in the Andes we observe mineral deposits including:

contact metasomatic iron

copper-silver and gold veins

porphyry copper molybdenum deposits

lead zinc silver veins and contact metasomatic deposits

tin deposits

This mineralogy reflects progressive melting of metals from the descending slab - tin coming from a depth of 300km. The metals are sourced from the descending slab and overlying mantle. There are often associated geothermal regions.

Collision Boundaries

When two crustal plates collide the thickness of the plates ensure that there is far less hydrothermal activity, compared to the thin-skinned oceanic plates at subduction zones. Rather than directly causing the formation of mineral deposits, this type of plate boundary will expose a variety of mineralisation which were created elsewhere, displaced and then uplifted by the moving plate.

Transform Faults and Mineralisation

In a transform fault neither plate is being forced down into the mantle, so there is little hydrothermal activity. What mineralisation that does occur tends be localised and small scale e.g. the hot spring gold deposit at McLaughin in the California coast ranges

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Minerals on the Edge - Plate Boundaries and Minerals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes!

# data[].attributes.headline
Tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.subject
Tectonic setting in the production and accumulation of minerals

# data[].attributes.body
Plate tectonics are the reason why minerals accumulate in the first place, in fact, plate boundaries create the perfect conditions in forming and accumulating minerals, since plate boundaries have high volcanic activity, of course there will be tons of accumulated minerals due to the heat. We can also say the same for hydrothermal ore deposits, since there are high amounts of hydrothermal activity that also creates the perfect conditions in order to accumulate minerals.

Source: https://www.geologyforinvestors.com/minerals-on-the-edge-plate-boundaries-and-minerals/

Seth B. Sasuman 11 - Mendel

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes! Along with the destruction though, comes the creation of many of the mineral deposits we rely on.

Plate tectonics is the theory that explains why there are lots of volcanoes in Iceland and Japan, but far fewer in Russia and Africa. It also explains why the Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world while the highest peak in Australia is barely over 2000m!

The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

Plate boundaries are crucial; they are where new land is created. If the plates suddenly stopped moving, fairly quickly, in geological terms, the whole world would be one gigantic ocean again as the continents were eroded down to below sea level.

Although the details can be complex - there are in essence three types of plate boundaries:

Divergent boundaries - where the plates are being forced apart, usually along mid-oceanic ridges. Iceland is the best-studied example, as it's conveniently above sea level, undersea examples include the "black smokers" of the mid-Atlantic and northwest Pacific.

Convergent boundaries - where plates collide, one will be forced under the other - the Himalayas being the most spectacular example, formed as the Indian plate slams into the southern edge of the Eurasian plate. These don't always create mountain ranges - a subduction zone is marked by a deep ocean trench with a line of volcanoes such as Indonesia where the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and others are volcanic, formed by the collision of the Australian plate which is being forced under the Eurasian plate.

Transform boundaries are less common - in this case the plates slide alongside each other. The San Andreas fault in California is the best known example.

Not all plates are the same thickness - oceanic plates are thinner while the continental plates are thicker with a much lower geothermal gradient. Simplistically, as we move away from the mid-ocean ridges the crust gets thicker and colder.

Mineralisation and Plate Boundaries

What happens along plate boundaries is critical for mineral formation. The energy released along boundaries, results in volcanic and hydrothermal activity that creates the right conditions for many minerals to be concentrated. Plate boundaries are also a way for deep-seated rocks from the mantle to find a way to the near-surface. These rocks become the source of many of our largest mineral deposits.

However, for the exploration geologist, it is not just about where plate boundaries are now - it's about where they were many hundreds of millions of years ago. If we have a clear understanding of the location of ancient plate boundaries, it's easier to predict where regional mineralisation may occur today.

Divergent Plate Boundaries and Mineralisation

As the seafloor splits apart, the hydrothermal activity cause deposits of both sulphides and metalliferous sediments along flanks of ridges. Black smokers and volcanic massive sulphide deposits are created by water circulating via cracks along ridges, collecting minerals from the heated rock before being expelled through hydrothermal vents. As the super-heated fluids make contact with the seawater, metals that were dissolved from the surrounding basaltic rocks are re-deposited on the sea floor.

Companies are currently considering undersea mining of this type of deposit in the Red Sea. Minerals associated with mid-ocean ridges include iron, zinc, copper, lead, gold, and silver.

Historic examples of volcanic massive sulphide deposits include the Troodos copper-iron complex in Cyprus. The massive sulphides and related stockwork occurs within a basaltic pillow lava sequence. Similar mineralisation occurs in Semail, Oman.

Some 50% of the world's chromite production is associated with oceanic rocks consisting of layered mafic and ultramafic (i.e. silicon poor) intrusives.

Also associated with mid-ocean ridges are manganese-rich polymetallic nodules that are thought to result from slow accretion of minerals from the seawater over extremely wide areas of the ocean floor.

Subduction Zones and Mineralisation

The well-known Pacific Ring of fire - is also a ring of mineral deposits, including deposits along the western North and South Americas, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia and New Zealand. Key resources include:

base metals - copper lead, zinc, and molybdenum

precious metals platinum copper gold

others metals including tin, tungsten, antimony, mercury and uranium deposits

At these boundaries, one oceanic plate is being forced progressively under another plate. This creates both a source of both heat and minerals that result in a wide variety of mineral deposits.

Mineralization along subduction zone boundaries show a predictable pattern that has been observed in many locations including Myanmar and the Andes. For example from west to east in the Andes we observe mineral deposits including:

contact metasomatic iron

copper-silver and gold veins

porphyry copper molybdenum deposits

lead zinc silver veins and contact metasomatic deposits

tin deposits

This mineralogy reflects progressive melting of metals from the descending slab - tin coming from a depth of 300km. The metals are sourced from the descending slab and overlying mantle. There are often associated geothermal regions.

Collision Boundaries

When two crustal plates collide the thickness of the plates ensure that there is far less hydrothermal activity, compared to the thin-skinned oceanic plates at subduction zones. Rather than directly causing the formation of mineral deposits, this type of plate boundary will expose a variety of mineralisation which were created elsewhere, displaced and then uplifted by the moving plate.

Transform Faults and Mineralisation

In a transform fault neither plate is being forced down into the mantle, so there is little hydrothermal activity. What mineralisation that does occur tends be localised and small scale e.g. the hot spring gold deposit at McLaughin in the California coast ranges

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Minerals on the Edge - Plate Boundaries and Minerals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The world is a dynamic place, the earth that we stand on, and think of as fixed, is anything but. The most unstable areas of all are the plate boundaries, where giant crustal plates collide together, the physics is simple; something's gotta give, and there are probably going to be fireworks - or at least volcanic eruptions and earthquakes!

# data[].attributes.headline
Magma is brought to the Earth's surface by the forces of plate tectonics and mantle convection. In addition to burying organic material to generate fossil fuels, tectonic forces also exhume buried reservoirs to make them accessible for mining. When minerals are dissolved in water heated by magma bodies, they become precious ores when the water cools.

# data[].attributes.subject
Magma is brought to the Earth's surface by the forces of plate tectonics and mantle convection. In addition to burying organic material to generate fossil fuels, tectonic forces also exhume buried reservoirs to make them accessible for mining. When minerals are dissolved in water heated by magma bodies, they become precious ores when the water cools.

# data[].attributes.body
http://eqseis.geosc.psu.edu/cammon/HTML/Classes/PhysicalGeology/Notes/Chapter16/P01.html#:~:text=The%20forces%20of%20mantle%20convection,as%20valuable%20ores%20upon%20cooling.

Lord Mckee S. Lindog | 11- Galilei

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Earth, Our Environment - Class Notes Chapter 16, Earth's Resources

Overview

Economically important elements and compounds do not occur in sufficient concentration in most rocks to be extracted for profit.

The forces of mantle convection and plate tectonics bring magma to Earth's surface. The tectonic forces also bury organic matter to form fossil fuels and exhume buried reservoirs, rendering them accessible to mining.

Water heated by magma bodies dissolves minerals, which precipitate out as valuable ores upon cooling. The water in contact with magma becomes superheated and can be used to drive steam turbines to generate electricity.

Coal and peat are formed from the burial of many types of vegetation, including mosses, ferns, algae, and trees.

Petroleum results mainly from burial and alteration of marine microorganisms.

Fresh water is arguably Earth's most important natural resource. Most potable water is contained as groundwater in fractures and pores in the crust.

Mineral Resources

Although we may not be aware of our dependence on natural materials, our society strongly depends on the availability of minerals. People have gone to war over mineral wealth and the economic well-being of many countries is a direct result of their mineral wealth.

An ore is a concentration of a mineral or mineral aggregate that has achieved a concentration of the valuable constituent that makes it profitable to mine and/or extract.

Early in human history, we exploited the natural materials to sustain and improve the quality of our lives. As a result, human population grew and we eventually became dependent on our ingenuity and our ability to find, mine, and use natural materials. The early history of humans is often divided by the types of natural materials that we exploited:

Stone Age (Before 4000 BC)

Bronze Age (From 4000 to 800 BC)

Iron Age (Since 800 BC)

Mineral Deposits
The crust is primarily composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium. These elements make up 99% of crustal material. The remaining 1% includes many valuable materials. Unless minerals are somehow concentrated, it is usually too expensive to crush rocks and sift through the powder to find the materials we need.

[Study Figure 16.2 on page 412 of the text]

Plate-tectonic processes often concentrate minerals in ore deposits or veins. This is an important reason for science of geology and an important reason for unraveling the details of how Earth works. If we know how a material is concentrated and we know the type of geologic environment conducive to that concentration, we can use that information to help find the mineral.

Magmatic Processes

Recall that during the cooling of magma, minerals crystallize at different temperatures and the concentration of different minerals changes as the magma solidifies. This cooling "series" is one Earth concentrates materials. Chromite for example is a dense mineral that settles out of mafic and ultramafic magmas. We extract chromium from this material.

[See the example in Figure 16.3 of the text]

Diamond is a mineral that is "concentrated" by magmatic processes. Recall that diamond is a high-pressure polymorph of carbon that can only form at very high pressure. Thus diamonds are associated with features called kimberlite pipes, which are explosive volcanic vents that bring material up from 100-200 kilometers deep in Earth. Most dating investigations of diamonds suggest that they are nearly 3 billion years old and most kimberlite vents are found in cratonic (old) provinces of the continents.

[Study Figure 16.4 on page 414 of the text]

Hydrothermal Deposits

Many ores are associated with fluid flow induced by heat from magmatic intrusions; veins of gold, silver, and copper are examples. Magma intrudes into the shallow crust and begins to cool. The heat of the magma drives a water convection system. Water in contact with the magma becomes heated and less dense and flows upward being and is replaced by cooler water. In this way, heat is carried away from the intrusion by water flowing through cracks. When the water is hot, it can dissolve minerals to form what is called a brine (a mixture of water and dissolved minerals). As the brine flows upward and cools, its ability to keep the minerals in solution decreases and minerals precipitate from the brine. The precipitated minerals fill in the cracks that the water is flowing through producing what we call a mineral vein.

[Study Figure 16.5 on page 415 of the text]

Sedimentary Processes

Sedimentation also can naturally concentrate material. Two processes operate during sedimentation - precipitation and sorting. A good example of mineral concentration by precipitation is salt which we discussed in Chapter 4. A more complicated precipitation process is associated with Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits. Brines rising from deep and compacting sedimentary basins flows through porous carbonate rocks. As a result of chemical reactions with the carbon, zinc and lead sulfides are precipitated within the limestone.

One of the most important iron-producing deposits are the "Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)". The BIFs consist of inter-layered iron oxide and chert (silica). The exact process that created the BIFs is unknown. The BIFs are found on all the continents and formed between 2 and 3 billion years ago. Their formation may be related unusual weathering processes that were the result of a different atmospheric chemistry at the time of deposition.

Placer Deposits

Sedimentary sorting is another important process of mineral concentration. Placer deposits are the result of weathering and gravity-induced density sorting. Panning for gold is a process that relies on placers. The gold is eroded from a hydrothermal deposit and flows down stream.
Nonmetallic Resources
We have focused on metallic minerals, but we also make great use of nonmetallic minerals such as clays and stone. Limestone, for example, is very common in this area and is used as a building stone, to make concrete, and as aggregate for construction. Metamorphosed limestone and dolomite, marble is also used as building and sculpture stones. Granite has been used as building and a decorative stone.

Fuels

We also rely on Earth to provide fuels. From Uranium to natural gas, the fuels we burn are natural products. Perhaps we make most use of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas (wood is another organic fuel, but it's not fossil). Interesting enough, we owe a debt to previous life for much of our fuel resources. Peat and coal are resources formed from decayed plants. Oil is produced by the decay of marine micro-organisms.

Peat

Normally, when an organism dies, bacteria set in and decompose the resulting material. However, if the material gets buried, the bacteria cannot operate as efficiently and the decay process is slowed or halted. Peat is a valuable source of fertilizer and fuel. In areas where plant material from mosses to trees is produced faster than the material can decay, peat forms.

Coal

With deeper burial, the material that made peat can be transformed into lignite and eventually coal. Coal is a sedimentary/metamorphic rock with a range of compositions. The higher the carbon content, the higher the grade of coal. With increasing burial, volatiles are driven from the decaying material and the pressure transforms the material into coal. The highest grade of coal is anthracite, which has been subjected to deep burial and metamorphosed by structural deformation.

[Study Figures 16.9-16.11 on pages 422 & 423 of the text]

Naturally, since coal depends on plants for its existence, is primarily limited to the Phanerozoic sedimentary deposits. Much of Earth's discovered coal was produced during a peak period around 300 Ma. Coal is an important fuel still used extensively. This was the fuel that powered the Industrial Revolution. However, coal burning produces pollution and acid rain and has been more recently replaced by the "cleaner" burning petroleum products.

Petroleum

Petroleum refers to all hydrocarbons (liquid, solid, r gas) that are found in rocks. Petroleum thus includes natural gas and crude oil. Most oil forms from organic matter trapped in marine sediments. The main contributor are plankton, which thrive in coastal waters. Provided that the material is kept in a low-oxygen environment (which inhibits decay) and buried to a depth of several km (which drives off water), the organic material will form petroleum. Most of Earth's oil formed after 200 Ma, as plankton became more abundant. Another factor may be that older oil was metamorphosed during its long history. The search for petroleum has been a great impetus for understanding plate tectonics and sedimentary basin formation and evolution.
Oil-Reserve Formation:

Source (Deposition)

Maturation

Expulsion-migration

Entrapment

We use indirect imaging methods such as seismic prospecting coupled with an understanding of the development and geologic structures of basins to find subsurface oil.

Water

Earth is an ideal place for us to live:

It is large enough to prevent degassing and keep an atmosphere.

It is close enough to the sun to be warm enough for water to remain a liquid but not so warm as to boil.

It has a biosphere capable of modulating the temperature and preventing runaway greenhouse effects.

Earth is rich in water - 71% of the surface is covered with oceans and much more water remains locked in the minerals deep in Earth. For humans, perhaps our most precious resource is fresh water. We cannot survive without it and it makes up about 0.65% of the available water on Earth.

Groundwater

Most of the potable, or drinking-quality water is stored in pores fractures cracks in rocks. Porous and permeable rocks are usually limited to shallow part of Earth because the pressure at depth generally causes the pores and fractures to close. We call a rock that acts as a water reservoir an aquifer. Such rocks are porous (they have space between their mineral grains that can store water) and permeable (the pores are connected and water can flow through the rocks). An impermeable rock impedes fluid flow. Clays and shales are examples of these aquicludes.

[Study Figure 16.22 on page 434 of the text]

For the most part, the flow of water through rocks is governed by gravitational forces. The rate at which the water moves depends on the rock type and texture and can vary from meters per second to cm per century.

The Water Table

The water table is underground "boundary" below which all the pores spaces and fractures are saturated with water. Sometimes, in swamps and near rivers, etc. the water table reaches the surface and produces springs. Other times, we must drill down to the water table to access the water. In essence, this is mining for water. If the groundwater is capped by an aquiclude, it may be under pressure. Then simply tapping the water will produce an artesian well (water maintains a constant level equal to the height of the water table).

Managing Water Resources

The depth to the water table can be seasonal - high during times of heavy precipitation and low during times of drought. We can also impact on the depth of the water table through modifications of rain runoff (such as those caused by urbanization). We can over-extract water and cause a drop in the water table or subsidence.

[Study Figure 16.24 on page 437 of the text]

Summary

Sustaining our large world population depends on minerals and materials from Earth. Geoscience is the branch of study we use to understand and find mineral resources. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes concentrate minerals into ore that we can exploit to satisfy our needs. These processes are a result of interactions among the tectonic plates and between the plates and the hydrosphere. To find our needed resources, we study these natural interactions and geologic processes to correlate the dynamic activity with the distribution of natural resources. With this information, we examine rocks to decipher the geologic history of a region. From the history we assess the potential of a region for mineral wealth. This is the economic basis for the geosciences and why we pay people to study Earth.

Many scientists, particularly those at universities, have a different reason for studying nature. Perhaps Cicero (106 BC-43 BC) said it best:

"Nature has planted in our minds an insatiable longing to see the truth"

We just want to know how Earth works and how we fit into the picture.

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Prepared by: Charles J. Ammon

cammon@geosc.psu.edu
April 1997

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Overview Economically important elements and compounds do not occur in sufficient concentration in most rocks to be extracted for profit. The forces of mantle convection and plate tectonics bring magma to Earth's surface. The tectonic forces also bury organic matter to form fossil fuels and exhume buried reservoirs, rendering them accessible to mining.

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How important is the tectonic setting setting in the production and accumulation ofminerals?

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How important is the tectonic setting setting in the production and accumulation ofminerals?

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Similar to crustal evolution, plate tectonics offers a foundation for comprehending the distribution and origin of mineral and energy resources. In any tectonic context, a number of conditions must be met in order for minerals to be produced and accumulated. these are the Deposits at the ocean ridges, deposits and the convergent plate margins, deposits and collision boundaries, deposits in the cratonic basins. These tectonic plates help support and produce minerals for humanity to improve.

Source: https://www.geologyin.com/2014/05/tectonic-settings-of-metal-deposits.html?m=1

Raphael Isaac D. Tirana
11 - Mendel

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P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts:

Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonics.

Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

S everal requirements must be fulfilled in any tectonic setting for the production and accumulation of minerals. A number of tectonic settings meet these requirements:

I. Deposits at Oceanic Ridges (Divergent Plate Margins)

Hydrothermal activity at the ridges gives rise to a) Sulfide deposits and b) Metalliferous sediments on the flanks of ridges. Important metallic deposits formed are Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Au and Ag. In the Red Sea metalliferous sediments containing Fe, Zn and Cu are being deposited.

Mn oxide deposits are important at some ridges Eg the TAG Hydrothermal field on the Atlantic Ridge.

Ultramafic rocks in ophiolites containing asbestos, chromite and nickel ores. These are generally accessible in Phanerozoic orogenic belts to which sites they have been transported due to plate movement.

Podiform chromite deposits associated with serpentinized ultramafic rocks.

Cyprus Type massive sulfide deposits (Cu-Fe rich) are also associated with ophiolites and represent hydrothermal deposits formed at ocean ridges.

Several types of mineral deposits appear to show a genetic relationship to either the hot mantle plume itself or the tracks it produces.

II. Deposits at Convergent Plate Margins

M etallic deposits are commonly found at both continental and arc convergent plate margins. Along the Circum-Pacific Belt major metallic deposits occur in western North and South America, Japan, Philippines, New Zealand and Indonesia. More than half of the world's supply of copper comes from the Porphyry Copper Deposits of this region. Important deposits associated with present and former convergent margins are:

Base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo).

Precious metals (Pt, Au, Ag).

Other metals (Sn, W, Sb, Hg). (Red Bed uranium deposits are also associated with convergent boundaries Eg SW United States).

Z oning of mineral deposits forming at convergent margins is apparent Eg in the Andes, going from west to east, the various zones encountered are:

a) contact metasomatic Fe- deposits;
b) Cu-Ag and Ag veins;
c) Porphypy Cu-Mo deposits;
d) Pb-Zn-Ag veins and contact metasomatic deposits; and
e) Sn deposits.

T hese zones are caused due to progressive liberation of metals from the descending slab, with Sn coming from a depth of 300 Km. The metals are derived from some combination of the descending slab and the overlying mantle wedge. They move upwards in magmas or fluids and are concentrated in late hydrothermal and magmatic fluids.

P etroleum occurs in the back-arc basins in arc convergent margins where organic matter is trapped and there is a lack of free circulation so that its oxidation is prevented. Geothermal heat facilitates conversion of organic matter to petroleum, and accompanying deformation forms traps for accumulation of petroleum.

P otential geothermal fields also occur along convergent margins.

III. Deposits at Collision Boundaries

A variety of local tectonic settings exist along collision plate margins. Most of the deposits that occur here have formed in diverse tectonic settings and have been transported to the collision zones. Consequently, a variety of metallic deposits are abundant here:

Deposits generally related with oceanic ridges (ophiolites).

Those associated with convergent plate margins.

Mineral deposits associated with cratonic assemblages.

Deposits associated with continental rifts.

Deposits genetically related to collision zones are hydrocarbons which may accumulate in foreland basins associated with such zones, Eg the Persian Gulf SW of the Zagros Suture in Iran.

IV. Deposits in Cratonic Rift Systems

Regional uplift and doming usually result when a continent comes to rest over a hotspot and huge volumes of magma rise to the surface. Extensional failure of the lithopheric crust may occur with continued doming, triggering the development of a triple junction - a three armed continental rift system. Typically, one arm of the rift fails remaining a fissure in the crust known as an aulacogen, while the remaining two arms open to form an oceanic basin.

The prevalence of three armed rifts is revealed by reassembling the continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean to their positions before Pangea split up. In most cases two of the arms were incorporated into the Atlantic, while the third remained as a blind rift extending into the continent.

R ifting follows crustal doming in response to hot-spot activity in the mantle.

Granites intruded at this stage have associated Sn and fluorite deposits.

Evaporites accumulate in the rifts during the more advanced stages, with Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in limestones forming during the early and middle stages of rifting. These are followed by oceanic metalliferous deposits.

Aulacogens are characterized by the presence of fluorite, barite, carbonatites (with Nb, P, REE, U, Th etc) and Sn-bearing granites.

Geothermal fields occur along the rifts due to the upwelling of the asthenosphere.

C arbonatites (unusual igneous rock rich in calcite and other carbonate minerals which are considered to be mantle derived), kimberlites, and alkaline granites within or adjacent to rifts provide a major source of metallic and other minerals.

V. Deposits in Cratonic Basins

M arginal and intracontinental cratonic basins provide a favourable setting for accumulation of organic matter. During the opening of a cratonic rift, seawater moves into the basin and evaporation exceeds inflow, giving rise to the formation of evaporites. The environment is characterized by restricted circulation and hence organic matter is preserved leading to the accumulation of petroleum. With continued rifting, circulation becomes unrestricted and deposition of evaporites and organic matter ceases.

H igh geothermal gradients beneath the opening rift and increase in pressure due to burial by sediments facilitates the conversion of organic matter to petroleum. In the final stages of the opening of the basin, the salt beds may begin to rise as salt domes forming traps for oil and gas. Oil and gas may also be trapped in structural and stratigraphic traps as they move up due to increasing temperature and pressure, Eg the Red Sea.

T his speculation is lent support by the fact that around the Atlantic there is a close geographic and geologic relationship between hydrocarbons and salt accumulations.

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P late tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. The relationship of plate tectonics and mineral deposits is significant on three counts: Geological processes operating due to energy released at plate boundaries control the process of mineral deposition.

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Similar to crustal evolution, plate tectonics provides a explanation for the distribution and development of mineral and energy reserves. The sort of rocks and minerals that are present and their location are strongly affected by the tectonic setting, which also affects the origin and accumulation of minerals. Minerals can arise and concentrate as a result of plate tectonics and geological events involving earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain construction. Mineral resources are typically associated with geological characteristics like volcanic arcs, rift zones, and orogenic belts. Finding regions with a high potential for the development of mineral resources can be helped by understanding the tectonic context of a particular region. As a result, the tectonic setting has a big impact as to how mineral resources are identified and used.
Lance Teddy A. Deyta
11-Curie-Einstein

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Tectonic Setting importance in the production and accumulation of minerals

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Tectonic Setting importance in the production and accumulation of minerals

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According to geologyin.com, plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Tectonic setting also acts to provide the characteristics of a volcanic eruption. Also, Mineral deposits form in particular tectonic settings which are governed by plate tectonic, and Reconstruction of fragmented continents can provide a useful basis for exploration of new mineral deposits.

John Cedrick Zabala | 11-Mendel