# data[].attributes.headline
CITIZENSHIP - THE 2030 AGENDA Black Lives Matter: Lewis Hamilton, Naomi Osaka and Others

# data[].attributes.subject
CITIZENSHIP - THE 2030 AGENDA Black Lives Matter: Lewis Hamilton, Naomi Osaka and Others

# data[].attributes.body
Many celebrities have spoken out against racism.

Lewis Hamilton, Formula 1 world champion, from the podium displayed a T-shirt with the words “Arrest the cops who killed Breonna Taylor”. Tennis player Naomi Osaka prompted the organisers of the Western & Southern Open to stop the tournament for a day as a stand against racism.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Lewis Hamilton has vowed to continue promoting his anti-racism message and drawing attention to incidents of racial injustice after he avoided any action by Formula One's governing body for the T-shirt he wore at Sunday's Tuscan Grand Prix.

The world champion made his statement after it became clear he is not being investigated by the FIA for wearing the top highlighting the death of Breonna Taylor. The governing body is, however, believed to be reviewing its guidelines for what drivers can and cannot do before and after races.

"Want you to know I won't stop using this platform to shed light on what I believe is right," Hamilton wrote on Instagram on Tuesday. "This is a journey for all of us to come together and challenge the world on every level of injustice, not only racial."

Hamilton had worn a T-shirt with the statement "Arrest the cops that killed Breonna Taylor" before the race at Mugello. The 26-year-old Taylor was shot dead in her home by police in Kentucky in March. Hamilton wore the message again for the post-race interviews and on the podium. "I have been wanting to wear that and bring awareness to the fact that people are being killed on the street and someone was killed in her own house. They were in the wrong house and those guys are still walking free," he said.

It had been reported that he was under investigation by the FIA for breaking its international sporting code. The body is also a signatory to the Olympic charter which proscribes the "demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda". However, it is understood that no investigation was launched, although a review of policy is taking place.

The situation is a potential PR disaster for F1. Hamilton remains the sport's only black driver and is the only driver who has a major following in the US. He has been at the forefront of pushing F1 to adopt a strong anti-racist stance and it was his vocal condemnation of the killing of George Floyd that led to many other drivers speaking out alongside him.

He has established a foundation to explore how the sport may improve diversity and has been strident in his support of the Black Lives Matter movement. His stance has been widely admired and for the sport to be seen attempting to silence its biggest star would be potentially very damaging.

Hamilton also received the full backing of his Mercedes team. "We're not bringing politics into F1, these are human rights issues that we are trying to highlight and raise awareness of. There's a big difference," Mercedes wrote on social media. The team principal, Toto Wolff, also backed Hamilton. "Whatever he does, we will support," Wolff said. "The team is fighting against any kind of racism and discrimination and it is Lewis's personal fight for Black Lives Matter and with all the support we can give him. It's his call."

F1 has history with punishing what are seen as overtly political statements. In 2006 the organisers of the Turkish Grand Prix were issued a $5m fine after the Turkish Cypriot leader Mehmet Ali Talat presented the winner's trophy announced as "President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", a state recognised only by Turkey.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Lewis Hamilton vows to keep protesting as FIA launches review of guidelines

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Lewis Hamilton has vowed to continue promoting his anti-racism message and drawing attention to incidents of racial injustice after he avoided any action by Formula One's governing body for the T-shirt he wore at Sunday's Tuscan Grand Prix.

# data[].attributes.headline
CITIZENSHIP – THE 2030 AGENDA: Goal 10 Reduced Inequalities

# data[].attributes.subject
CITIZENSHIP – THE 2030 AGENDA: Goal 10 Reduced Inequalities

# data[].attributes.body
Reduce inequality within and among countries.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Goal 10: Reduced inequalities - The Global Goals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Reduce inequality within and among countries.

# data[].attributes.headline
PHYSICAL EDUCATION: Colin Kaepernick: the first athlete to take a knee

# data[].attributes.subject
PHYSICAL EDUCATION: Colin Kaepernick: the first athlete to take a knee

# data[].attributes.body
Colin Kaepernick in 2016 is the quarterback of the San Francisco 49ers, an NFL team. In August, he decided to kneel during the playing of the national anthem that precedes every game. The gesture was intended as a protest against police brutality and the systemic oppression of African-Americans. His form of protest immediately raised controversy, followed by heated discussions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. (KGO) -- Four years ago today, Colin Kaepernick began his peaceful protests during the national anthem.

The former San Francisco 49ers quarterback had 181 rushing yards in his first postseason start in 2013 and led the team to their 2013 Super Bowl appearance. The Niners came within five yards of another Lombardi trophy.
RELATED: Former Green Beret, who advised Colin Kaepernick to kneel, talks about others taking a knee in solidarity
But then a wave of controversy was unleashed when he sat down during the national anthem of a 2016 preseason game to take a stand against police brutality and racial injustice. Since then, Kaepernick has become an outspoken advocate for social justice. And along the way he became one of the most admired and most hated people in sports.

On Wednesday, the NBA postponed all playoff games amid boycotts surrounding the shooting of Jacob Blake in Kenosha, Wisconsin.

And NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell released a statement in early June condemning systematic racism and apologizing for "not listening to NFL players earlier" when they tried to address racial injustice. His statement on social media drew comparisons to Kaepernick, with many calling for Goodell to apologize to the former Niners quarterback.

Here's a timeline of Kaepernick's time with the 49ers.
November 11, 2012
Colin Kaepernick replaced Alex Smith after the quarterback suffered a concussion during a game against the Rams. Kaepernick remained the starting quarterback the rest of the season.
January, 12, 2013
Kaepernick had a career day in his first postseason start. He passed for passed for two touchdowns and ran for two more as the 49ers pummeled the Green Bay Packers. Kaepernick rushed for 181 yards, a team postseason record at the time.
February 3, 2013
Kaepernick threw for 302 yards in a 31-34 Super Bowl XLVII loss to the Baltimore Ravens. The 49ers scored 17 unanswered points to overcome a big deficit and were poised for a dramatic victory, but a late game drive came up a few yards short of the end zone.
June 4, 2014
The 49ers gave Kaepernick a $126 million contract extension, but the team lost its dominance and missed the playoffs. Head coach Jim Harbaugh left after the season. Kaepernick struggled under two different coaches.
August 26, 2016
A beat reporter takes a picture that shows 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick sitting on a bench while his teammates stand during the national anthem of an NFL preseason game. "It is to protest the injustices that are happening in America, the oppression that is happening in America," Kaepernick told reporters after the game.
September 1, 2016
Keapernick continued his protest but after speaking to U.S. Army veteran Nate Boyer, Kaepernick decided to kneel instead of sitting down as a sign of respect for military personnel. His 49ers teammate Eric Reid joined the protest. Kaepernick pledged to donate $1 million to community groups and social justice causes throughout the country.
September 11, 2016
Other NFL players begin kneeling or raising a fist during the national anthem as a sign of protest.
September 22, 2016
Kaepernick appears on the cover of Time magazine for a story on patriotism and protests. Kaepernick is voted most disliked NFL player but his jersey becomes a top seller.
January 1, 2017
Kaepernick played his last game as an NFL player in a loss to Seattle.
March 3, 2017
Kaepernick opted out of his contract with the San Francisco 49ers. Even though he is a free agent, Kaepernick is not signed by any NFL team during the off-season.
August 12, 2017
Other players, including the Oakland Raiders' Marshawn Lynch, continue to protest injustices by sitting or kneeling during the national anthem.
September 22, 2017
President Donald Trump calls on NFL owners to fire players who won't stand for the national anthem. "Wouldn't you love to see one of these NFL owners, when somebody disrespects our flag, get that (expletive) off the field right now," said Trump during a rally.
September 25, 2017
NFL teams and the Golden State Warriors respond to President Trump's rhetoric. Several owners kneel or lock arms with players as a show of unity during the national anthem.
October 8, 2017
Vice President Mike Pence leaves the Indianapolis Colts game after the players kneel during the anthem. Some owners threaten players by stating that those who don't stand for the national anthem won't play in the game.
October 15, 2017
Kaepernick files a grievance against the NFL in which he accused owners of colluding by not signing him and keeping him out of the NFL.
November 13, 2017
Kaepernick is named "Citizen of the Year" by GQ Magazine. He is later named a finalist for Time's "Person of the Year".
December 3, 2017
The ACLU honored Kaepernick by giving him the Courageous Advocate award. "We all have an obligation, no matter the risk and regardless of reward, to stand up for our fellow men and women who are being oppressed, with the understanding that human rights cannot be compromised," said Kaepernick during the ceremony.
April 21, 2018
Amnesty International gives Kaepernick its Ambassador of Conscience award.
August 30, 2018
An arbitrator denied the NFL's request to dismiss Kaepernick's complaint that NFL owners have colluded to keep him out of professional football. Kaepernick's lawsuit against the league is allowed to move forward.
September 3, 2018
Nike reveals its new advertising campaign featuring Kaepernick with the slogan "Believe in something, Even if it means sacrificing everything."
November 12, 2019
The NFL sets up for a private workout for Kaepernick and invites all 32 teams, but Kaepernick skipped the tryout over concerns the NFL asked him to sign a liability waiver. Kaepernick remains unsigned.
December 23, 2019
Debut of Colin Kaepernick x Nike Air Force 1. The shoe has a portrait of Kaepernick on the heel and the date he began his protest on the sole.
Get the latest on former 49er quarterback Colin Kaepernick here. RELATED STORIES & VIDEOS:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
TIMELINE: Colin Kaepernick's journey from San Francisco 49ers star to kneeling to protest racial injustice

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In a span of a few years, former 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick went from football star on the verge of a Super Bowl victory to an outcast for being an outspoken advocate for social justice. Along the way he became one of the most admired and most hated people in sports.

# data[].attributes.headline
PHYSICAL EDUCATION: Tommie Smith and John Carlos

# data[].attributes.subject
PHYSICAL EDUCATION: Tommie Smith and John Carlos

# data[].attributes.body
On 16 October 1968, at the Olympic stadium in Mexico City, African-American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos finished first and third in the 200-metre final at the Olympics. After standing on the podium for the award ceremony, Smith and Carlos turned to the huge US flag hanging above the stands, lowered their heads and raised a clenched fist, wearing black gloves, to support the battle for the civil rights of African-Americans.

# data[].attributes.body
James Cleveland ‘Jesse’ Owens won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games.

A sprint and long jump specialist, he set three world records and equalled another, all in less than an hour, at the 1935 Big Ten track meet in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

He gained international fame at the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, capital of Nazi and racist Germany.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Jesse Owens makes history at Berlin 1936

# data[].attributes.headline
FRENCH: Tahar Ben Jelloun, 'Le Racisme expliqué à ma fille'

# data[].attributes.subject
FRENCH: Tahar Ben Jelloun, 'Le Racisme expliqué à ma fille'

# data[].attributes.body
Racism is a controversial subject, even more so when you explain it to a 10-year-old child. After participating with his daughter in demonstrations in France, in 1997, the French-Moroccan writer Tahar Ben Jelloun found himself having to answer many questions. Drawing inspiration from this event, the wrote “Le Racisme expliqué à ma fille”, a book published in 1998 and translated into more than 25 languages.

# data[].attributes.headline
ENGLISH: Walt Whitman, ‘O Captain! My Captain!’ (1865)

# data[].attributes.subject
ENGLISH: Walt Whitman, ‘O Captain! My Captain!’ (1865)

# data[].attributes.body
During the American Civil War, the poet Walt Whitman moved to Washington, DC, working for the government and as a volunteer in hospitals. His best-known poem “O Captain! My Captain!” was inspired by the death of President Lincoln, and first published in The Saturday Press on 4 November 1865.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
O Captain! My Captain! by Walt Whitman (read by Tom O'Bedlam)

# data[].attributes.headline
ART: Movie: 'Lincoln' by Steven Spielberg

# data[].attributes.subject
ART: Movie: 'Lincoln' by Steven Spielberg

# data[].attributes.body
This 2012 film directed by Steven Spielberg is set in the days before the end of the Civil War. In particular, it recounts President Lincoln’s battle to get the House of Representatives to pass the 13th Amendment. That measure would have permanently abolished slavery in the country by making it illegal.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Lincoln Official Trailer #1 (2012) Steven Spielberg Movie HD

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The History of Mount Rushmore for Kids: Famous Landmarks for Children

# data[].attributes.headline
ART: Sculpture: Mount Rushmore National Memorial (1927 – 1941)

# data[].attributes.subject
ART: Sculpture: Mount Rushmore National Memorial (1927 – 1941)

# data[].attributes.body
Mount Rushmore National Monument consists of portraits of presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. The presidents’ faces are carved into the rock of the Black Hills Mountains in South Dakota. They were created by the sculptor Gutzon Borglum between 1927 and 1941. Their faces reach a size of 18 m.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The History of Mount Rushmore for Kids: Famous Landmarks for Children - FreeSchool

# data[].attributes.headline
ART: Architecture: Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. (1914-1922)

# data[].attributes.subject
ART: Architecture: Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. (1914-1922)

# data[].attributes.body
The Congress of the United States of America decided in 1867 to build a monument in memory of President Abraham Lincoln, but the site was not chosen until 1901. The Congress formally authorised the construction of the monument on 9 February 1911 and the cornerstone was laid on Lincoln’s birthday, 12 February 1914.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
360 / VR (4K) The Lincoln Memorial Tour (No Commentary) w/ Spatial Audio - Washington DC, USA

# data[].attributes.body
The African continent is characterised by a wide variety of climates and environments, such as deserts, savannas, and rainforests. It has always represented a reserve of raw materials from which the most advanced economies could draw resources for production. This is still the case today, although the raw materials needed have changed over time. However, today Africa is also the continent with the youngest population in the world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Africa is abundant with natural resources, including diamonds, gold, oil, natural gas, uranium, platinum, copper, cobalt, iron, bauxite and cocoa beans.

# data[].attributes.body
Under British rule, the economy of the American colonies was based on agriculture. 90% of the population lived in the countryside and only the remaining 10% in the cities. Agricultural production was mostly located in the southern states and was labour-intensive. The population, however, was small and this led to the rise of the slave trade from Africa. Today, the United States is one of the most developed countries in the world, with a very innovative economy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The American Economy After The Revolutionary War

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about how George Washington united the separate colonial economies to create a prosperous country after the Revolutionary War.

# data[].attributes.body
Nina Simone, whose real name was Eunice Kathleen Waymon, was an American singer, pianist, and civil rights activist. She was primarily a jazz performer and explored many different genres, from soul to blues, to folk to gospel.

# data[].attributes.headline
MUSIC: Gospels, Spirituals, and Work Songs

# data[].attributes.subject
MUSIC: Gospels, Spirituals, and Work Songs

# data[].attributes.body
In the fields where slaves worked, songs marked the days. The earliest forms of music connected with this phenomenon are in fact called work songs. Spirituals are African-American religious songs that often tell stories from the Bible. The gospel was created in the late 1800s and is characterised by choral performances.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Description:

After the founding of the United States in 1776, some of the new nation's first protest songs were by and about slaves. These songs were rooted in religious hymns and spirituals with biblical themes.
At this time, slaves were black, and they were persecuted by white and rich people.
In general, slaves were religious, so they sang
spiritual or gospel song.
Work songs, spiritual and gospel songs appeared in 1619 at the begining of slavery.
Sing was encouraged, and drums were outlawed.
Slaves were able to marry each other, only if their master were agree. Their life depended to their slavesowner.

Added to timeline:

Timeline American Protest Songs

Date:

Images:

YouTube:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Slavery: Work, Spiritual and Gospel songs (jan 1, 1619 - jan 1, 1800)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
After the founding of the United States in 1776, some of the new nation's first protest songs were by and about slaves. These songs were rooted in religious hymns and spirituals with biblical themes. At this time, slaves were black, and they were persecuted by white and rich people.

# data[].attributes.body
John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States of America. His presidency was characterised by a great openness to the civil rights movement, for the abolition of racial segregation, and is still considered a period of great political, social, and cultural renewal of the United States.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about the life and achievements of the 35th president of the United States.

# data[].attributes.headline
HISTORY: The Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King

# data[].attributes.subject
HISTORY: The Civil Rights Movement and Martin Luther King

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader of the civil rights movement for Afro-Americans. Inspired by Gandhi, Martin Luther King chose non-violence. He wanted to put an end to racial segregation in schools and to pass civil rights laws. Promoter of a great civil rights movement, Martin Luther King was also awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. On 4 April 1968 he was killed in Memphis. His figure still inspires civil rights activists.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
Fun Kids - the UK's children's radio station

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
1. Martin Luther King was a Civil Rights Activist

He was one of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States of America. He fought peacefully for equality in a time when Black people were treated unfairly.

2. He was also a Reverend

Martin Luther King was a member of the Baptist Church and decided to become a preacher after being inspired by ministers who were prepared to stand up for racial equality.

From 1954 until 1960, Martin Luther King Jr. was the Reverend of the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church.

3. He helped end segregation on buses

USA 21 DECEMBER 1955 - En dag i december 1955 vägrade Rosa Parks finna sig i raslagarna i den amerikanska Södern. Hon reste sig inte för den vite mannen på bussen. Detta blev startskottet för bussbojkotten i Montgomery som så småningom ledde till att de rasistiska busslagarna upphävdes. Ersätter bild 48531. Foto: United Press Photo Code: 450 COPYRIGHT SCANPIX SWEDEN

His first major role in the Civil Rights Movement came in 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a bus.

At the time, Black people weren't allowed to sit at the front of the bus.

This sparked outrage from many people who believed in equality. Martin Luther King helped to organise a boycott of the city's buses. A boycott means people avoiding using something, so no one who believed in civil rights used the buses. After 381 days of protest, a court finally ruled that such segregation laws should no longer be recognised.

4. Martin Luther King believed in peaceful protest

Martin Luther King was a great believer in peaceful protest . His protests never used violence, even when the protesters themselves were met with violence from the police.

5. He once gave a famous speech that inspires people even today called the 'I Have a Dream' speech.

In 1963, Martin Luther King gave a speech to over 200,000 people at a rally.

The "I Have a Dream" speech is one of the most famous speeches in history and talks of a dream of a society where black people and white people live together with equal rights.

Here is a section of the famous speech:

"I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia , the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today."

6. Martin Luther King was assassinated on 4th April 1968

In 1968, King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. The man who killed him was a racist, full of hatred.

Martin Luther King death led to an outpouring of anger among Black Americans and Civil Rights Activists, as well as national mourning.

7. Martin Luther King went to jail 29 times

Even though he only took part in peaceful protests, people that didn't agree with the causes he was fighting for would find any reason to arrest him. He was arrested for acts of civil disobedience, such as when he was jailed in Montgomery, Alabama.

8. He won the Nobel Peace Prize

On October 14, 1964, Martin Luther King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. The Nobel Peace Prize is a very special award that goes to an individual or a group helping make the world a more peaceful and equal world.

9. When Martin Luther King grew up, America operated segregation for Black people and White People

When Martin Luther King was growing up, life was hard for Black People. Even though slavery had been abolished, Black people were still treated as second class citizens.

States in the South of America operated under the 'Jim Crow laws'. These laws kept black and white people separated - this was called 'segregation'. Black people had different schools, toilets and even sections of the bus to white people. Things like their schools would be poorer and life was made harder for African Americans in every aspect of life. They were also denied the right to vote in elections.

10. The third Monday of January celebrates Martin Luther King Day

The day commemorates the life and all the things Martin Luther King achieved in his life. On the day, people are encouraged to "reflect on the principles of racial equality and nonviolent social change" that King dedicated his life to.

Love history? Let's keep learning. Check out the video below on the history of Space Exploration!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Top 10 Facts about Martin Luther King Jr. - Fun Kids - the UK's children's radio station

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
He was one of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States of America. He fought peacefully for equality in a time when Black people were treated unfairly. Martin Luther King was a member of the Baptist Church and decided to become a preacher after being inspired by ministers who were prepared to stand up for racial equality.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
NAME: Thomas Jefferson

NICKNAME: Father of the Declaration of Independence

BORN: April 13, 1743, in Shadwell, Virginia

DIED: July 4, 1826, in Charlottesville, Virginia

TIME IN OFFICE: March 4, 1801, to March 3, 1809

VICE PRESIDENTS: Aaron Burr (first term), George Clinton (second term)

POLITICAL PARTY: Democratic-Republican

EARLY LIFE

Thomas Jefferson was born near the Blue Ridge Mountains of the British-ruled colony of Virginia on April 13, 1743. From the age of nine, Jefferson studied away from home and lived with his tutor. His father-a landowner, surveyor, and government official-died when his son was 14. Later Jefferson enrolled at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. His education included science, mathematics, philosophy, law, English language and literature, Latin, Greek, French, and dancing.

"LIFE, LIBERTY, AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS"

After college, Jefferson became a lawyer. By age 26 he was a member of Virginia's colonial legislature, or government. Like George Washington, Jefferson spoke out against Great Britain's rule over the 13 North American colonies. When the colonists decided to demand their independence from Great Britain, Jefferson was chosen to write a document explaining why the colonies should be free. The document became known as the Declaration of Independence. It's still admired today for its call for freedom, equality, and its demand that all citizens deserve "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

Before he became president, Jefferson was governor of Virginia before the Revolutionary War. After the war, he served as U.S. minister to France, secretary of state for President George Washington, and vice president for President John Adams, the country's second president.

GO WEST, YOUNG NATION

When Jefferson became the third president of the United States in 1801, the country basically ended at the Mississippi River; France controlled much of what was west. That included the Port of New Orleans, in what is now Louisiana. It's coastal location made it a key spot for trade-and Jefferson wanted it. In 1803, he made what's known as one of the greatest real estate deals in history: the Louisiana Purchase.

France agreed to sell the entire city of New Orleans, which included the port, to the United States for $10 million; they threw in the rest of the territory they owned for an additional $5 million. The agreement-which gave the United States about 828,000 square miles of land-almost doubled the size of the nearly 30-year-old nation. Jefferson selected his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to join William Clark in leading an expedition to the West Coast to explore the country's new land. The Louisiana Purchase is thought by many to be Jefferson's greatest accomplishment as president.

LASTING LEGACY

Jefferson retired to Monticello, his home in Charlottesville, Virginia, at the end of his second term. He designed and founded the University of Virginia in Charlottesville during his retirement.

Jefferson left a complicated legacy: The man who wrote the Declaration of Independence-which states that "all men are created equal"-also enslaved more than 600 people during his lifetime. But according to his writings, Jefferson knew that future generations would have to end the enslavement of people, and that it would be a long, terrible process.

Like his friend John Adams, Jefferson died 50 years to the day after the approval of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1826.

From the Nat Geo Kids books Our Country's Presidents by Ann Bausum and Weird But True Know-It-All: U.S. Presidents by Brianna Dumont, revised for digital by Avery Hurt

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about the life and achievements of the 3rd president of the United States.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Learn about the life and achievements of the first president of the United States.

# data[].attributes.headline
HISTORY: George Washington and Thomas Jefferson

# data[].attributes.subject
HISTORY: George Washington and Thomas Jefferson

# data[].attributes.body
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson are considered the founding fathers of the United States. Washington was the commander-in-chief of the army during the American Revolution and the first president of the United States of America. Jefferson shared the struggle for independence and became the third president.

# data[].attributes.headline
HISTORY: The 13th Amendement and the Abolition of Slavery

# data[].attributes.subject
HISTORY: The 13th Amendement and the Abolition of Slavery

# data[].attributes.body
In 1861, Abraham Lincoln became the 16th president of the United States. Lincoln’s first act was to decree the liberation of all slaves from the territories of the Confederate States and to push Congress to vote on the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery for good.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States formally abolished slavery. The Senate passed the amendment on April 8, 1864, but the House of Representatives did not pass it until January 31, 1865. On February 1, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln signed the resolution that submitted the amendment to the states for approval. However, he did not live to see its ratification. Lincoln died on April 15, 1865, the day after John Wilkes Booth shot him. The amendment was not ratified by the required number of states until December 6, 1865.

Lincoln had declared the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 during the American Civil War. The proclamation, in effect, freed only those enslaved people held in the Confederate States of America. In depriving the South of its greatest economic resource-abundant free human labor-Lincoln's proclamation was intended primarily as an instrument of military strategy. Only when emancipation was universally proposed through the Thirteenth Amendment did it become national policy.

The words slavery and slave are never mentioned in the Constitution. However, three sections of the Constitution did refer to slaves. The first excluded them from being counted fully for representation in the House of Representatives. The second established 1807 as the end date for the importation of enslaved people. Finally, the third mandated the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners. The Thirteenth Amendment canceled those sections of the Constitution.

The full text of the Thirteenth Amendment states:

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States formally abolished slavery. The Senate passed the amendment on April 8, 1864, but the House of...

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Causes of the American Civil War - Educational Social Studies 

# data[].attributes.body
On 8 February 1861, seven southern states decided to separate from the rest of the Union and found the Confederate States of America. This led to civil war. North and South had different view on slavery. The Southern states also did not want Abraham Lincoln as president. The war ended on 9 April 1865 with the victory of northern states.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Causes of the American Civil War - Educational Social Studies Video for Elementary Students & Kids

# data[].attributes.body
Date and place of birth
Early life
Education
Marriage and children
Political views
Career: main events
Assassination and legacy