# data[].attributes.body
They are natural chemicals present in the earth's crust that are commonly found as metal ores. Metals can be found in rocks washed up by surface water and groundwater. They can also be found in the dust in the atmosphere. They are robust, ductile, malleable, and good heat and electrical conductors. Metals are employed in a variety of products, including autos, satellites, and culinary utensils. The vast majority of metals are hard. Sodium and potassium are significant exceptions. Knives can be used to cut them. Except for mercury, which is a liquid metal at normal temperature, most metals are solid. The majority of metals are lustrous, or shining. Metals are formed up of elements that have never been living.

# data[].attributes.body
An alloy is a material that is made by combining two or more metals. Alloys can be made from a variety of metals and other elements. Alloy characteristics frequently differ from those of its basic components. Alloys offer more strength and hardness than pure metals. An alloy is anything like red gold, which is created by mixing copper and gold. Another important gold alloy is white gold, which is manufactured by mixing silver and gold. Metals' malleability, ductility, strength, and other qualities can be enhanced by combining them with other metals. An alloy is a metal mixture made up of different metals. Alloys are made up of different elements and atoms of various sizes. Alloys are classified based on how these atoms mix and interact with one another.

# data[].attributes.headline
Key difference between Metal & Metal Alloy.

# data[].attributes.subject
Key difference between Metal & Metal Alloy.

# data[].attributes.body
1)A metal is a pure substance since it is composed of only one type of molecule.
An alloy, on the other hand, consists of two or more materials.

2)Alloy is made by combining small amounts of other metals or non-metals with a base metal to give it desirable qualities.

3)Pure metals occur naturally, whereas alloys are created artificially.

4)Unlike individual metals, alloys do not easily react with air or water. This is why alloys, not pure metals, are used to make car wheels.

# data[].attributes.body
Historians use the inextricable link between industrial growth and the metals discovered and in use at the time to characterize specific periods of major social and technological progress. The Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age are examples.
Prehistoric man is known to have used six metals. These were:

1)Gold
2)Silver
3)Copper
4)Tin
5)Lead
6)Iron

# data[].attributes.body
Prehistoric man recognized that some metals were more useful for certain jobs than others, and they began to select specific metals for applications. Because gold and silver are both soft metals, they were mostly employed for ornamentation and bullion in trade. Copper had more properties than stone and could be toughened by hammering or forging, thus it was employed to manufacture tools-primitive ones. The discovery of Bronze (a copper-tin alloy) revolutionized the way humans lived, hunted, battled, and flourished. It was tougher than copper, could be forged into a specified shape, and could be cast in any shape.
Lead is a soft, easy-to-work metal that was discovered to be ideal for building liquid-transporting vessels by prehistoric man. Lead would later be a key component in the production of pipes, such as those used to transport water in the early Roman Empire.
The phenomenal growth of its use led to the 'Iron Age,' a transition from the less developed Bronze Age. Iron was a game changer, it was such an important material, used for all sorts of applications, and the phenomenal growth of its use led to the 'Iron Age,' a transition from the less developed Bronze Age.

# data[].attributes.body
Though according to them, the early users of wrought (naturally occurring) copper, who discovered that by hammering it, it became significantly harder and stronger, were laying the groundwork for the Nanotechnology that now dominates modern metallurgy.

Copper's toughened properties were increased by mistakenly manipulating the quantity and configuration of nanocrystalline components in its structure, allowing it to be used for tools, knives, and other items. Copper was discovered to be created by heating Blue Stones or minerals between 4000 and 3000 BC (mainly copper sulphide ores). Copper was recovered from Copper Sulfide Ores, offering a new, more abundant source of copper for Man. Metallurgy was born as a result.

# data[].attributes.body
Metals are found to exist into 2 main types: ferrous metals are those that contain iron and non-ferrous metals that are those that contain no iron.
The word ferrous is derived from the Latin word ferrum, which means an iron-containing metal composition. Ferrous metals are those that include only a small amount of iron in their composition. The iron in ferrous metals tends to give them magnetic qualities, as well as high strength and hardness. However, due to the large range of alloying parts from which they're made, their features will differ substantially. Metallic element metals, which require a high carbon content, are prone to rusting when exposed to moist environments.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Steel - Steel is created by adding iron to carbon that hardens the iron. Steel becomes even more durable as different parts like metallic element and nickel are introduced. Steel is created by heating and melting ore in furnaces.
2. Carbon Steel - Carbon steel incorporates a higher carbon content as compared to different sorts of steel eventually making it extremely hard. It’s usually utilized in the producing of machine tools, drills, blades, taps. It is capable of having a very sharp edge cutting.
3. Alloy Steel - Alloy steels incorporate parts like metallic element- nickel and Ti to impart bigger strength and sturdiness while not increasing weight. Stainless-steel is a very important steel created with the help of chromium. Alloy steels are utilized in construction, machine tools, and electrical elements.

4. Cast Iron - Cast iron is associate alloy made of iron, carbon, etc. Forged iron is brittle and exhausting and immune to wear. It’s utilized in water pipes, machine tools, automobile engines and stoves.

5. Wrought Iron -Wrought iron is associate alloy with very little carbon content that it can be said that it’s virtually pure iron. Throughout the method of production, some addition of slag takes place which provides iron wonderful resistance to corrosion and reaction, however, it’s low in hardness and fatigue strength.

# data[].attributes.body
Non-ferrous metals don’t contain a major quantity of iron and are a lot more fascinating as they need semi conductive, non-magnetic, and low weight properties. The ever-increasing demand for non-ferrous metals means that they’re usually dearer than metallic element metals (ferrous metals). Non-ferrous metals may also be distinguished by their plasticity. This implies they will be reshaped and reused, typically while not losing their valuable properties. This makes them ideal for an in depth vary of economic industries.

Some of the most common examples of Non-ferrous metals are zinc, tin, lead and copper and even highly valuable metals like gold and silver.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Aluminum - Aluminum is light-weight, soft and low strength. Metal is well solid, forged, machined and welded. It’s not appropriate for high-temperature environments. As a result of metal is light-weight, it’s a decent alternative for carrying out the production of craft and food cans. Metal is additionally utilized in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and room utensils.
2. Copper -Copper is red in color, extremely ductile, malleable and has high physical characteristics for electric conductivity and thermal conductivity. Copper has its main utilization in the electrical business within the sort of wire and different conductors.
3. Lead - Lead could be a soft, heavy, malleable metal with a comparatively lower melting point and low enduringness. It will face up to corrosion from wet and plenty of acids. Lead is wide utilized in power cables, batteries, building construction and fastening.
4. Zinc - Zinc could be a medium to low strength metal with an awfully low melting temperature. It will be machined simply, however sometimes heating is also done to avoid cleavage of crystals. Zinc is most generally utilized in electric purposes like galvanizing, the method of applying a protecting zinc coating to iron or steel to forestall rust.
5. Tin - Tin is incredibly soft and malleable, ductile with low enduringness. It’s typically accustomed to coat steel to forestall corrosion.

# data[].attributes.body
6. Brass -Brass is basically an alloy made of copper and zinc. The amount of each of the metals may differ based upon the electrical and mechanical attributes sought of the metal.
7. Bronze -Bronze is another popular alloy of copper. The only difference is that bronze contains tin and not zinc. When other elements such as phosphorus, manganese, silicon, and aluminum are added to bronze, it may improve its attributes and appropriateness for a particular application. Bronze has following characteristics- it is brittle, hard, and resists fatigue skilfully.
8. Titanium -Titanium is a principal engineering metal because it is strong and at the same time significantly lightweight. It also has requisite thermal stability even at elevated temperatures going up to 480 degrees Celsius.
9. Cobalt - Cobalt finds its applications in making blue pigment in paints and dyes from the ancient times. In modern times, this metal is chiefly used in making wear-resistant, high-strength steel alloys. Cobalt is generally a by product of mining of copper and nickel and its own mining is rarely undertaken.

10. Nickel - Nickel is a common metal that is utilised in a range of applications. Nickel is primarily utilised in the production of stainless steels to improve the metal's strength and corrosion resistance. Stainless steel accounts for over 70% of all nickel produced on the planet.
11. Tungsten - Tungsten metal is noted for having the greatest melting point and tensile strength of any pure metal. Tungsten is a very valuable metal because of these two qualities.

# data[].attributes.body
Physical characteristics
Metals have the following physical properties:

1. high melting points

2. good conductors of electricity

3. good conductors of heat

4. high density

5. malleable

6. ductile

Some metals exhibit characteristics that are out of the ordinary. Mercury (a metal) has a low melting point and exists as a liquid at normal temperature. Elements in group 1 have low melting points but also low densities, such as sodium, which is less dense than water and hence floats. A substance with a high density means it has a high mass for its size.
Malleability and ductility are two terms that describe how malleable and ductile something
Metals have layers of metal ions that make up their structure. When a force is given to these layers, they can glide over each other. This means that the metal layers can be pounded flat and stacked on top of one another to form thin wires.

The metal can alter shape without shattering thanks to metallic bonding.

Electricity transmission
Because they contain charged particles that may move, substances conduct electricity.

Delocalized electrons flow through the lattice structure when a voltage is applied to a metal. An electric current is formed by the movement of these charged particles. The metal ions in the metallic lattice are not able to migrate and are maintained in fixed locations.

# data[].attributes.body
Each alloy has specific qualities that make it useful. The qualities of an alloy differ from those of the separate metals from which it is made. The following are some alloy qualities.

1. Alloys are tougher than the metals that make them up.

2. Alloys are more corrosion resistant than pure metals.

3. Alloys are more resistant to corrosion than the metals from which they are produced.

4. In comparison to pure metals, alloys have a reduced electrical conductivity.

5. The melting point of alloys is lower than that of the metals from which they are produced.

6. Alloys are more ductile than the metals that make them up.

Consider the following scenario:

Aluminum is light but weak, while an alloy of aluminium, copper, magnesium, and manganese is both light and strong.
Aluminum is light but not tough, whereas an alloy of aluminium and magnesium is both light and tough.
The most extensively utilised metal is iron. However, pure iron is never utilised because it is exceedingly soft and expands quickly when heated. When a small amount of carbon is combined with iron, the result is steel. When iron is combined with chromium and nickel, a stainless steel alloy is created, which is strong, robust, and does not rust.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Uses of Metals and their Alloys - GCSE Separate Chemistry

# data[].attributes.body
1. Decorative arts, jewellery, and coins frequently feature gleaming metals such as copper, silver, and gold.

2. Structures, ships, and vehicles such as cars, trains, and trucks are made of strong metals like iron and metal alloys like stainless steel.

3. Some metals have unique properties that limit their applications. Copper, for example, is an excellent conductor of electricity and is hence a good choice for wiring. Tungsten is utilised in light bulb filaments because it glows white hot and does not dissolve.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Cooking utensils, screws, locks, doorknobs, electrical gadgets, zippers, musical instruments, decorating, and gift items are all made of brass.

2. Among other things, bronze is used to create statues, coins, medals, cooking utensils, and musical instruments.

3. Permanent magnets are made of alnico, a ferromagnetic material.

4. Solder is used to permanently link electrical components and is used to fix or join two pieces of metal.

5. Sterling silver is used in surgical instruments, musical instruments, cutlery, and jewellery.

6. Stainless steel is used to build railways, bridges, roads, and airports, among other things. It's also employed in the production of cooking utensils and other items.

7. Aluminum alloys are utilised to make aircraft bodies and parts because they are lightweight.

8. Titanium alloys are frequently employed in the aerospace sector because to their high-temperature strength and superplastic behaviour.

9. Amalgam is a type of mercury alloy used in medical treatments. It's also used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth.

10. Certain gold alloys, such as rose gold, are utilised in the manufacture of jewellery.

# data[].attributes.headline
Tools involved in working with Metal and Alloy

# data[].attributes.subject
Tools involved in working with Metal and Alloy

# data[].attributes.body
Metalworking is the art of transforming metal into a variety of objects. Molding, drilling, casting, and other procedures that require the use of tools are examples of such processes. It is critical for the worker to learn the various tools that are compatible with various metals in order to ensure that the work is completed swiftly and safely.
1. Bandsaw - This is one of the most essential tools. And before you even think of anything else, make sure you invest in a good bandsaw used to cut metal. It is a more effective tool than any other such as the cut off wheel.

2. End Cutting Pliers -When working with hard metal wire, such as in mattress manufacturing, you need to be able to trim ends of wire repeatedly without your tool becoming blunt or tiring out your hands.

3. Laser Cutting Machine or a Plasma Arc Cutter -  Plasma cutting equipment can be used to cut thick or thin pieces of metal into any shape you like.
4. Flux Core Welder -This tool is mostly used by those workers who have never welded before. It is similar to an MIG welder but in this case you don’t have to use anything for shielding such as an inert gas.

5. Hacksaw - These tools are generally hand saws, but with the correct blade. They are used to simplify tubing, cutting smaller rods of materials and even sheet stock.
6. Drill Press - This should be one of the simplest processes while drilling holes.
7. Angle Grinders - This machine is used to grind and polish the metal after undertaking different cutting processes. In addition, the angle grinders can be used to cut your metal into different desired shapes.
8. Welder -This machine is used to join pieces of metals by the technique of melting the metals and then using filler to join them.
9. Lathe - This type of tool can be used to complete a number of jobs such as the drilling, sanding, turning of the metal and its cutting.

# data[].attributes.headline
Machines involved in working with Metal and Alloy

# data[].attributes.subject
Machines involved in working with Metal and Alloy

# data[].attributes.body
These machines can help you accomplish jobs more precisely and efficiently, saving you time and money. Stamping, welding, tube bending, robotic welding, and metal bending can all be done with the help of metal fabrication technology.

Many jobs in metal fabrication need the use of the following machines:

1. A computer numerical control (CNC) machine processes metal by following a computer's coded instructions. Turret punching, cutting, and sheet metal stamping are just a few of the activities that this equipment can assist with.

2. Press brakes are used by sheet metal fabricators to assist bend the metal into the desired shape. Metal tubing manufacturing can be done with these tools.

3. Rolling metal sheets into round or conical shapes is done with plate rolls.

4. Shears are metal-cutting equipment that are commonly used to manufacture metal sheets for production.

5. A turret punch punches metal to shape it and is excellent for large production.

# data[].attributes.body
following are the steps to production of metals :

1. Mining

2. Purification

3. Reduction

4. Alloys

All of the procedures involved in converting a raw material, such as a metallic ore, to a final form in which the metal may be used for commercial or industrial purposes are referred to as metal production. There are 90 elements in the periodic table that can be classified as metals. They all share a number of features, ranging from bonding to chemical composition. Metals are elements that carry electricity, are malleable, and ductile in general.

# data[].attributes.body
Mining is always the first stage in the manufacturing of metals. Mining is the process of removing metal from the Earth's surface in its free or mixed condition. Surface and subsurface mining are the two most popular types of mining. In the first situation, the metal or its ore can be extracted from the Earth's surface's upper few metres. Much of the world's copper, for example, comes from massive open-pit mines that may reach depths of about 0.6 mi (1 km) and widths of more than 2.25 mi (3.5 km). Subsurface mining is a method of extracting metallic ores from deeper levels beneath the Earth's surface. Some metals can be extracted from saltwater instead of or in addition to those found in the Earth's crust. Magnesium is one such mineral.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
terminology | underground metal mining | animation |

# data[].attributes.body
Metals and their ores are found in the ground most of the time as part of complicated mixes that also include rocks, sand, clay, silt, and other impurities. Separating the ore from the waste elements with which it occurs is the first stage in manufacturing the metal for commercial use. The term ore refers to a metal complex that contains enough of that metal to make extraction of the metal from the compound commercially viable.
The froth flotation method, which is employed with copper, zinc, and other metal ores, is an example of how an ore can be cleaned. Impure ore is extracted from the ground and pounded into a powder, which is then mixed with water and a foaming ingredient like pine oil. The mixture is then pushed through with a stream of air, causing it to bubble and froth. Impurities such as sand and gravel are wetted by the water and sink to the bottom of the container during the frothing process. Although the metal ore does not absorb water, it does absorb pine oil. The ore that has been coated with oil floats to the top of the mixture and may be skimmed off.

# data[].attributes.body
Metals are always found in their oxidised condition in ores, generally as the metal's oxide or sulphide. As a result, an ore must be reduced in order to be converted to its elemental condition. The chemical reaction of reduction is the polar opposite of oxidation. Metals can be broken down in a variety of ways.

Reactions of iron oxides with carbon and carbon monoxide, for example, can be used to reduce iron ores. The blast furnace is one of the most typical machines used for this purpose. Iron ore (iron oxides), coke (almost pure carbon), and limestone are fed into the blast furnace, which is a tall cylindrical tank. The blast furnace's temperature is then increased to over 1,832°F. Carbon reacts with oxygen at this temperature to generate carbon monoxide, which then reacts with iron oxides to form pure iron metal. The limestone in the initial blast furnace mixture reacts with silicon dioxide (sand), a typical contaminant in iron ore, and eliminates it.

# data[].attributes.body
Pure metals are frequently insufficient for many practical purposes. Pure gold, for example, is too soft for most applications, so it is mixed with other metals to create harder, more durable alloys. Alloys are metal mixtures that contain two or more metals. Steel is perhaps the most well-known and commonly utilised of all alloys.

Steel is a general name for a variety of materials that contain iron as a main component as well as one or more other elements.

# data[].attributes.body
The following are some of the most frequent metal forming techniques:

1. Roll forming

2. Extrusion

3. Press braking

4. Stamping

5. Forging

6. Casting

# data[].attributes.body
Different types of metal forming methods are used in manufacturing industries for mass production. Bending, stretching, deep drawing, and roll forming are some of the more prevalent operations.

Bending is a flexible metal shaping method that involves the use of a brake press or equivalent press machine. Placing the metal sheet over a die block that punches the material forms it. The die does not really punch a hole in the metal sheet; instead, it creates a bending force that bends the metal into the shape of the die.

Another type of metal processing is stretching. To make intricate or huge shaped pieces, the forming process simultaneously stretches and bends the workpiece over a die. Radial strain causes radial deformation of the sheet. Large items that require big, exact radius bends with smooth surfaces are shaped using this method.

Deep drawing is a typical method of metal shaping. It is a method of forming hollow shaped components in which a metal sheet is clamped in place over a cavity-shaped die. The punch's motion pulls it into the cavity by pushing it down. The tensile strength of the metal sheet is distorted to the part's exterior shape.

Roll forming is a method of shaping metal by passing it through a series of rollers. Pairs of rollers constantly mould and bend the metal sheets or strips into the correct cross-sectional shape as it passes through the machine. The process is carried out in stages, gradually shaping the part until it reaches the appropriate cross-section. Roll forming is typically utilised to create long-length components or big manufacturing runs.

# data[].attributes.body
Metal finishing is a broad word that refers to the process of applying a metal coating on the surface of a metallic part, which is commonly referred to as a substrate. It could also entail putting in place a procedure for cleaning, polishing, or otherwise improving a surface. Electroplating, which is the technique of depositing metal ions onto a substrate using an electric current, is commonly used in metal finishing. In fact, the terms "metal finishing" and "plating" are frequently interchanged. The metal finishing sector, on the other hand, encompasses a wide range of procedures, each with its own set of advantages for users.

Metal finishing in the industrial sector can be used for a variety of reasons, including:

Limiting the impact of corrosion

Serving as a primer coat to promote paint adhesion

Strengthening the substrate and increasing wear resistance

Reducing the effects of friction

Improving the appearance of a part

Increasing solderability

Making a surface electrically conductive

Enhancing chemical resistance

Cleaning, polishing and removing surface defects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Polishing 102: How to Buff and Polish Metal

# data[].attributes.headline
Safety measures while working with metals and alloys

# data[].attributes.subject
Safety measures while working with metals and alloys

# data[].attributes.body
Many of the hazards in a metalworking shop can be avoided using industry-standard safety equipment. The following items should be included in a fabrication shop's personal protective equipment (PPE):

Safety glasses are required.

Shields for the face

Welding gloves with chemical resistance and cut resistance

Boots with flame-resistant toes and protecting toes

Respirators

Around heavy equipment, loose-fitting clothing, jewellery, and long hair can be a safety concern. To keep safe, pull back long hair, remove jewellery, and dress appropriately.

# data[].attributes.body
Wood is a natural product that is one of the most versatile and attractive materials we have at our disposal, providing a long-term sustainable answer to a wide range of uses.
Any popular construction material, including wood, offers the finest thermal insulation qualities. It can even be better than carbon neutral when supplied from responsibly managed forests.
Every item, regardless of species, is absolutely unique as a natural product. This means it can have a wide range of appearances (even within the same tree/board). This adds to the material's character, variation, and beauty, but it's also something to consider if you expect all pieces to appear the same.
Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in trees and other woody plants' stems and roots. It has been utilised as a fuel and a building material for thousands of years. It's an organic material made of cellulose fibres (which are strong in tension) embedded in a lignin matrix that resists compression.

# data[].attributes.body
Wood is one of the oldest building materials known to man, with evidence of lumber being utilised as a key source of construction materials in dwellings dating back over 10,000 years.
A good example is Europe's Neolithic long house, a long, narrow timber home erected around 6000 BC. The Neolithic long house, one of the largest structures at the time, was strong and huge, with a capacity of roughly 30 people.
The discovery of new components such as bronze and steel has modified and improved the way wood is used in building construction since then. Wood is still utilised to build both simple structures like log cabins and more magnificent ones like Chinese temples.
Wood remains a popular choice for both buildings and furniture due to its environmentally benign, renewable, and incredibly durable qualities.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
History of #wood | Surfaces Reporter | Building Material

# data[].attributes.body
Wood is a valuable natural resource and one of the few renewable ones. It can be found in wood-frame buildings and furniture, newspapers, books, and magazines, bridges and railroad ties, fenceposts and utility poles, fuelwood, textile fabrics, and organic chemicals, among other things. Wood and wood products act as carbon sinks, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Wood is a solid raw material for items like lumber, plywood, and wood pallets, as well as a source of fibre for paper, paperboard, fiberboard panels, rayon, and acetate . Many wood products can be salvaged for reuse or recycling, increasing the life of our wood supply. Newspapers, magazines, and corrugated containers are among the paper and paperboard goods that are collected for recycling. In 1995, 45 percent of the total fresh supply was recovered for recycling. Wood wastes from lumber, plywood, and pulp mills are also collected and used to manufacture new fibre products or burned for energy.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Softwoods
Wood and timber milled from conifer trees are known as softwoods. Conifer trees, also known as Gymnosperms, are any trees with needles that produce cones. Pine, Cedar, Fir, Spruce, and Redwood are examples of common softwood trees used in woodworking, construction, and furniture.

2.Hardwoods
Hardwoods are made up of trees that don't have needles or cones. These trees are popularly referred to as deciduous trees, although they are formally referred to as angiosperms. Trees that produce leaves and seeds are known as hardwoods.
Oak, maple, cherry, mahogany, and walnut are among common hardwood species. Although hardwoods are not always tougher than softwoods, many species are noted for their attractive and distinctive wood grain patterns.

3.Manufactured Wood Products
Engineered woods are the third sort of wood you might come across. Engineered wood is created rather than occurring naturally in the environment.
These boards are often composed of wood that has been modified to have specific traits or characteristics. These goods, sometimes known as composite wood, are frequently manufactured from sawmill waste wood.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Difference Between Hardwoods and Softwoods I uses I color I texture I

# data[].attributes.body
The characteristics of wood that explain the physical features of various types of wood are nothing but the physical properties of wood. They are explained as follows:

1. Color - Because the most common use of wood is to construct furniture and decorative items for the home, colour and look are important considerations when selecting a type of wood. However, the colour of the wood varies according on the species. The wood comes in a variety of colours, ranging from white to dark brown and beyond.

2. Lustre - The shine of wood is another physical characteristic. The tendency of elements to reflect light is referred to as lustre. The shine of the wood takes precedence after the colour.

3. Odour and taste - Different scents and tastes are regularly observed from various types of wood. The sandalwood and rosewood, for example, have a pleasant perfume, whereas the other forest woods may have a tobacco odour. Furthermore, the new wood sample has a fresh aroma and continues to degrade over time.

4. Density - The density of wood refers to the mass per unit volume of the material. The density of wood varies depending on the weight of the wood sample. The density of various species of wood varies.

5. Hardness - Hardness refers to the strength of the wood also the resistance or the capacity of wood which can stand strong for a long time after being affected by several factors.

6. Workability - Timber should be easily workable and which can be shaped and cut in the required shape.

7. Durability - For timber, the term durability denotes the resistance to fungal or insect attack. Good wood is expected to be durable and capable of resisting the damage of termite, fungi and other insects.

8. Sound - A good timber should give clear ringing sound when struck.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Construction and Fencing - Home Construction: Using wood in domestic construction was prevalent in the early times, and it is still done in the twenty-first century. Wood is often utilised in the construction of houses in various parts of the world for its strength and insulation qualities, such as flooring, door frames, and window frames.
Deodar (Cedrus deodara), walnut wood (Juglans sp), teak (Tectona grandis) throughout South Asia and around the world, Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) and other woods are commonly used in Pakistan. In Bangladesh, mango (Mangifera indica) and burflower tree (Neolamarckia cadamba) wood is used for casting and piling during the construction of buildings.

2. Fencing and Garden Decoration: Woods are also utilised in current decoration systems for fencing and simple decoration for artificial landscaping inside a home or on rooftops. Cedar, redwood, Shorea, and Acacia are just a few examples.

3. Household Utensils: Wooden utensils, rather than plastic or steel, are a sign of elegance that adds to the charm and beauty of the home corners. In the west, for example, black walnut wood is utilised for kitchen equipment.

4. Hand Tools: The handles of most common hand tools are constructed of wood, which makes them heat resistant when used in an oven and reduces the risk of electric shock when used on electricity.

5. The Art Market : Wood is commonly utilised in artworks such as statues, sculptures, carvings, and the creation of decorative objects. In many situations, the frames for art boards and colour plates are also made of wood.
For framing work, use pine, maple, or cherry wood.

6. Musical instruments, such as the piano, violin, cello, drums, flute, guitar, double bass, and a variety of other instruments, all require wood in order to produce a beautiful song. For guitars, examples include mahogany, maple, and ash wood.

7. Athletics Equipment - Wooden Toys -These are preferred by health-conscious people over plastic toys, which were once fashionable. Plastic is made up of a variety of chemicals that are harmful to children's health. Cricket, hockey, billiards, and table tennis are just a few examples. Wood has traditionally been used for handles and primary elements in toys and sporting equipment. Willow wood is used for cricket and tennis bats, whereas Mulberry wood is used for hockey sticks.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Furniture for Commercial Uses - The market for wooden furniture is currently quite profitable. No one can deny the demand for wooden furniture, which has always been associated with royalty. Teak wood, for example, is ideal for furniture building. Other woods from Mahogany, Shimul, Sundari, Jackfruit, and Mango trees are used to make various sorts of furniture in South Asia.

2. Shipbuilding - Wood was used to construct ships and rural fishing boats. Wood is one of the most significant construction materials for boats and ships. Hardwood and softwood were previously used in the shipbuilding industry. e.g. Teak, sal, mango, and Arjun were all popular in the past. Cypress, redwood, and white oak are now utilised for shipbuilding and boatbuilding since they are water resistant.

3. Fuel - Wood has been used as a source of energy for thousands of years all across the world. Prior to the discovery of gas, fuel was the primary source of energy, which we can also define as the only source of energy that people used to generate heat by burning wood that was readily available in the forest. Sticks, pellets, sawdust, and charcoal are commonly employed as wood-based energy sources. Typically, wood from low-cost plants is employed in this industry.

4. Stationary - Wooden stationery, such as paper pencils, are available. To make paper, wood pulp is used. Pencils are made out of wood. Paper was once made from the Cyper papyrus tree. Paper pulp is made in Bangladesh using wood from Keora, Bine, Sundari, Kakra, and Geoa. Dhundal wood is used to make pencils.

# data[].attributes.body
1. CLAW HAMMER: Claw hammer is one of the most common tools used in carpentry. There is a well-counterbalanced claw on one side of the head and the other side is rounded. It is mostly used in construction. When a nail is used, a claw hammer leaves a distinctive waffle mark on the wood. That is why the other head of this hammer is also known as a waffle head.

2. JIGSAW: It is a power-tool that is used for cutting curves and circular patterns. It uses a similar sized blade to cut wood. These blades are easy to change or replace when get damaged. Jigsaw has a rubber or plastic casing and dust collection bag attached to it.

3. CIRCULAR SAW: Circular saws are most like jigsaws. The only change is circular saws have a round and much larger blade that is suitable for making straight cuts. The blade can be changed while it is blunt or damaged. Similar to jigsaws, these saws also have plastic and rubber casing.

4. POWER DRILL: There are two types of drills available, with cords and cordless. A corded drill is more versatile and powerful than a non-corded drill. Power drills have a very tough plastic cover outside to resist damage from a drop.

5. ORBITAL SANDERS: These are unique sanding tools, and give better results as compared to hand sanding. Although, palm sanders are less expensive; but due to a faster and better outcome, orbital sanders are commonly used and recommended by experts.

6. TABLE SAW: A table saw is the heart and soul of carpentry. It is a centerpiece around which all other tools are used and organized. Table saw is a very big sized tool.

7. ROUTERS: These tools are portable and powerful and can create curved edges. They also have router bits to cut a hole in the piece of wood. So, you would not require any other tools like a jigsaw for the same work.

# data[].attributes.body
Hand-held power tools

Biscuit joiner

Domino jointer

Chain saw

Hand-held circular saw

Electric drill

Jig saw

Miter saw

Nail gun

Hand-held electric plane

Reciprocating saw

Rotary tool

Router

Hand-held sanders, including belt sander, orbital sander, random orbit sander

Stationary machines

Bandsaw

Combination machine

Double side planer

Four sided planer or timber sizer

Drill press

Drum sander

Bench grinder

Jointer

Wood lathe

Mortiser

Panel saw

# data[].attributes.body
1. The primary saw is used to cut the tree into sawn pieces.

2. Edging: removing flaws and uneven edges from sawn pieces.

3. Trimming: The trimmer squares off the ends of lumber to make uniform pieces that meet market specifications.

4. Rough Lumber Sorting: Pieces are separated into two categories based on their size and intended use: unseasoned (also known as green) and dry.

5. Stickering: To allow air to circulate within the stack, lumber slated for dry manufacture is piled with spacers (also known as stickers). (This stage is skipped by green products.)

6. Kiln-drying the lumber allows for natural MC evaporation.

7. Planing is the process of smoothing the surface of each lumber piece and uniformizing its width and thickness.

8. Grading is the process of evaluating each lumber piece's properties in order to assign a "grade" to it (quality).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How is wood lumber made? Process of wood production

# data[].attributes.body
1. Always wear protective gear.
This may seem like a self-evident guideline, but it's one that should be remembered. Wearing ear protection when using loud power tools like routers and surface planers is recommended. Wear latex gloves when applying finishes, too. REMEMBER TO ALWAYS WEAR YOUR SAFETY GLASSES. When you initially walk into the store, these should be your first choice.

2. Dress Appropriately
The issue with wearing baggy or loose clothing is that there's a good risk a piece of material will get trapped in a cutting head or saw blade. As a result, make an effort to constantly dress in clothing that is not only appropriate for the woodworking environment, but also protects you. Before beginning work, make sure that any dangling jewellery or metal, such as necklaces or bracelets, is removed.

3. Stay away from anything that can impair your reaction time. Judgement and Time
It's similar to staying out of the alcohol and drug cabinets when driving a car to avoid accidents. In the wood shop, the consequences of mistakenly using the wrong tool because you're too tired to notice what you're doing wrong are considerably greater.

4. Turn off the power
Before changing blades or bits on your power tools, always remember to disconnect the power source. In addition to making sure the switch is turned off, make sure the tool is not powered by electricity, as the switch can malfunction and/or be unintentionally turned on.

# data[].attributes.body
5. Only use one extension cord
Using a single heavy-duty extension cord for all of your power equipment ensures that each tool is turned off. When there are too many cords, it can become confusing and a tripping danger.

6. Avoid Using Blunt Blades and Bits
Given how hazardous a dull cutting instrument may be, this may seem self-evident. Dull tools will have to work more to cut and may bind or kick back as a result. Sharp bits and blades will also result in cleaner cuts.

7. Working Against The Cutter is number seven.
The majority of power tools are designed in such a way that the direction in which a piece of wood passes through the tool is the polar opposite of the cutting head's movement. As a result, make sure the blade or router bit is cutting against the grain of the wood rather than with it.

8. Never touch a blade in motion.
Before reaching to remove waste or cut-offs, always wait until the spinning blade has stopped moving. Alternatively, to be on the safe side, remove waste using a push stick or scrap to guarantee that an unintended power tool switch malfunction does not turn lethal.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Lumber.html
https://www.wagnermeters.com/forest-products/industry-info/wood-manufacturing-processes/
https://www.niharindustries.com/different-kinds-woodwork-machines-uses/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworking_machine
https://www.moglix.com/blog/7-most-commonly-used-tools-in-carpentry/
https://www.vedantu.com/physics/properties-of-wood
https://www.britannica.com/science/wood-plant-tissue/Properties-of-wood
https://makeitwood.org/benefits/
https://www.fairlawntool.com/blog/metal-working-safety-tips/
https://www.sharrettsplating.com/blog/how-metal-finishing-works/#:~:text=Metal%20finishing%20is%20an%20all,or%20otherwise%20improving%20a%20surface.
https://www.safetycompany.com/safetyblog/5-metalworking-safety-tips-you-need-to-follow/
https://questtech.ca/blog/basics-of-the-metal-forming-process/
https://blog.dahlstromrollform.com/metal-forming-processes-guide
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/metal-production
https://www.urdesignmag.com/technology/2019/10/10/these-laser-cutter-projects-will-motivate-and-inspire-you/
https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/tools/how-to/g2772/jimmy-direstas-top-5-metalworking-tools/
https://www.thoughtco.com/name-5-nonmetals-and-5-metals-606680
https://byjus.com/chemistry/uses-of-metals/
https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/write-any-four-uses-of-metals/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/alloys-definition-composition-properties-and-uses/?ref=rp
https://www.britannica.com/science/metal-chemistry