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The role of women under Taliban rule

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"But he's not my friend! I almost blurted. He's my servant!" (Hosseini 36).

This quote shows that Amir sees Hassan as a servant rather than a friend. He will not say that to his face, but Amir thinks about it daily. This idea directly correlates to the servant culture in Afghanistan.

"Religion has long played a paramount role in Afghanistan's daily life and social customs" (Brittanica).

This quote shows that religion played an essential role in the hierarchy. Those who were Shi'a Islam were lower in class and were most likely servants. They did not have as many rights as the Sunnis and were sometimes treated poorly by their owners. This idea is shown in the book, where Hassan is a servant because of his religion.

"Hospitality is an integral part of Afghan culture, with the best food being served for guests, always following a cup of delicious tea. Tea is drunk multiple times daily, offered to all guests, and most families have their recipe" (Afghan Culture).

This quote shows how significant hospitality is in Afghanistan's culture. It correlates to the story and the idea of how the family took care of Hassan. He is shown to be Baba's son later in the book, but even before that, Amir treats him with respect most of the time.

Weinbaum, Marvin G., Dupree, Nancy Hatch, Petrov, Victor P., Allchin, Frank Raymond, Ali, Mohammad and Dupree, Louis. "Afghanistan". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Sep. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan. Accessed 9 September 2024.

What is culture like in Afghanistan? (n.d.). Afghanaid. Retrieved from https://www.afghanaid.org.uk/afghan-culture

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Cal Tierney

Constant fear of the Taliban

MENTAL HEALTH

What has the Taliban done to the Afghan’s mental health when they see the killing of many people including their family members and the fear of doing something wrong get you killed? What are the links between war and mental health?

All of the people in Afghanistan during the late 1990s and early 2000s had to deal with some sort of but “Mental health problems and psychological distress show higher risks for women, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and youth.” This shows us that if you are a woman or not one of the majority, it will be harder for you in all aspects, than a man or in the majority. We could see this in the book when Amir gets to sleep in, and gets to go to school, while Hassan has to get up early and clean the house for Amir, and doesn’t get to be educated.

(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10375890/)

In Afghanistan people who are mentally struggling from their regret, researches show that “Afghans saw clear links between health, lives and livelihoods: poor mental health was linked to war-related violence and the loss of loved ones, as well as the broken economy, inadequate shelter, poor education opportunities and insecure governance.” We can see in the book how Hassan deals with his mom leaving by trying to forget she was there, which is not a good way to deal with sorrow.

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The hardline Islamist group retook control of Afghanistan as foreign forces pulled out in 2021.

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America is a special place in which we are blessed to live. 3rd world countries such as Afghanistan don't have the necessary resources to live the everyday lives they deserve and work hard for. “There are a lot of children in Afghanistan, but little childhood.”(318). Children in Afghanistan have to work at a young age to support their families. The Poverty rate in Afghanistan is nearly 50% compared to 12% in America. Adoption is very different and almost unheard of in Afghanistan due to the laws. Islamic Sharia Law does not allow for U.S.-style adoption. It is designed to be nearly impossible to take children to America this way, but refugees and fleeing from war and conflict are common. Conditions in these areas are extremely dangerous and neighboring countries absorb the refugees. Challenges are often prominent such as language barriers and ways of life that are hard to adapt. This is a rare example within Kite Runner in which he had no immediate family and he allowed this to be allowed. With this, it was still difficult and resources are extremely important to get help in the adoption process. After looking through this window in the story it is not as easy as it seemed, and this process is very difficult.

Citations:

Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. Riverhead Books, 2003.

Bureau, US Census. “National Poverty in America Awareness Month: January 2024.” Census.Gov, 4 Jan. 2024, www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/poverty-awareness-month.html#:~:text=Official%20Poverty%20Measure,decreased%20between%202021%20and%202022.

Van. “Afghanistan: Poverty.” Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, 6 May 2024, www.adb.org/where-we-work/afghanistan/poverty#:~:text=Poverty%20Data%3A%20Afghanistan&text=In%20Afghanistan%2C%2054.5%25%20of%20the,die%20before%20their%205th%20birthday.

Friden, Liz, and Fox News. “Afghan Child Remains in Limbo after Appeals Court Voids U.S. Marine’s Adoption.” Fox News, FOX News Network, 17 July 2024, www.foxnews.com/us/afghan-child-remains-limbo-appeals-court-voids-u-s-marines-adoption.

Davenport, Dawn. “Why We Should Not Talk about Adopting an Afghan ‘Orphan.’” Creating a Family, 28 Nov. 2022, creatingafamily.org/adoption-category/adoption-blog/why-we-should-not-talk-about-adopting-an-afghan-orphan/.

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What is it like to move so far away from what you called home?

Chapter 9 page 106

""we are leaving,agha sahib," Ali said. "What?" Baba said, the color draining from his face."

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Embracing New Horizons: The Comprehensive Guide to Moving Abroad from Pakistan

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Discover essential insights on relocating from Pakistan—covering legal, financial, and cultural adaptation strategies for a seamless transition to your new country.

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“On the other hand, when people are low in social connection—because of isolation, loneliness, or poor-quality relationships—they face an increased risk of premature death,” said Julianne Holt-Lunstad. Friendship is one of the primary things in human nature as humans are social creatures. Keeping healthy interactions with friends keeps your mind healthy.

"Hasan's reply was a single word, delivered in a thin raspy voice: Yes". Hasan says this admitting to stealing a watch from baba when he never even stole it. This example of Hasan being so unselfish and taking the blame for his friend is a perfect example of friendship. Hasan would put amir first before himself. "People with no friends or poor-quality friendships are twice as likely to die prematurely, according to Holt-Lunstad’s meta-analysis of more than 308,000 people—a risk factor even greater than the effects of smoking 20 cigarettes per day.(PLOS Medicine, Vol. 7, No. 7, 2010). A big part of friendship is unselfishness, to realize when being around friends that your opinion and thoughts are not more valuable then your friends can strengthen relations.

sources

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2023/06/cover-story-science-friendship

The Kite Runner

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The Impact of Exchange Rates on a Country's Economy (linkedin.com)

1 afhgan Afghani=3. 97 Pakistan ruppee

1 pakistan rupee=.0036 usd

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Exchange rates play a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape of a country. The exchange rate is the value of one currency in terms of another, and it serves as a critical link between domestic and international economic activities. Fluctuations in exchange rates can have profound effects on a country's economy, influencing trade, inflation, employment, and overall economic stability. This short exposition explores how exchange rates impact a country's trade balance, inflation, economic performance and overall competitiveness.

One of the primary ways exchange rates affect a country's economy is through their impact on the trade balance. When a country's currency depreciates, its exports become more affordable for foreign buyers, leading to an increase in export volumes. Conversely, a stronger currency can make exports more expensive for foreign buyers, potentially reducing export demand. The trade balance, which is the difference between a country's exports and imports, is significantly influenced by exchange rate movements. A depreciating currency can improve a country's trade balance by boosting exports and making imports more expensive. This can lead to a reduction in trade deficits and, in some cases, even create trade surpluses. On the other hand, an appreciating currency may lead to trade deficits as exports become more expensive for foreign buyers, potentially harming domestic industries reliant on international markets.

Exchange rates also influence inflation within a country. Changes in the value of a currency can affect the prices of imported goods and services. A depreciating currency can contribute to higher import prices, leading to imported inflation. This, in turn, may lead to a rise in overall price levels within the country. Central banks often respond to such situations by adjusting interest rates to control inflation. Conversely, an appreciating currency may lead to lower import prices and contribute to disinflation or even deflation. While this may benefit consumers in the short term by reducing the cost of imported goods, it poses challenges for domestic producers who may face increased competition from cheaper imports.

Employment and Economic Growth

The impact of exchange rates on employment is closely tied to the performance of the trade balance. A country experiencing an increase in exports due to a depreciating currency may see growth in industries reliant on international markets, potentially leading to job creation. Conversely, a strengthening currency may pose challenges for export-oriented industries, potentially resulting in job losses. Exchange rate fluctuations can also affect overall economic growth. A favorable exchange rate environment that supports exports can contribute to economic expansion, while an unfavorable exchange rate may hinder growth by limiting export opportunities.

Exchange rates influence investment decisions by affecting the relative returns on investments denominated in different currencies. A country with a depreciating currency may attract foreign investors seeking higher returns, as their investments are now relatively cheaper in terms of their own currency. Conversely, an appreciating currency may discourage foreign investment, as returns may be eroded when converted back into the investor's home currency.

Exchange rates are a critical factor influencing a country's economic performance. Their impact extends across various facets, including trade balance, inflation, employment, economic growth, and investment. Policymakers, businesses, and individuals must navigate the complexities of exchange rate dynamics to adapt to changing economic conditions and foster sustainable development. A nuanced understanding of these relationships is essential for crafting effective economic policies and strategies in an interconnected global economy.

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The Impact of Exchange Rates on a Country's Economy

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Exchange rates play a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape of a country. The exchange rate is the value of one currency in terms of another, and it serves as a critical link between domestic and international economic activities.

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Throughout history, there have been constant tensions between the two subdivisions of Islam. However, this goes back about 1400 years to the death of Muhammad. As some people know Islam started with Muhhamad and when he died the split between these two subsections occurred. However, in modern times, their conflicts are less about their religious beliefs rather now they are more so about the wealth and the influence of land in the Middle East (Pruitt).

When the two subsects split early in time there were many chacteristics that differentiated the two, but it was mainly their beliefs that seperated them. These beliefs were on who is Muhhamad’s true successor. The Sunni muslims believe that his successor should be someone in his family but the Shia muslims believe that it should be anyone who will follow the lead of Muhhamad (Chuck). The way that this connects to the book is because Hassan is a Hazara which is also known as a Shia and the reason this is significant to the book is because the whole reason Hassan was being picked on was because he was a Shia muslim in a predominatley Sunni muslim area.

Chuck, Elizabeth. “What Are the Differences between Sunni and Shiite Muslims?” NBC News, NBC News, 5 Jan. 2016, www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/what-are-differences-between-sunni-shiite-muslims-n489951.

Pruitt, Sarah. “Islam’s Sunni-Shia Divide, Explained.” HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, 31 July 2019, www.history.com/news/sunni-shia-divide-islam-muslim.

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“The Sunnis recognize the six books of Hadith, which contain the spoken tradition attributed to Muhammad. The Sunnis also accept as orthodox four schools of Islamic law: Ḥanafī, Ḥanbalī, Mālikī, and Shāfiʿī” (“Sunni” Britannica). The Sunni are very family oriented and are very loyal to their “tribe (an extended, patrilineal group)” Most Sunnis are more loyal to their tribes than any government that they might belong to. The family orientated quality is seen not just in Sunni culture but also in other muslim cultures. Sunnis may commonly live with their extended family all under one roof, while this may lead to packed homes it displays how close each family is. The families also might run business together. “Such households tend to be patriarchal, with the eldest male leading the family” (“Iraq” Britannica).

Citations:

"Sunni." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 17 Sep. 2019. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Sunni/70378. Accessed 9 Sep. 2024.

"Iraq." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 19 Apr. 2024. school.eb.com/levels/high/article/Iraq/106326#232259.toc. Accessed 9 Sep. 2024.

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Long term dramatic impact on regret:

"I had one last chance to make a decision. One final opportunity to decide who I was going to be. I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan—the way he’d stood up for me all those times in the past—and accept whatever would happen to me. Or I could run. In the end, I ran." (Page 77)

"The conceptualization of the regret emotion states that individuals experience discomfort when they contemplate,

postpurchase, that a forgone alternative might have led to a better situation."

"Regret can be defined as a rational emotion in thesense that its presence seems to be correlated with

improved decision-making."

Regret, regret is a very common characteristic in life. Regret happens when somone has a deep emeotion and feeling about something that has happened that they feel badly about. Something that they wish they could take back. In the kite runner regret is a important theme in the book. My topic idea: Long term dramatic impact on regret shows up many times especially when Amir watched Hassan get buillied and did nothing about it. As readers, we know that Amir had regret all throughout the book as he says many times like in the quote above even calling himself a coward.

Sources:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40538195?searchText

https://www.jstor.org/stable/27821050?searchText=Impacts+of+regret

The Kite Runner

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Women under Taliban rule in Afghanistan are denied basic human rights. The Taliban is a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist group. They use harsh far fetched interpretations of the Islamic law to impose their own ideas on other people with a viable scape goat. The Taliban first became prominent in 1996 when they first took over the Afghan capital Kabul. This insurrection was followed with over twenty years of fighting between the US and the Taliban. This fighting resulted in a poverty rate of 54.5% and a serious food shortage. The Taliban however was much harder on Women. Afghan women are prohibited from studying, leaving the house without a male counterpart, showing their skin in public, and being involved in politics. Women to the Taliban are used to give birth and to do basic chores around the house and nothing more.

In The Kite Runner when Amir goes to the stadium to talk to the Taliban he has to witness a women getting stoned. Stoning is a ritual that is practiced when one sins. The Taliban leader says that "Every sinner must be punished befitting his sin" (Hosseini 270,271). They killed the women because she cheated on her husband.

Women were often brutally beaten and killed for disobeying the Taliban. Other countries have tried intervening but the Taliban barely changes.

Works Cited

Feminist Majority Foundation. “The Taliban & Afghan Women – Feminist Majority Foundation.” Feminist Majority Foundation, 2021, feminist.org/our-work/afghan-women-and-girls/the-taliban-afghan-women/.

Popalzai, Ehsan. “Taliban Bans Women from Solo, Long-Distance Road Trips in Afghanistan.” CNN, 28 Dec. 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/12/28/asia/afghanistan-taliban-women-travel-intl/index.html.

van. “Afghanistan: Poverty.” Www.adb.org, 2021, www.adb.org/where-we-work/afghanistan/poverty#:~:text=Poverty%20Data%3A%20Afghanistan&text=In%20Afghanistan%2C%2054.5%25%20of%20the.

“Women in Afghanistan: The Back Story.” Www.amnesty.org.uk, www.amnesty.org.uk/womens-rights-afghanistan-history#:~:text=Rise%20of%20the%20Taliban%20%26%20Decline%20of%20Women.

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"Poison tongues would flap. And she would bear the brunt of that poison, not me- I was fully aware of the Afghan double standard that favored my gender." (Hosseini 146)

Education for girls in Afghanistan has taken a shocking turn since the Taliban came to power. The Taliban has been constantly changing their restrictions on education. Although in March of 2022, the Taliban promised that girls would be able to return to school that was not the case. Not even two days had passed before they reversed the decision. Girls under the age of 12 were banned from school with severe punishments in place for those that broke restrictions. Furthermore, young women have been banned from higher education, with bans on women in all colleges in Afghanistan. These policies massively contradict the Taliban's goal for a more inclusive Afghanistan. Although I could not find any quotes specifically about the education of girls in Afghanistan, this quote still means a lot. Women who want to receive higher education must leave Afghanistan and potentially face harsh punishments in return. All of these changes under the Taliban go to show how much Afghanistan changed from Amir's childhood to adulthood.

"On March 21, 2022, the Taliban promised to reopen all schools in Afghanistan, seemingly ending the temporary ban it had placed on girls attending secondary school since its return to power seven months earlier.Two days later, while  many girls were enthusiastically preparing to return to school, the authorities reversed the decision and restricted girls over the age of 12 from attending state-run schools."(Barakat)

"Women and girls over 12 are banned from schools, and prevented from sitting most university entrance exams. There are also restrictions in the work they can do, with beauty salons being closed, as well as being not being able to go to parks, gyms and sport clubs."(Gillibrand)

Gillibrand, Peter. “The Women Who Escaped Afghanistan to Get an Education.” Bbc.com, BBC News, 7 Sept. 2024, www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gzyr318zzo.

Barakat, Sultan. “Taliban Ban on Girls’ Education Defies Both Worldly and Religious Logic.” Al Jazeera, 1 Apr. 2024, www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/4/1/taliban-ban-on-girls-education-defies-both-worldly-and-religious-logic.

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Professor in Conflict and Humanitarian Studies at Qatar Foundation's Hamad Bin Khalifa University and an Honorary Professor of the University of York

Spring has arrived in Afghanistan, and Afghan children have returned to their schools to begin a new academic year. Girls beyond the 6th grade across much of the country, however, are still unable to pursue an education and remain unsure what the future holds for them.

Two years ago, on a spring day like today, the hopes and dreams of Afghan schoolgirls were crushed by the Taliban's interim government. On March 21, 2022, the Taliban promised to reopen all schools in Afghanistan, seemingly ending the temporary ban it had placed on girls attending secondary school since its return to power seven months earlier.Two days later, while many girls were enthusiastically preparing to return to school, the authorities reversed the decision and restricted girls over the age of 12 from attending state-run schools. In an apparent attempt to soften the blow, the Ministry of Education said the closure would be temporary and schools would be reopened once it put in place policies that would ensure compliance with "principles of Islamic law and Afghan culture". Six months later, with no plan in place to reopen secondary schools to girls in the foreseeable future, the government issued a new edict and banned girls and young women in Afghanistan from higher education.

Keep reading

This move prompted countless analysts and experts around the world, including myself, to invite Taliban leaders to rethink their decision. We pointed out that "depriving Afghan women of an education would benefit no one" and these anti-education edicts actually stand against the very foundations of Islam.

Regrettably, the Taliban did not listen. This March, exactly two years after the supposedly temporary ban on girls attending secondary schools and universities, another academic year in Afghanistan began without the presence of women and girls.

The hopes and dreams of teenage girls, who believed the ban on their education was indeed "temporary" and they would return to their classrooms once the conditions were "right", have likely begun to fade away. These girls and their families trusted the word of the new Taliban leaders, and as we can confidently say after two years with no progress in returning them to their schools, they were let down.

As we enter the last week of Ramadan, it is a good moment to reflect on the importance of not reneging on a promise. Those leaders who claim to execute the Divine Will have the responsibility of fulfilling the promise made to millions of innocent Afghan schoolgirls who find themselves oppressed and deprived of their God-given right to an education.

The Taliban's stance on this issue defies both worldly and religious logic. Afghanistan, a post-conflict nation that has just emerged from the jaws of multiple protracted armed conflicts spanning four decades, needs all hands on deck to work towards getting the country out of the economic abyss that it finds itself in. The Taliban takeover of Kabul in 2021 and the ensuing uncertainty precipitated the exodus of a vast number of Afghan professionals, leading to a brain drain at a very precarious time. The last thing that the nation needed was its new leaders to handicap it further and jettison any prospects of recovery by excluding half the population from participating in education, and thus the recovery efforts.

The exclusion of girls from education also contradicts the Taliban's aim to build a gender-segregated society. How can women have dedicated healthcare when no female healthcare workers are trained in the country? According to the World Health Organization, 24 women died each day in Afghanistan from pregnancy or childbirth-related causes in 2020 - one of the highest rates in the entire world. While this statistic was a significant improvement from the situation in 2001 when the Taliban was last in power, experts fear that the situation is likely to get worse, and the Taliban's diktats on curtailing women's education in schools and universities are not helping either.

From the religious perspective, too, the Taliban leaders must realise that they are accountable before Allah SWT for thrusting ignorance upon a generation of girls just so they can claim a perceived localised victory of tradition. When the Taliban ruled Afghanistan in their previous avatar from 1996 to 2001, the education of women was banned across the nation as were most of the avenues for their employment. This time, the Taliban gave public assurances that it would do things differently and avoid earlier pitfalls and mistakes. The people of Afghanistan believed it. They put their trust in the Taliban. This trust, this "Amanah", is an asset the Taliban should value and not waste away in pursuit of meaningless political gains.The group that claims to follow the path of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), the Amin, the trustworthy, should not be seen to break the Amanah of the people.

The Taliban's refusal to allow Afghan women and girls to receive an education is also a strategic mistake that stands in the way of the government's efforts to gain international acceptance and find reliable partners that would support Afghanistan's economic and structural development. The important geostrategic location of Afghanistan has led to it receiving a lot of political attention from major global and regional powers for much of its history. Oftentimes, this translated into protracted conflict and resulted in security issues overshadowing all global discussions and engagement with Afghanistan. If it is serious about bringing stability to and building a prosperous future for the country, the Taliban must endeavour to expand the global interest in Afghanistan beyond security and divert the agenda of global engagement with the country to issues of development. Such a change would not only create the conditions for international projects and initiatives that would create employment and alleviate the suffering of millions of Afghans living in dire conditions but would also help end the international isolation of Afghanistan and pave the way for its integration into the rest of the world.

By allowing another academic year to pass without resolving the issue, the Interim Government in Kabul is demonstrating a worrying lack of capacity to work out what should have been a straightforward mechanism to create the conditions under which girls would be allowed back to school. Thus, it is signalling to the international community, including the Muslim World, that it cannot be trusted and is practically putting a block on any development-focused engagement that could put an end to its ongoing isolation. Any further procrastination on the issue will no doubt reflect negatively locally, regionally, and globally on the Taliban and on their efforts to demonstrate the applicability of political Islam to today's development challenges.

It is high time for the Taliban to undo this egregious mistake and prove to its own people and the rest of the world that it is a trustworthy leader, and a responsible caretaker of the future mothers and daughters of its nation.
The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera's editorial stance.

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Taliban ban on girls' education defies both worldly and religious logic

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The ban stands against the core principles of Islam and hinders Taliban's efforts to gain international recognition.

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The Impacts of Trauma Caused by Violence

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The Impacts of Trauma Caused by Violence

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Chase Cobb

Mr.Belson

English B

9/7/24

The impacts of trauma cause by violence

Throughout kite runner there are many big themes and messages  that we can learn from this novel such as guilt, anger, etc.However the impacts of trauma caused by violence in this book is another important lesson that we can pick up.In one of the most pivitoal moments of the book when Hassan is raped by Assef we get a good look of a example of this. “I ran because I was a coward.I was afraid of Assef and what he would do to me.” (Hosseini 77 82)In this quote Amir has the choice to stay and help his friend or run, which he does.This decision is fueled  by fear not only of Assef but of losing his father's approval as he already struggles to live up to Baba’s expectation. This moment also shows how deeply personal fears can paralyze someone.Amir’s failure to help marks a cycle of guilt and shame that haunts him more and more overtime overall emotionally scarring him.This becomes a defining feature of his character and causes him to make more irrational decisions.

Studies show in real life that violence can cause not only physical harm but also psychology as well and victims can gain such disorders such as PTSD, depression or anxiety.It is also more common for children to be more vulnerable to it causing it to have a bigger impact on them and just last longer. “Some people who experience trauma, especially people who are younger, can having trouble processing emotion and thoughts such as anger, shame,anxiety…”This quote further shows how mental trauma can be just as harmful as physical and why it can be hard for people to recover.With amir and Hassan both being around 12 years old these descriptions perfectly fit them and further proves why their so vulnerable.

After this research we can see how the impacts of trauma caused by violence in The Kite Runner mirror the real life consequences experienced by trauma victims.This novel gives better insight on the shame, guilt and confrontation as they explore these ideas.The journey to healing involves acceptance, controlling their past trauma and finding a way to move forward.

SOURCES

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/#:~:text=Delayed%20responses%20to%20trauma%20can,1%20outlines%20some%20common%20reactions.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/violence

THE KITE RUNNER

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Racism

"Afghanistan is like a beautiful mansion littered with garbage, and someone has to take out the garbage.’ ‘That’s what you were doing in Mazar, going door-to-door? Taking out the garbage?’ ‘Precisely.’ ‘In the west, they have an expression for that, I said. They call it ethnic cleansing." Kite Runner

"The estimated 1 million Afghan migrants and refugees who reside in Iran have long complained of mistreatment and discrimination. Many Afghans work in menial jobs and are blamed for crime and drug trafficking." RadioFreeLiberty

"On July 23, 2016, two suicide bombers targeted a peaceful rally at the Deh Mazang Square of Kabul. The rally was organized by a predominantly Hazara-led movement known as “Junbesh-e Roshanaye” or the Enlightenment Movement. It highlighted the growing frustration and discontent among the Hazaras regarding their share of national resources and foreign aid.[1] " CivilRights.org

This all brings up racism showed in this area, and how dominant the use of racist terminology is. Racism is hard to stand up to but it's harder to take in and let bully you.

Citations

https://www.rferl.org/a/afghans-prohibited-iranian-store-owner-punished-over-racist-shop-sign/29993593.html

https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/

Kite Runner

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Immigration and its display in The Kite Runner

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Immigration and its display in The Kite Runner

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In The Kite Runner immigration is a crucial role in the plot, and a primary focus throughout the rising action of the story. Amir is hilghting the extremity of the situation, "You couldn't trust anyone in Kabul anymore "(Hosseini, 98). Since Russia had attacked, Amir has been forced to leave and is not even allowed to tell anyone. Additionally,(not mentioned) the book goes on and during his immigration he is dealt with gun trauma as well as a significantly lower social class in his new country(America). All this demonstrates the terrible impact political warfare has on the unfortunate reality of necessary immigration.

Another example of immigration and its sad reality The United Nations. The United Nations was put in place a while back after WWII to support basic human rights and focuses on immigration. According to The UN, "The United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) estimated that, by the end of 2022, the world hosted an estimated 35.3 million refugees, including 5.9 million Palestine refugees under the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), as well as 5.4 million were asylum-seekers". This clearly demonstrates the sad truth about warfare and how many people struggle with getting out of it.

https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/migration

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One final example of the struggle and issues with modern migration is the dangers migrants or asylum seekers face while traveling abroad to their desired destination. According to Weforum.org, “In the five years since, more than 30,900 people have lost their lives trying to reach other countries.” Many people who are immigrating are escaping asylum or are very poor economically. This leads to limited traveling options and thus creating more potential danger.

Citations:

“Global Migration, by the Numbers.” World Economic Forum, 10 Jan. 2020, www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/iom-global-migration-report-international-migrants-2020/#:~:text=How%20migrants%20who%20send%20money%20home%20have%20become%20a%20global. Accessed 12 Sept. 2024.

Horowitz, Shel. “Opinion: The Struggle for Immigration Justice Is far from over - Amherst Indy.” AmherstINDY, 25 June 2021, www.amherstindy.org/2021/06/25/opinion-the-struggle-for-immigration-justice-is-far-from-over/. Accessed 12 Sept. 2024.

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Page 282:

"I wasn't the religious type, but I had an epiphany."

The Taliban were founded by religious students during the Soviet-Afghan war. Taliban literally translates to students.

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The hardline Islamist group retook control of Afghanistan as foreign forces pulled out in 2021.