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Q1. What are heterophile antibodies and why are they produced in infectious mono?

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Q1. What are heterophile antibodies and why are they produced in infectious mono?

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Heterophile antibodies are non-specific antibodies that are induced by external antigens that may not be shared between species and are not clearly defined. They are produced in infectious mono because during IM, the body's immune system is highly activated.

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Heterophile antibodies are non-specific IgM antibodies that are secreted in response which are secreted by infected B-cells. They are commonly used in the diagnostic testing of EBV, indicating acute infection.

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Q2. What are atypical lymphocytes and why are they found in this patient?

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Q2. What are atypical lymphocytes and why are they found in this patient?

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Atypical lymphocytes, also known as Downey-McKinlay cells, are large cells with foamy basophilic cytoplasm and fenestrated nuclei. These are mostly T-cells and tend to be CD6 cytotoxic T-cells. which are seen in 90% of patients with EBV.

These cells are found as the control the acute infection by destroying the infected B-cells.

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Q3 Look at the results from serology. What is the significance of measuring different types of antibody? (specificity and isotype)

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Q3 Look at the results from serology. What is the significance of measuring different types of antibody? (specificity and isotype)

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Q4 Males with x-linked agammaglobulinaemia never get infected with EBV. Why?

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Q4 Males with x-linked agammaglobulinaemia never get infected with EBV. Why?

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EBV-infected B cells are stimulated to produce heterophile IgM antibodies.

Heterophile antibodies bind to antigens that are present on homologous red blood cells and agglutinate them.

They develop in 80% - 85% of adults with EBV within 2 or 3 weeks after the onset of illness.

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Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies made against antigens from a different species and are produced in IM because it's a viral infection that's caused by a foreign body

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Hetrophile antibodies are IgM antibodies that are non-specific to EBV antigens but do bind to a range of antigens present on hetrologous red blood cells and agglutinate them. Produced in IM because EBV infection introduces Paul–Bunnell antigens which hetrophile antibodies are produced in response to.

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This a primary x-linked B-cell immunodeficiency that affects the maturation of the pre B-cell due to a BTK gene mutation. As EBV infects matured B-cells and a person with this doesnt have any this means they cant get infected.

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Q1 Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies secreted by atypical lymphocytes. They are not specific for EBV antigens but bind to heterologous RBCs causing agglutination. They are produced in response to EBV IM antigens, otherwise known as Paul-Bunnell antigens.

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high demand for lymphocytes in viral infection leads to the secretion of immature lymphocytes.

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Heterophile antibodies are antibodies induced by external antigens that may be shared between species and are not well defined. They often have weak avidity for their targets. resent in 90% to 95% of EBV infections at some point during the illness. However, in infants and children under the age of 4 years with primary EBV infection, heterophile antibody responses are often not detected.

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Heterophile antibodies are non-specific antibodies that can bind to multiple antigens. Heterophile antibodies are formed as a mechanism to evade the immune system. EBV binds to CD21 receptors of B cells hijacking them to produce these antibodies. However, these Heterophile antibodies can be exploited in laboratories to detect the presence of EBV through the use of the mono spot test

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Q1 = They are human antibodies that can bind to antibodies of another species, like animals or bacteria. Heterophile antibodies can be used to detect EBV infection.

Q2 = Atypical lymphocytes are WBCs that anticipate in response to an infection. They are usually larger than normal WBCs and have an abnormal nucleus. Caused to increase due to factors such as viral infection.They are present in this patient as IM is a reflection of the increased CD8 Tc cell activity.

Q3 = Different types of antibody can measured as it tells us what stage the infection is at. IgM antibodies are increased early on in the infection and then decrease and IgG antibodies appear in the acutely phase and persist for the rest of your life.

Q4= They do not get infected with EBV as they have no mature B cells which EBV target.

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Q2 They are large cells with foamy basophilic cytoplasm and fenestrated nuclei. They are mostly T cells, with a preponderance of CD8 and are present in 90% of patients with IM. They are found in patients due to increased CD8 T cell cytotoxic activity. This diminishes infection but does not eradicate it leading to latency of the infection in host cells.

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This heterophile antibody is not specific for EBV antigens but binds

to antigens present on heterologous red blood cells (that is, those of other

animals, such as sheep or goat) and agglutinates them. In addition, specific

antibody responses are generated against several EBV-specific antigens, and

the appearance of different antibodies is informative as to the time of infection

and the pattern of virus replication. IgM antibodies.

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1. Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies produced by EBV-infected B-cells. They are used to test for EBV infection. They are not specific for EBV but bind to antigens on non-human RBCs.

2. Atypical lymphocytes are large cells that differ in appearance from normal lymphocytes. They are found in the patient due to increased CD8 T cell cytotoxic activity.

3. Differences in antibody type can be used to distinguish between stages of infection.

4. Males with this condition are not susceptible to EBV infection as they have no B cells which the virus can infiltrate

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Atypical lymphocytes are large cells - they have a foamy basophilic cytoplasm and fenestrated nuclei.

It is a reflection of the increased CD8+ t cell cytotoxic activity

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atypical lymphocytes are produced during viral infection and become activated, in this case, in response to the EBV infection

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Atypical lymphocytes are irregularly shaped lymphocytes also known as Downey-McKinlay cells. They are larger than normal lymphocytes with foamy basophilic cytoplasm and fenestrated nuclei. they are a reflection of CD8 + cytotoxic T cell activity

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Immature lymphocytes, enlarged and in all different shapes. There is a high demand for lymphocytes in the presence of a viral infection.

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Q3 The significance of measuring different types of antibody is its potential to differentiate a recent (IgM) or past (IgG) infection. The IgM isotype possesses less specificity than IgG but has 10 epitope sites for binding antigen whereas IgG contains 2 but is more specific.

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Q1. Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies whose detection is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests for EBV infection. It is not specific for EBV antigens, however, it binds to antigens on heterologous RBC and agglutinates them

Q2. Atypical lymphocytes in IM are a reflection of the increased CD8 T cell cytotoxic activity, They tend to have a deeper blue cytoplasm than normal lymphocytes are and they are seen in reactive states. They are present in 90% of patients with IM.

Q3. IgMs and IgGs are measured to find out if its a current or past infection. IgM reflects a current infection whereas IgG signifies a past infection. If the infection is reactivated the early antigen antibody titres rise again. The EBV antigens appear here because the virus has been present in the body for at least a few months

Q4.Males with XLA never get infected with EBV because it is a B cell immunodeficiency and EBV affects B cells, which they lack.

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To decipher whether the infection is recent or latent and to determine if it is acute or chronic. In this case it tells us it is specific to the EBV capsid antigen.

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non-specific, target a wide range of antigens, ImG

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Q4 Males with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia do not possess B cells in their adaptive immune system. As a result, EBV cannot infect any cells due to the absence of CR2 receptors on other cells.

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1) Heterophile antibodies are antibodies produced by external antigens which are not well defined. These antibodies tend to be weaker against their target antigen.

In IM, the EBV-infected cells induce the production of IgM heterophile antibodies.

2) Atypical lymphocytes are mostly T cells. They control the acute infection by targeting the EBV infected B-cells. They show increased CD8 T cell cytotoxic activity. The atypical lymphocyte count is high in this patient as IM infects B-cells so more atypical lymphocytes are activated to destroy these virally infected cells.

3) In the serology, IgM and IgG antibodies for EBV were present. These antibody results can reflect the different stages of the infection. IgM is higher when the infection is starting off, IgG is higher in older infections.

4) Men with this condition have a deficiency in B cells so there is no target site for the EBV to infect.

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In x-linked agammaglobulinaemia these patients have no B cells. This means that there are no B cells for the virus to infect and replicate.

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Measuring IgM and IgG antibodies will determine whether the infection is acute or latent.

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x-linked b-cell immunodeficiency and it affects the maturation of the precursor b cell due to a BTK gene mutation. EBV infects mature B cells.

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They don't produce B-cells, meaning there are no host cells for the EBV virus to infect.

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The differences in the Antibody type can be used to distinguish what phase the virus is at