# data[].attributes.body
event time과 assertion time으로 결정된다

# data[].attributes.body
refernce point로 결정된다

# data[].attributes.body
논항의 개수와 위치를 변화하는 것

# data[].attributes.body
명령, 가정 등을 modal auxiliary와 결합해 화자의 perspect를 전달한다.

# data[].attributes.body
event time = assertion time

# data[].attributes.body
assertion time -> event time

# data[].attributes.body
event time-> assertion time

# data[].attributes.body
reference time 이전에 사건이 발생했을 때

auxiliary have와 결합한다.

# data[].attributes.body
reference time과 event time위 co- occurrence

# data[].attributes.headline
시제/ 상/ 태는 결합한다

# data[].attributes.subject
시제/ 상/ 태는 결합한다

# data[].attributes.body
the soup had been being eaten when it got spilled

tense-> perfect-> progressive-> passive

# data[].attributes.body
water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and 0 degrees Celsius.

# data[].attributes.body
The birds return to the island every spring

# data[].attributes.headline
1) happening at the moment of speaking and not finished

# data[].attributes.subject
1) happening at the moment of speaking and not finished

# data[].attributes.body
sorry, I'm busy at the moment. I'm doing my homework.

# data[].attributes.headline
2) actions happening generally around the time of speaking

# data[].attributes.subject
2) actions happening generally around the time of speaking

# data[].attributes.body
I'm reading a really interesting book.

# data[].attributes.body
Does this belong to you?

# data[].attributes.body
we' re having a house built, and it's costing a fortune

people are slowly realizing the cost of global warming

we're understanding more nd more about the universe.

# data[].attributes.body
what do you do?

this house is over 100 years old

dp you have a car?

i suppose this is Jim

i imagine you feel the same

what do you think?

i don't expect him to understand

i hope you haven't been waiting long

i enjoy going for long walks

your visa appears to be out of dare

this book looks interesting

i see you've had your hair cut

i didn't hear any noises

tje room smells awful

i feel sick

my bag weighs more than 25 kilo

# data[].attributes.body
what are you doing?

he is being silly

i'm having a great time here.

you're supposing he is guilty

you're imaginig things

i'm thinking of changing jobs

are you expecting someone?

we're hoping to continue the talks next week.

i'm loving every minute of my new job

tom is appearing in Hmalet at the Theatre

Helen is looking ill

jane is seeing harry

you're hearing things

i'm smelling the flowersmy foot is hurting

I'm weighing the parcel

# data[].attributes.body
you open this part of the camera here.

add three eggs

three die in airplane crash

first, i take a bowl and break two eggs into it.

# data[].attributes.body
i promise to be back for lunch

i swear that i will tell the truth

i agree with you

# data[].attributes.body
i hear you've got a new job

# data[].attributes.body
a man goes to see his psychiatrist.

Rooney crosses the half- way line

tom and daisy are an old couple

# data[].attributes.headline
5) commentaries for continuous and changing events

# data[].attributes.subject
5) commentaries for continuous and changing events

# data[].attributes.body
and the two Italians are moving up in the ouside lane.

# data[].attributes.body
it's raining

it's getting dark

# data[].attributes.body
adverb와 결합해 비난할 때 사용

you are continually interrupting!

# data[].attributes.body
generally true 습관적으로 그렇게 한다

patients eat too much

# data[].attributes.headline
8) more temporary or something not always the case

# data[].attributes.subject
8) more temporary or something not always the case

# data[].attributes.body
patients are eating too much

# data[].attributes.headline
10) present knowledge of a future event: futurate

# data[].attributes.subject
10) present knowledge of a future event: futurate

# data[].attributes.body
the next high tide is at 4 o' clock

# data[].attributes.body
i'll give it to you [before i leave]

# data[].attributes.body
i was waiting at the bus stop when this guy drives up and offers me a lift.

# data[].attributes.headline
1) finished events in the past which have a definite time

# data[].attributes.subject
1) finished events in the past which have a definite time

# data[].attributes.body
in 1969 the first men landed on the moon.

# data[].attributes.body
the door opened and two boys came into the room

# data[].attributes.body
few people in Victorian times took a bath every day.

# data[].attributes.body
preterite form does not always signal past time

# data[].attributes.headline
1) past simple can also be used for very recent event, without a time expression

# data[].attributes.subject
1) past simple can also be used for very recent event, without a time expression

# data[].attributes.body
what happened to you?

# data[].attributes.headline
2) past simple is also used in conditional sentences + modal remotedness

# data[].attributes.subject
2) past simple is also used in conditional sentences + modal remotedness

# data[].attributes.body
if he said that, she wouldn't believe him.

사실이 아닌 가정임을 보여주는 과거 형태일 뿐이지 시제가 과거인 것은 아니다.

# data[].attributes.headline
3) conditional sentences and with it's time

# data[].attributes.subject
3) conditional sentences and with it's time

# data[].attributes.body
it's time that you went to bed

자러 가지 않았기에 사실이 아니다. 사실과 사실이 아닌 것에 거리를 두기 위해 과거 형태를 사용. => modal remotedness

# data[].attributes.headline
1) to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past

# data[].attributes.subject
1) to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past

# data[].attributes.body
i looked out of the window and saw that it was raining

# data[].attributes.headline
2) for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action

# data[].attributes.subject
2) for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action

# data[].attributes.body
while we were getting ready to go out, the rain suddenly stopped

# data[].attributes.headline
3) for two continuing events happening at the same time

# data[].attributes.subject
3) for two continuing events happening at the same time

# data[].attributes.body
while jim was painting the ourside of the house, sarah was decorating the bedrooms.

# data[].attributes.headline
1) to emphasize that an action was still continuing

# data[].attributes.subject
1) to emphasize that an action was still continuing

# data[].attributes.body
they started producing the car in 1946 and were still producing it 30 years later.

# data[].attributes.body
it was becoming more and more difficult to find work.

her performances were getting better and better.

# data[].attributes.headline
3) with forever, continually, always... to criticize actions we feel are annoying or which we wish to exaggerate

# data[].attributes.subject
3) with forever, continually, always... to criticize actions we feel are annoying or which we wish to exaggerate

# data[].attributes.body
at school, he was always getting into trouble.

# data[].attributes.body
to describe habits/ states in the past

과거의 반복된 상태/ 습관/ 행위/ 동작

i used to be very skinny, but now i am normal

i didn't use to like it before

# data[].attributes.body
과거의 반복된 행위/ 동작

every summer we would stay in a small village in the mountains

# data[].attributes.body
의문형- did you use to play hide and seek when you were a child?

negative- in those days, people didn't use to travel abroad so much

be used to 익숙해지다와는 다르다!- be used to + 명사/ ing

# data[].attributes.body
past simple and continuous ate often used when the speaker is being more polite or less direct

did you want to see me about anything?

i hoped you would give me a hand with the painting

# data[].attributes.headline
1) 현재와 관련된 사건

# data[].attributes.subject
1) 현재와 관련된 사건

# data[].attributes.body
events connected to the present, without a definite past time, often with just.

someone has stolen my bike

i have just had an idea

# data[].attributes.body
indefinite events that happened at an unknown time in the past. this time is often recent, and is often used in news items when the information is current

archaeologists have discovered an anglo- saxon palace in london.

police have recaptured two escaped prisoners

no- one has proved that aliens exist

# data[].attributes.headline
2-1) announce news= present perfect/ give more details= past tense

# data[].attributes.subject
2-1) announce news= present perfect/ give more details= past tense

# data[].attributes.body
joe has passed his exam! he got 87

there has been a plane crash near bristol. witnesses say that there was an explosion as the aircraft was taking off.

# data[].attributes.headline
3) 현재의 결과를 가져온 사건

# data[].attributes.subject
3) 현재의 결과를 가져온 사건

# data[].attributes.body
indefinite events with a result in the present

my car has broken down (that's why i want a lift from you)

# data[].attributes.headline
4) 일정 기간 동안 완료된 것/ 얼마나 많은 것이 완성되었는지 표현

# data[].attributes.subject
4) 일정 기간 동안 완료된 것/ 얼마나 많은 것이 완성되었는지 표현

# data[].attributes.body
the building has been completed on time

united have scored 3 goals, and there's still an hour left

# data[].attributes.headline
5) 사람의 경험, 삶에서 지금까지 무엇을 했는지

# data[].attributes.subject
5) 사람의 경험, 삶에서 지금까지 무엇을 했는지

# data[].attributes.body
she has painted some of the best portraits of recent years

# data[].attributes.body
i've worked in this department for the past 6 months.

# data[].attributes.headline
7) 일정 기간부터 현재까지 반복된 행동 

# data[].attributes.subject
7) 일정 기간부터 현재까지 반복된 행동 

# data[].attributes.body
i've cooked dinner evry night for 10 years

# data[].attributes.body
i have worked here since 2002

we've already seen this film

this is the first time i've eaten squid

# data[].attributes.body
지금도 살아

i've lived here for 10 years

지금 안 살아

i lived here for 3 years

# data[].attributes.headline
1)present perfect simpe: unfinished time/ past simple: finished time

# data[].attributes.subject
1)present perfect simpe: unfinished time/ past simple: finished time

# data[].attributes.body
현재까지 계속 한 것/ continuing

she has painted some of the best portraits of recent years.

현재와는 커넥션이 없는 사건/ action이 끝남

she painted some of the best portraits of recent years.

# data[].attributes.body
현재와의 연관성이 있다고 본다=> present perfect simple

i've left my books at home (시공간적으로 가깝다)

현재와 관련성 없다고 본다

i left my books at home (시공간적으로 현재와는 거리가 있는 일)

시간/ 공간/ 의지

somebody has invented a new type of washing machine

who invented the telephone?

# data[].attributes.body
<미리 계획> 이미 결정된 상황에 사용

what are you going to do on saturday night?

what time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?

# data[].attributes.body
1.<즉시 결정>

what would you like to drink?-> I'll have an orange juice.

2<사실에 기반을 둔 예측>

Inflation will increase by 1% over the next twelve months.

3<어떻게 될지 모르는 경우>

I think Liverpool will win

4<생각 추측 계산>

You'll never finish that book.

**Will은 종속절, 시조부에는 쓰지 않는다.

# data[].attributes.body
2< 현재의 증거에 기반을 둔 미래 예측>

Sandra's going tp have another baby in june.

# data[].attributes.body
As soon as I've saved up enough money, I'm going to buy a car.

# data[].attributes.body
Shall I open a window?

I'll hit you if you do that again

I'll phone you tonight

# data[].attributes.headline
5. 행동이 마음에 안 들 때

# data[].attributes.subject
5. 행동이 마음에 안 들 때

# data[].attributes.body
He will keep opening yhe window

# data[].attributes.body
We shall need the money on the 15th.

# data[].attributes.body
<weather forecast>

it's going to rain.

it will rain

<내 생각 기반 추측>

i think the weather will be nice

i think the weather is going to be nice.

# data[].attributes.headline
미래가 아닌 현재를 나타내는 will

# data[].attributes.subject
미래가 아닌 현재를 나타내는 will

# data[].attributes.body
Don't phone Ann now. She'll be busy.

# data[].attributes.body
he is meeting hannah this evening

=> already fixed, arranged

He is goingto meet Hannah this evening.

=> have decided but matbe arranged to do it, maybe not

# data[].attributes.headline
7. 미래를 대신하는 현재

# data[].attributes.subject
7. 미래를 대신하는 현재

# data[].attributes.body
<timetable, programmes>

I have to go. My train leaves at 10.

# data[].attributes.body
하려 했지만 못 했다

we were going to travel by train, but then we decided to go y car instead.

# data[].attributes.body
I don't think the exam will be very difficult

# data[].attributes.body
I expect you'll want some tea

I hope Kate passes the exam

# data[].attributes.body
the car won't start

# data[].attributes.body
[these people are waiting in line to get into the cinema]

-> Half an hour from now, the cinema will bw full. Everyone will bw watching the film.

# data[].attributes.body
Three hour from now, the cinema will be empty. The film will have finished. Everyone will have gone.

# data[].attributes.body
<an event or a state at a future point>

this time next week, they'll be lying on the beach

<events that have already been arranged for a future date>

The rolling stones will bw performing in Moscow in June.

< very formal requests>

will you be wanting anything else, sir?

# data[].attributes.headline
<미래를 나타내는 기타 표현>

# data[].attributes.subject
<미래를 나타내는 기타 표현>

# data[].attributes.body
1. be to

-the conference is to take place in July

2. be about to

-I can't talk now. I'm just about to go out

+more formal

3. be on the point of

-David is on the point of leaving the company.

# data[].attributes.body
1. to move important info to the begining of the sentence.

the new swimming pool has just been opened

2. to be impersonal in a scientific or technical process

the plastic casings are produced in China.

3. 행위자의 행동이 일반적이고, 의도적으로 제거한 경우

all pupils are taught computer skills.

4. it+passive를 써서 impersonal 한 경우

it has been decided to close the factory

5. by를 써서 행위자에 초점을 주기 위해서

the new swimming pool has just been opened by the mayor.

6. 초점 주고 싶을 때는 by뒤에 행위자 쓴다

i was told by the embassy that i wouldn't need a visa.

7. 주체의 의지로 사용된 도구= with <-> 의지가 반영되지 않으면 by

During the robbery, the man was hit with a baseball bat

2 passengers were hit by flying glass.

# data[].attributes.body
행위자는 agent 의미역

행동을 겪는 대상은 theme의미역을 할당 받는다.

->수동일 때, 논항의 수와 위치를 바꿔서 theme이 주어자리에 오고, agent는 보통 생략함.

# data[].attributes.headline
문장 유형에 따른 수동태

# data[].attributes.subject
문장 유형에 따른 수동태

# data[].attributes.body
<전치사를 문장 끝에>

they were shot at.

<that절을 목적어로 가진 타동사>

they believe that she is clever

-> it is believed that she is clever

->she is believed to be clever

<that절 내부의 주어를 주어로 수동태>

it is known that he did his best

-> he is known to have done his best

# data[].attributes.body
<간접 목적어만 주어로 이동시킬 수 있는 동사>

spare/kiss/envy/save/refuse/deny/call

tom kissed jane a good night kiss

->jane was kissed a good night kiss

<직접 목적어만 " ">

전치사 for을 쓰는 동사와 write/ read/ sing/ bring

<간접 목적어와 that절을 가질 때, 간접 목적어를 주어로 하는 것만 가능>

the informed me that i had failed again

-> i was informed that i had failed again

# data[].attributes.body
<complement still follows the verb>

he called his dog Mickey

-> his dog was called Mickey

<전치사>

we thought of hom as a fool

-> he was thought of as a fool

<~에게 ~하도록 시키다>

she ordered me to turn off the tv

-> i was ordered to tirn off the tv

# data[].attributes.body
<the passive forms of make are followed by to- infinitive>

they made helen write the test again

->helen was made to write the test again

<have는 ask로 변환한다>

maria had him review the report

-> he was asked to review the report

<let은 allow로 변환한다>

my mother let him drink a cup of coffee

->he was allowed to drink a cup of coffee

# data[].attributes.body
<complete-> to를 붙인다>

i saw him leave -> he was seen to leave.

<-> i saw him leaving-> he was seen leaving

<tell>

my mother told me that i should clean my room

-> i was told that i should clean my room

<say>

people say that pigs are the least ntelligent of domestic animals

-> pigs are said to be the least intelligent of domestic animals.

# data[].attributes.body
memorize this sentence

->let this sentence be memorized

<부정>

don't forget this historic event

->don't let this historic event be forgotten

-> let this historic event not be forgotten

# data[].attributes.headline
수동태가 불가능한 경우

# data[].attributes.subject
수동태가 불가능한 경우

# data[].attributes.body
1. 자동사

2. 타동사- 상태,소유 동사

3. 사역동사 - have, let

4. 목적어가 재귀대명사

5. 목적어가 상호대명사

# data[].attributes.body
1. do not mention the agent

i'm going to have my photograph taken by a top fashion photographer

2. mention the place

i have my hair cut at my local hairdresser's.

3. unfortunate events

maria had her car stolen last night.

# data[].attributes.body
<make+o+원형>

the secret of happiniss is to make others believe they are the cause of it.

<make+o+pp>

you have to speak up to make yourself heard.

# data[].attributes.body
<have+o+원형>

we have never had customers complain about the quality of our products.

<have+o+ing>

now that the winter is over, it is lovely to have kids playing in the garden again.

<have+o+pp>

we had these security cameras installed

# data[].attributes.body
<let+o+원형>

i let the doctor take off the ventilator

<let+o+be pp>

the club is careful not to let the younger players be overexposed to the media