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What is scholarly practice and scholar-activism? What are the theories that undergrad scholarly practice? How can research be used as a tool of justice, equity, and healing as opposed to a tool of oppression and maintenance of inequities?

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"The PhD is to understand the world. The EdD is to change the world"

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Lindeman believed that in democractic society, education promotes intelligence and reason, without which social action becomes nothing but sheer power and soon degenerates into antidemocratic activity.

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Dewey

reflection is a meaning-making process that moves a learner from one experience to the next with a deeper understanding.

roots in scientific inquiry

needs to happen in the community and interaction with others

(basically, the cohort model that AU has adapted)

Experience

most important for myself in this journey of EdD

being an active participant in events and progress

creating a sense of continuity from what is created

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Introduction to the Special Issue- SR/GC

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Introduction to the Special Issue- SR/GC

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Who we give a voice to through our research is important and we leave huellas and hopefully strive for others to follow in the path of si se puede.

"let's live by an ethic of promoting justice through engaged, transformative research."

"Straddle the worlds, walking a precarious and somewhat invisible line."

Concept of reflection and reflexiveness comes up again as a vehicle for success of not only community building but also to create an equitable space of growth.

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CRT

social justice oriented researchers

scholar-activism

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What identities do I hold? What are the power dynamics inherent in the problem of practice I will seek to learn about? How do my personal, professional, and/or intellectual possibilities cohere with or diverge from my research interests? How might my positionality influence the interactions that I have with participants?

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While I understand why positionality is important for research in general, American University puts a very high emphasis on it. It entails that there has to be a constant reflection practice about one's own identity and position in the world. In addition, I feel like in every class that I have taken there has been some type of activity to be able to figure out what and who you are before you even figure out what you would like your POP to be. Dr. Hairston's class made this a mission-- for us to figure out who we were and what space did we take up in the POP if needed. I do believe that if you have a connection to your POP then you would have a much deeper dive, connection and attachment to your own research.

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Research Methods for Social Justice and Equity in Education

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Research Methods for Social Justice and Equity in Education

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Positionality prompts researchers to ask if this research should be done and if one is the researcher to be conducting this.

Does the research contribute to more equity in society? Instead of reproducing inequity or diminishing it.

Positionality: race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, other identities, power, privilege.

Positionality is a CONSTRUCT

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One of the my biggest takeaways from this session was, "you can share whatever you want to share, you do not have to share it all."

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underrepresented

marginalized

minoritized

white research privilege

white research silence

hyperpolitiness

white academic talk

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Research Methods for Social Justice and Equity in Education

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Research Methods for Social Justice and Equity in Education

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Reflexivity

continual exploration of one's power and privilege

includes feedback from critical peers that can identify where and how one might not be aware of differences and conflicts between their assumptions and the lived experiences of participants.

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Mule- cannot reproduce

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The core idea is that race is a social construct, and that racism is not merely the product of individual bias or prejudice, but also something embedded in legal systems and policies.

Deep thinking around convergence of interest and engraved in every aspect in US life.

The theory says that racism is part of everyday life, so people—white or nonwhite—who don’t intend to be racist can nevertheless make choices that fuel racism.

centralized counter stories and social issues through a intersectional lens

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including the participants in the cycle

testing the knowledge through the cycles

One approach to action research is for practitioners to take formal research findings, develop them into their own action research questions, and conduct quasi-experimental research (Sagor, 2005).

Action research is any systematic inquiry conducted by teacher researchers to gather information about the ways that their particular school operates, how they teach, and how well their students learn.

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we need to bring it up to have data and evidence that supports an action that needs to change

policy (actionable projects)

people in power that have the power to change

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Participants are actively engaged in identifying problem, testing solutions, and evaluating outcomes to foster improvement (AR)

A dissertation can be considered "action research" or "participatory action research (PAR)" if the research methodology employed is focused on actively intervening in a situation while simultaneously collecting data to analyze and improve practices, often involving significant participation from the studied group, making it a collaborative process aimed at social change; essentially, the researcher is not just observing but actively working with participants to solve a problem within a specific context.

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the belief that social identities, such as race, gender, intersect in a distinctive way such that each identity can be only defined through the intersection with other identities.

interconnection and interdependencies between social categories and systems

reveals 6 core ideas: inequality, relationality, power, social context, complexity, and social justice

questions then become homogenized renditions of group experiences

explains the inequality found within racial and gendered groups and social

heavy political

applications in policy and leadership and organization work

can be used analytically, theoretically, and methodologically

vehicle on how to analyze masculinities and patriarchy (David)

theoretically- Crenshaw's work a multiplicity of layers that people have!

white woman are less in the hierarchy but the experience of black woman is even further down in connection with law

methodological- how we gather the information,- using intersectionality as a lens for data collection, analysis, and interpretation

sensitizes the researchers to hierarchies of domination within and across intersecting markers of difference

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1. How it’s disrupted: instead of creating for people but with people and making it a non-traditional format when you consider power dynamics, using Y/par being inclusive of the different identities and cultural experiences this in turn also disrupted by:

1 - identify risk factors

2 – centers the voice of youth

3 – part of the process / lived experience

4 -  white dominate male of cycle dominated  research – the holder of knowledge

2. How does it empower youth (makes them feel hear/advocated for, Is it really emancipatory

It can be !

A product of the system that adults create

are we the best people to solve the problem?

is the group equipped to do that research? if there is a language barrier is it YPAR? or is it tokenistic?

3. repositioning students as leaders and the concept of third spaces (shifted)

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detailed description as a goal

constructivism - we make the world what we bring to it

discuss describe and understand

researcher is key

tell a story

the why behind the data

the how behind the constructs that sometimes data misses

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Constructivism vs Positivism

rue of numbers and debate of

come from different traditions

society built on a bias where data is numbers

inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem

study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or to interpret, phenomena in terms of the meaning that people bring to them

PHENOMENA

what is happening, what are people doing, and what does it mean to them?

highly interpretive

describes reality

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what questions do we ask

how

why

context

background

open ended questions

what, who, where, when

demographics

Deductive and Inductive

Deductive reasoning

Starts with a general idea or theory and uses it to reach a specific conclusion. For example, if you know that all fish live in water and that Nemo is a fish, you can use deductive reasoning to conclude that Nemo lives in water.

Inductive reasoning

Starts with specific observations and uses them to reach a general conclusion. For example, if you observe all of your friends happily consuming soup, you can induce that the soup is tasty.

examples of qualitative research

interviews

observations

action research- can do qualitatively but it's usually mixed research

does not fit under the qualitative umbrella

ethnography

focus groups, in-depth interviews, observations, case studies, ethnographic research, narrative analysis, content analysis, and participant diaries

What kind of sources do we have to use in qualitative research

artifacts

journals

transcripts

diaries

primary vs secondary

Primary: Original records created by people who experienced or witnessed an event

diary

Secondary: Documents that interpret or analyze primary sources

a textbook that mentions the diary

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Overview of qualitative research methods

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Overview of qualitative research methods

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Educational research is a systematic application of a family of methods that are employed to provide trustworthy information about problems

Qualitative Research

rich description

focus: quality or meaning of experience

philosophical roots: constructivism, interpretivism

goals of investigation: understand, describe and discover

design characteristics: flexible, evolving and emergent

data collection: the researcher as instrument; their own interpretation of the data

Goals: 1. explore (identify patterns, ) 2. description (heart of it, the essential is that it conveys info and to accurately convey experience. 3. Interpretation (meaningful to make sense of what goes on) --> leads to a phenomenon

Methodological traditions: case study- any number of techniques, flexible, widely use. grounded theory- sociological research, ethnography, phenomenology- essence of human experiences, narrative approaches- stories that individuals provide

Data: interview, focus groups, documents, observations

Methods to use in analysis: 1. preparing and organizing data, 2. reducing data into themes such as coding, 3. presenting data in narrative or a graphic form

validity in qualitative research; credibility, trustworthiness, confirmability, dependability

validity- prolonged engagement, rich and thick description, triangulation, member checking, discrepant information, clarifying research bias, peer debriefing, external auditor.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsAUNs-IoSQ

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Overview of Qualitative Research Methods

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Decolonizing Methodologies: Can relational research be a basis for renewed relationships?

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Decolonizing Methodologies: Can relational research be a basis for renewed relationships?

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need to understand that research is marginalization, oppression and dispossession of the indigenous people

research can be healing

three core principles: research be community defined, collaborative, outcomes be meaningful to the community

research if you are using it to engage and promote change everyone must be included ex: feminist- can align to the values and goals but not a woman

"if we assume we are guest, we will be welcomed, if we assume we will be welcomed we are no longer guests."

space but it has to be in terms of the community that is being researched on

protection in guaranteed sense can aid in renewal but not fully heal

if research does not change you as a person, then you

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Decolonizing Methodologies: Can relational research be a basis for renewed relationships?

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Photovoice is a process in which people – usually those with limited power due to poverty, language barriers, race, class, ethnicity, gender, culture, or other circumstances – use video and/or photo images to capture aspects of their environment and experiences and share them with others.

raise consciousness

Wang uses these five concepts

Images teach

Pictures can influence policy

Community members ought to participate in creating and defining the images that shape healthful public policy

The process requires that from the outset planners bring policy makers and other influential people to the table to serve as an audience

Photovoice emphasizes individual and community action

Photovoice has three main goals:

To help those who are often unheard gain a voice, enabling them to record and reflect on their experiences and their communities’ conditions, both positive and negative.

To encourage critical consciousness. Through choosing, discussing, and reflecting on the subjects of their photographs, the photographers can come to a clearer understanding of their circumstances and the economic, social, psychological, and political forces that shape them.

To bring about change that will improve conditions and enhance lives by reaching and influencing policy makers.

Photovoice is usually PAR, but can be used as qualitative research

Why use it?

a picture is worth a thousand words

policy makers can't deny reality when its staring them in the face

pictures can be used to hold policy makers and others accountable

provides a means for empowerment

Types of organizations that could benefit from using Photovoice with participants:

Schools and other organizations that work with children and youth.

Orphanages, group houses, homeless shelters, and other living situations for those who need care.

Organizations that work with people whose needs and humanity are commonly ignored.

Community health centers and similar health providers.

Organizations that serve people with physical and mental disabilities or mental health issues.

Advocacy organizations or health and human service organizations that include advocacy in their mission.

International aid and refugee organizations.

https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-and-resources/photovoice/main

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Chapter 3. Assessing Community Needs and Resources | Section 20. Implementing Photovoice in Your Community | Main Section | Community Tool Box

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Learn how to use Photovoice to empower people as they document the community’s needs and resources from their experience.

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Photovoice as an examples

personal stories and lived experiences

Life history theory employs a qualitative research approach that focuses on collecting and interpreting personal narratives to understand the intricate experiences of individuals or groups over time and within their social, cultural, and historical context.

shapes their choices and experiences

Narrative inquiry (approach)

story telling and personal narratives to explore the individuals experience

Critiques:

1. the argument that qualitative research may lack objectivity because researcher can influence findings -- using multiple research data sources

2. researcher bias

3. lacks transparency - communicate to the researcher differently than what that actually happened at that time (question)

4. scientific rigorous

5. procedural clarity

6. replicability - difficult to do this, qualitative research (reproducibility)

how is this different from an ethnography

immerse observation into understanding a certain phenomenon or group

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In a nutshell, descriptive statistics focus on describing the visible characteristics of a dataset (a population or sample). Meanwhile, inferential statistics focus on making predictions or generalizations about a larger dataset, based on a sample of those data.May 24, 2023

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Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics use data to make predictions or generalizations about a larger group:

Descriptive statistics

Summarize the main features of a dataset using measures like the mean, median, and standard deviation. Descriptive statistics state facts and proven outcomes from a population. For example, preparing and reporting financial statements is descriptive statistics.

Inferential statistics

Use sample data to make estimates, predictions, or generalizations about a larger population. Inferential statistics analyze samplings to make predictions about larger populations. For example, analyzing financial information to make decisions on the future is inferential statistics.

Inferential statistics use probability theory to infer characteristics of the population from which the sample was drawn. Because it's usually impossible to measure the entire population, inferential statistics use a random sample to analyze the data. The difference between the sample statistic and the population value is called the sampling error. Inferential statistics incorporate estimates of this error into the statistical results.

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Quantitative Critical Race Theory (QuantCrit) is a framework that helps researchers consider systemic inequities in society when thinking about their data, positionality, and how to disseminate it. The theory is based on five principles: Racism is central, Numbers are not neutral, Categories are not natural or given, Voice and insight are important, and A social justice/equity orientation is important.

the centrality of racism as a complex and deeply rooted aspect of society that is not readily amenable to quantification

the reality that categories are neither natural nor given and so the units and forms of analysis must be critically evaluated

the understanding that statistical analyses have no inherent value but they can play a role in struggles for social justice

embodies the need to apply CRT understanding and insights whenever quantitative data used in research, policy and practice

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critiqures neutrality

explains and investigates the power dynamics in politics

produces reality

both spoken and written language

Discourse analysis is a qualitative research method for studying “language in context.”The process goes beyond analyzing words and sentences, establishing a deeper context about how language is used to engage in actions and form social identity.

power uses language to leverage political mobilization

FRAME: Ex: immigration (on the frame - legality and illegality)

we are participating whether rejecting or partaking

there is power in the language that is used to achieve political and or more objectives

what is the trajectory here? who uses it? and why?

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Case study is a research methodology, typically seen in social and life sciences. There is no one definition of case study research. However, very simply… ‘a case study can be defined as an intensive study about a person, a group of people or a unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units’. A case study has also been described as an intensive, systematic investigation of a single individual, group, community or some other unit in which the researcher examines in-depth data relating to several variables.

how is this a double agent?

can have multiple roles in the case study

Data itself - how many people you serve? and demographics that can be analyzed

but also analyze potential outcomes based on _________

contained

SMART

funders love case studies