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On December 30, 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was officially established. This marked the culmination of the Russian Revolution and the creation of the world's first socialist state. The USSR initially consisted of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Transcaucasia (modern-day Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan).

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Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution and the first leader of the Soviet Union, died on January 21, 1924. His death led to a power struggle within the Communist Party, ultimately resulting in Joseph Stalin's ascension to power. Stalin would go on to transform the USSR through his policies of rapid industrialization and collectivization.

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The Holodomor, a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine, resulted in the deaths of millions of Ukrainians. This catastrophic event was largely due to Stalin's policies of collectivization and the forced requisition of grain. The Holodomor is now recognized by many countries as a genocide against the Ukrainian people.

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On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, a massive invasion of the Soviet Union. This operation marked the beginning of the Eastern Front in World War II. Despite initial German successes, the Soviet Union ultimately repelled the invasion, turning the tide of the war in favor of the Allies.

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From February 4-11, 1945, the leaders of the US, UK, and USSR met at the Yalta Conference to discuss the post-war reorganization of Europe. This meeting, attended by Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, set the stage for the division of Europe and the beginning of the Cold War.

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1953: Stalin's Death and Khrushchev's Rise

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1953: Stalin's Death and Khrushchev's Rise

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Joseph Stalin died on March 5, 1953, ending his 30-year rule of the Soviet Union. His death led to a period of collective leadership, followed by the rise of Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev initiated a period of 'de-Stalinization' and relative liberalization known as the 'Thaw'.

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On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite. This event marked the beginning of the Space Age and intensified the Space Race between the USSR and the USA. Sputnik's launch was a major technological achievement that shocked the Western world.

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The Cuban Missile Crisis, lasting from October 16-28, 1962, was a 13-day confrontation between the US and USSR over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. This event brought the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war and is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear conflict.