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->Gorbachev introduced new ideas/thinking and vocabulary to Soviet politics.
->Gorbachev introduced the term 'perestroika' (meaning 'reconstruction') to refer to economic and political reform.
->Gorbachev used the word 'glasnost' (meaning 'transparency' or 'openness') to refer to freedom of speech.
->Gorbachev's willingness to embrace new ideas allowed radical ideas opposing communism to take hold, such as freedom of speech, free market economics, and democratic elections.

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Newspapers published accounts of Stalin’s atrocities, and books, films and plays by anti-communist intellectuals were uncensored and released.

It also allowed people in the Soviet union to see how much higher western standards of living were, while continuously exposing Stalin’s government more.

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a series of economic reforms aimed to make the soviet market into a free market which ultimately resulted in more issues.

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->Previously, Eastern Bloc countries were allowed only limited freedom and any reforms which threatened stability  were crushed (e.g.  Czechoslovakia and Hungary).
->Gorbachev rejected the Brezhnev doctrine.
->He renounced the Soviet Union's right to interfere in the affairs of the Eastern Bloc nations - he declared he will let them follow their own path to communism.
->This doctrine was the called the 'Sinatra Doctrine' (after Frank Sinatra's song 'My way')

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1. Rationnalisation 1985-6. Initial economic reforms designed to stimulate economic growth and higher levels of production, led by communist party.

Led to decline in economic growth, making economic conditions worse and undermining faith in party. Failure led to more radical economic and political reform.

2. Reform 1987 – March 1990. Reforms intended to introduce market forces into soviet economic along with political reforms designed to build support for greater economic change.

This Further weakened Soviet Union and undermined faith in communist party and its ideology.

3. Transformation March 1990 – august 1991. Abandoned fundamental aspects of soviet system such as single party rule, command economy and the party lost control of the process.

Further weakened Soviet Union and allowed rival national power bases to emerge. Abandoned essential features of soviet communism – the only features holding Soviet Union together.

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Glasnost: Holly, Maisy, Jasmine, Katelin 

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Glasnost: Holly, Maisy, Jasmine, Katelin 

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1. Gorbachev invited writers and intellectuals to criticse hard-line communists and support his reforms

2. He alloswed greater freedom of expression in the media in hopes that the intellecutals would critcise the party and develop new ideas for his reforms

3. However, the critcisms of the party went much further - to the point where Marx and Lenin where ctriticised - made it unstable because the foundations of communism were being criticised and Gorbachev himself was criticsed too

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meaning ‘openness’

It was coined by Andropov supporters who wanted openness in the party about the state of the soviet party

It led to a greater demand for independence from this Soviets in the satellite state and a rise in nationalism

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used by andropov supporters who wanted to expose corruption - mainly openness about economy

gorbachev used it to gain support from outside of the party - support for his reforms from citizens rather than party members

27th party congress in 1986 - committed to ‘systemic and all round improvment of socialism’, and ‘power exercised for the people and by the people’

liberalised media to allow intellectuals to criticise party and gain support for reforms

criticisms of stalin continued, in 1988 yakolev and tsipko criticised marx and lenin

in 1988 foreign newspapers and radio were permitted

in 1988 at conference the officials recognised and admitted the problems they faced

glasnost allowed gorbachev to gain controll at the influence of his opposition

criticism of communism as a whole, and revlaations about stalins terror destabilised party rule - unanticipated criticism and demands for indipen dance

lead to the rise of nationalism in eastern bloc countries - people were aware of the persecution under stalin, and life in the westd

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foreign policy reforms led to a rise in nationalism

Gorbachev wanted to improve and redefine the relationship between soviet and Eastern European satellite states

though they didn't have much freedom before, gorbachev created the Sinatra doctrine which argued that different countries should be able to follow their own path to communism.

he rejected the Brezhnev doctrine (the idea that soviets had the right to intervene in other soviet country affairs)

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Perestroika: Katelin, Holly, Maisy, Jasmine

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Perestroika: Katelin, Holly, Maisy, Jasmine

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Perestroika referred to Gorbachev’s economic and political reforms

Had 3 stages:

Rationalism, 1985-86, Reforms designed to stimulate economic modernisation, higher rates of economic growth + higher levels of production and led to decline in economic growth, making conditions worse and undermining faith in party

Reform, 1987-March 1990, Initiated political reforms designed to build support for greater economic change, further weakened Soviet Union

Transformation, March 1990-August 1991, Gorbachev began to abandon fundamental aspects of system ditch as single party rule and command economy leading to abandoning essential features of Soviet Communism , reforms further weakened USSR allowing rival national power bases to emerge

Reforms consistently failed to increase economic growth, economy stopped growing under Gorbachev and bean to shrink. Gorbachev recognised economy stagnating and embraced economic reform.

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New thinking - Holly, Maisy, Jasmine and Katelin

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New thinking - Holly, Maisy, Jasmine and Katelin

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1. New thinking was a new language of politics - was meant to evolve and improve the USSR but ended up erasing it

2. Gorbachev's willingness to embrace new ideas allowed radicals inthe party, intellcutals and members of the public to advocate different alternatives to Communism - evolving freedom of speech, free marker economies and democratic elections

3. Gorbachev wanted to disort the ideas of other nations - 'these misconceptions made us oppose the rest of the world' - Gorbachev thought that embracing new ideas would improve their economy, public consciousness, science, culture and intellectual potential

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Sinatra doctrine- Jasmine, Holly, Maisy, Katelin

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Sinatra doctrine- Jasmine, Holly, Maisy, Katelin

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rejected the Brezhnev doctrine

argued that different countries could follow their own paths to communism

Caused communism to fall across Eastern Europe in 1989 (incl. deconstruction of Berlin Wall)

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-> This doctrine was named after the Frank Sinatra song, I’ll do it my way, because of the sudden increase in freedom for each country.

-> Gorbachev rejected the Brezhnev Doctrine in 1989 because he argued that different countries should follow their own paths to communism, without interference. This shows a sudden development towards the end of the USSR as the empire is beginning to split their decisions.

-> Designed to reestablish the relationship between the USSR and the satellite states.

-> Led to significant increases in democracy such as :

The Fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany which takes it out of the hands of the war time allies

Hungary and Poland started to hold democratic elections allowing social democratic parties to gain power and the end of communism as a rule.

Peaceful revolutions began against communist rule which meant that Gorbachev couldn’t interfere due to the doctrine as a whole and the rejection of the Brezhnev Doctrine.