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I am very happy where I am today achieving my future dream.

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Health to me means being physically, mentally, socially, and culturally wellbeing and absence of any diseases. I feel, being mentally able to decide what to do in my life is important. Healthy means being able to decide and function well to do my daily living activities and connect well with my friends and family.

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The impact of WHO social determinants such as Education, Unemployment and job insecurity, and Income and social protection on migrant and refugee health in Australia that influence the health outcomes (World Health Organization, 2023).
The education is one of the powerful determinants which modify health literacy of an individual. Higher education is linked to better health outcomes and awareness. Limited education opportunities due to language barrier can affect the migrants and refugee's health conditions.
Unemployment and Job insecurities have higher impact on migrants in Australia. Newly arrived migrants may face difficulties in engaging well with the co-workers in a new country. This results in less employment opportunities to the migrants in Australia.
Income and social protection, migrants may be terrified to be in new environment and may feel socially unprotected and unsheltered in new country. Low income may direct to difficulty in healthy dietary habits. It also leads to limited health access in medical and health care system to the refugees in Australia.

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World Health Organization. (2023). Social determinants of health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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Momo is one of the most popular dishes found in Nepal. It is filled with minced meat or mix vegetables as well. Momo commonly prepared by steaming, it can also be enjoyed when fried or included in a soup. I like to prepare this dish in cold weather with my family and eat with tomato pickle.

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For me, the most relevant aspect of competency standard 12.3 was person centred and family focused care, access and equity, quality and safety, dignity and respect, and effective communication. I have improved my understanding of engaging with families, understanding their unique culture and dynamics are important to build trust and collaborations in providing the nursing care. Having learned that dignity and respect of an individual are the fundamental elements in nursing care, I now feel that I am confident to provide care for those patients of different culture to me. I have developed my skills in understanding and learning the diverse background of my patients and valuing their culture and belief in providing nursing practices. This knowledge is useful to me in the workplace because it will help me in providing care to those patients with cultural differences, focusing an environment where my patients are valued and respected.

Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. (2019). https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Rhododendron is called Laliguras in Nepal. This flower is used for medicinal purpose. It is believed that it possess antipyretic properties, which helps to reduce fever (Laliguras: The National Flower of Nepal, n.d.). The flower has traditionally been used in Nepalese medicine to treat respiratory, digestive, and skin issues.

Laliguras: The National Flower of Nepal. (n.d.). World Alpine Treks. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://worldalpinetreks.com/laliguras-national-flower-nepal

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Principal health issue that refugees face

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Principal health issue that refugees face

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Country focus: Africa
Africa is the second largest continent, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian ocean, The Red Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. The most of African migrates in
Australia due to war and challenges including political prosecution. 48000 African refugees were resettled in Australia as a humanitarian visa intake in 2000 (Molla, 2020). In the 2020 census, over 400,000 people living in Australia recorded were of African origin. The three health concerns listed on Australian Refugee guide that are likely to be present to the people arrived from Africa were Low Vitamin D, Malaria, and Helicobacter pylori.

Low Vitamin D:
Vitamin D deficiencies can lead to bone and joint pain, and osteoporosis. The data in Australian refugee guide shows 61-100% of African refugee have low vitamin D (Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds, n.d.).
One available treatment for the refugee is to recommend  Vitamin D screening to the people with more risk factor of low Vitamin D.

Malaria:
Malaria is parasites protozoal infection caused by mosquito. Plasmodium falciparum is the most common and dangerous. In an Australian study, 4-10% of African people were diagnosed with malaria (Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds, n.d.).
One available treatment for malaria for African refugee is to provide a single dose of primaquine to reduce the risk of transmission to local mosquitoes.

Helicobacter pylori infection.
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach causing redness and swelling. 80% of African children from refugee background had positive stool antigen test on arrival in Australia (Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds, n.d.).
Treatment for the refugee patient with H. pylori is to recommend a breath test on arrival to demonstrate effective eradication post therapy.

Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au

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Molla, T. (2021). African Refugees in Australia: Social Position and Educational Outcomes. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 19(4), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2020.1801942

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Tihar also known as 'Bhai tika' is the five-days festival of lights celebrated in Nepal. In these five days, we worship different animals such as, cows, dogs, crows, worshiping Hindu goddess of wealth and last day is 'Bhai tika'. This festival focuses on thanking animals and celebrating the help they provide in the lives of humans.

Tihar. (n.d.). 103.69.124.108. Retrieved October 7, 2023, from http://103.69.124.108/index.php/en/events-and-festivals/50-tihar#:~:text=It%20is%20a%20five%2Ddays

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Mount Everest: Highest peak in the world(8848m). 

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Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world with the height of 8848m located in Nepal. The Nepali name of Mount Everest is Sagarmatha meaning 'Peak of Heaven'. The mountain is deeply important in local stories, tradition, and tourism, adding special meaning to the lives of people living there, known as Sherpas.

Bishop, B. C., & Norgay Tenzing. (2018). Mount Everest | Geology, Height, Exploration, & Deaths. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Everest

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Nepal has a unique triangular flag, combination of two pennons, which represents mountains. Nepal's flag is the only non-quadrilateral flag in the world. It has crimson colour and blue border with the moon in upper segment and the sun in lower segment. The 12 rays of sun represent the 12 months and 12 zodiac signs, as they are related to the sun movements.

THE HISTORY BEHIND THE FLAG OF NEPAL (2018, January 2).  Berger Blog. https://www.bergerpaints.com/imaginecolours/colour-culture/history-behind-flag-nepal#:~:text=Why%20is%20Nepal%27s%20flag%20such

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Nepalese people worship a young girl as Kumari, the only living goddess in the world. There is a unique tradition, where a young girl is chosen and is turned into living deity with different rituals and puja. Nepalese people believed that the goddess protect her nation from the evil.

Nepal’s Goddess Kumari, The Only Living Deity in the World. (2021, July 15). https://heavenhimalaya.com/goddess-kumari/

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