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Personal photos that represent my health, being physically active, having access to healthy foods and support and love from family.

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Health, to me, means having great potential to perform physical activities and having mental clarity and peace of mind. Having good health enhances the way we live, interact, and connect with people and our surroundings.

I think it is also important to note that our view of health is not always permanent. Throughout our lives, our priorities and views constantly change.

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Reading Domain 7 standard 12.2 (Refer to the image above), for me, the most significant aspect that I understand is that systematic biases in institutional policies can negatively impact a patient's health, creating barriers for them to receive accurate treatment, accurate diagnoses, or experiencing delays in diagnosis.

For example, if an Aboriginal patient comes in with a biased prejudgment that society might have about them being alcoholics, this pre-judgment has already prompted them to be treated differently and not receive the same amount of treatment as someone whom nurses don't stereotype. This made me reflect on the time when I was stereotyped. I felt judged, unsafe, embarrassed, and did not want to open up to talk and trust. Lack of trust creates a barrier to communication, which may cause miscommunication and, thus, misdiagnosis and other issues.

I have learned that there is a distrust in the healthcare system experienced by those with ethnic backgrounds. As a future nurse, I plan to avoid stereotyping patients, recognize situations that can magnify stereotyping and bias, engage in perspective taking and emotional expression to build a sense of bond and trust with the patient.

End text reference
Working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. (2019). https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Unemployment and Job Insecurity In Australian Refugees

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Unemployment and Job Insecurity In Australian Refugees

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Many refugees find it hard to secure employment due to their lack of working skills upon arrival. Non-recognition of educational and professional qualifications, along with no previous work experience in the host countries, makes it even more challenging. They are also subjected to poor working conditions, and the temporary visas they hold often come with work restrictions (National Library of Medicine, 2021).

End text reference
Cain, P., Daly, A., & Reid, A. (2021). How Refugees Experience the Australian Workplace: A Comparative Mixed Methods Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(8), 4023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084023

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Food insecurity Australian Refugees face 

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Food insecurity Australian Refugees face 

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There is a high prevalence of food insecurity that impacts refugees and asylum seekers. The prevalence of food insecurity ranges from 35% to 90%, with severe hunger levels experienced by 11% to 40%. Food insecurity occurs for many reasons upon arrival, including poverty, unemployment, restrictive visa conditions, poor mental and physical health, and language and cultural barriers. Money earned from jobs by refugees and migrants is often sent back home, leaving little to purchase food (Right to Food Coalition, 2021).

The limited availability and increased prices of refugees' and migrants' traditional foods present challenges, especially for those who require halal options. Refugees residing in poorer neighborhoods have decreased access to public transport, reducing their access to food (Right to Food Coalition, 2021).

Food insecurity in refugees and asylum seekers: Australia’s right to food coalition. Right to Food Coalition. (2021, June 24). https://righttofood.org.au/food-insecurity-in-refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-australia/#:~:text=Unfortunately%2C%20food%20insecurity%20is%20not,to%2040%25%20of%20the%20participants.

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Figure obtained from (Multicultural Youth Advocacy Network Australia, p.8, 2020). 

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The impact of education on Australian refugees

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The impact of education on Australian refugees

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Education is a critical factor in successful settlement outcomes for children and young people and is identified as a key indicator of active citizenship and successful youth settlement in the National Youth Settlement Framework
(NYSF).

Australia has migrant education programs however despite this there was a decrease in centralised specialist EA/D services. Additional challenges that frequently occur are limited schooling prior, unfamiliar educational system, trauma, separation from family, racism and more (Myan Australia, 2020).

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Education and students from refugee and migrant backgrounds. (2020). https://myan.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/education_issue_05.pdf

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In this video I ask my dad a series of questions about his refugee journey.

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Health issue that refugees face and recommendations 

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Health issue that refugees face and recommendations 

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Country Focus: Sudan
Sudanese refugees have arrived in Australia in several waves. By 2006, the influx of African refugees (57% Sudanese) had increased dramatically, with 250,000 residing in Australia. This demographic reflects the multicultural nature of Australia's immigrant population (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2008).

Common health issues faced by Sudanese refugees:
Prevalent health issues in Sudanese refugees in Australia include deficiencies in vitamin D and iron, anemia, and infectious ailments, such as gastrointestinal infections, schistosomiasis, latent tuberculosis, and mental challenges (Queensland Health, 2011).

Deficiencies and Anemia:
Deficiencies were frequently experienced by Sudanese refugees as they were exposed to food scarcity and had limited access to nutritious food and clean water. This resulted in malnutrition, which encompasses vitamin deficiencies, iron deficiency, and anemia (Davidson et al.). Anemia is characterized by a low concentration of blood hemoglobin (Chaves & Paxton, 2023).

Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis
TB is transmitted through inhaling aerosolized droplets from individuals with active respiratory TB. In many individuals, TB infection is localized, hence LTBI (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). For people with LTBI, the lifetime risk of active TB is 5-10% (Denholm et al., 2023).

Mental Health
Sudanese refugees in Australia experience adverse effects on their mental well-being. They have concerns about the safety of family members back home and the shifting of family roles. The obligation of sending money back home only exacerbates their struggle (Savic et al., 2013).

End text references
African Australians Project: Australia’s migration policies. The Australian Human Rights Commission. (2008). https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/projects/african-australians-project-australias-migration-policies
Community Profiles for Health Care Providers - sudanese profile. (2011). https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/157378/sudanese2011.pdf

Davidson, M. B., Brown, G., Street, L., McBrien, K., Norrie, E., Hull, A., Talavlikar, R., Holdbrook, L., & Fabreau, G. E. (2022). Iron deficiency, anemia and association with refugee camp exposure among recently resettled refugees: A Canadian retrospective cohort study. PloS one, 17(12), e0278838. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278838

Denholm, J., Bailes, M., & Francis, J. (2023). Tuberculosis (TB & LTBI). Tuberculosis (TB & LTBI) " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/tuberculosis-tb/

Savic, M., Chur-Hansen, A., Mahmood, M. A., & Moore, V. (2013). Separation from family and its impact on the mental health of Sudanese refugees in Australia: a qualitative study. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 37(4), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12088

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Image from (Australian Refugee Practice Guide, 2023). 

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Recommendations for Sudan Refugee's health Concerns 

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Recommendations for Sudan Refugee's health Concerns 

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Deficiencies and Anemia
There are recommendation guides offering screening for anemia with a Full Blood Examination (FBE) for all individuals from refugee-like backgrounds. These guides also recommend screening for iron deficiency in children and pregnant women, encouraging an iron-rich diet, and reducing excessive dairy intake (Chaves & Paxton, 2023).

Tuberculosis
Recommendations include offering testing for Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) in people aged 35 and under, as well as those between 2-10 years old. There should be an ongoing intention to offer preventative treatment, using the Tuberculin skin test or the blood interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA), and ensuring that chest X-rays (CXR) are promoted during the migration process (Denholm et al., 2023).

Mental Health
Recommendations include assessing emotional and mental well-being upon arrival, conducting screenings, assessing potential psychological impacts, considering suicide risk assessment, and evaluating functional impairment (Singleton et al., 2023).

End text references

Chaves, N., & Paxton, G. (2023). Anaemia, iron deficiency, and other blood conditions. Anaemia, Iron Deficiency, and Other Blood Conditions " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/anaemia-iron-deficiency-and-other-blood-conditions/

Denholm, J., Bailes, M., & Francis, J. (2023). Tuberculosis (TB & LTBI). Tuberculosis (TB & LTBI) " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/tuberculosis-tb/

Singleton, G., Hocking, D., Gardiner, J., & Paxton, G. (2023). Mental health. Mental Health " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/mental-health/

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My dad and his younger sister back in Vietnam before seeking refuge in Australia 

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My Dad in Vietnam before his journey to seek refuge in Australia 

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My Dad in Vietnam before his journey to seek refuge in Australia 

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Left top corner (Hu teiu), right top corner (Family cellebreating Vietnamese new year), Left bottom (vietnamese traditional dress), Right bottom; vietnam flag

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What I enjoy about my culture the most is celebrating Vietnamese New Year with family, wearing traditional clothes eating traditional food containing soups, rice noodles, and unique and flavourful rice dishes.