# data[].attributes.body
The third and last act of German unification was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, constructed by Bismarck to outlie the western German states into alliance with the North German Confederation. With the French defeat, the German Empire was claimed in January 1871 in the Palace at Versailles, France.

# data[].attributes.body
Bismarck’s reply to the liberal revolution that wiped out through Europe in 1848 confirmed his image as a reactionary. He conflicted any concessions to the liberals and expressed contempt for the king’s willingness to trade with the revolutionaries.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This article was most recently revised and updated by

Germany is a federal multiparty republic with two legislative houses. Its government is headed by the chancellor ( prime minister), who is elected by a majority vote of the Bundestag (Federal Assembly) upon nomination by the president (head of state).

The table provides a chronological list of the leaders of Germany from 1871.
Kaisers of the German Empire

*Upon Hindenburg's death in 1934, the powers of the presidency were merged with those of the chancellor.

**Chancellor from 1933 and Führer ("Leader") from 1934.

***East Germany was governed by interim administrations from December 1989 until the two Germanys were reunited in October 1990.

Presidents of the Weimar Republic Leaders of the Third Reich (National Socialist regime) Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) First (or General) Secretaries of the Socialist Unity Party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany (reunited Germany)
Amy Tikkanen.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Germany is a federal multiparty republic with two legislative houses. Its government is headed by the chancellor (prime minister), who is elected by a majority vote of the Bundestag (Federal Assembly) upon nomination by the president (head of state). The table provides a chronological list of the

# data[].attributes.body
On September 7, 1822, Prince Dom Pedro published Brazil's independence from Portugal, establishing the Empire of Brazil, which steered to a two-year war of independence. Formal recognition came with a treaty signed by which both Brazil and Portugal in late 1825.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

# data[].attributes.body
Pedro’s beginning well liked waned, and in 1823, when the Brazilian Assembly was assembling a liberal constitution, he broke down that body and exiled the radical leader. On March 25, 1824, however, Pedro received a somewhat not so much liberal constitution drafted by the Council of State at his wish.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Pedro I, (born Oct. 12, 1798, Lisbon, Port.-died Sept. 24, 1834, Lisbon), founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal.

Generally known as Dom Pedro, he was the son of King John VI of Portugal. When Napoleon conquered Portugal in 1807, Pedro accompanied the royal family in its flight to Brazil. He remained there as regent when King John returned to Portugal in 1821.

Pedro surrounded himself with ministers who counseled independence. When the Portuguese Cortês (Parliament), preferring colonial status for Brazil, demanded that Pedro return to Lisbon to "complete his political education," he issued a declaration of Brazilian independence on Sept. 7, 1822. Within three months he was crowned emperor.

Pedro's initial popularity waned, and in 1823, when the Brazilian Assembly was preparing a liberal constitution, he dissolved that body and exiled the radical leader José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. On March 25, 1824, however, Pedro accepted a somewhat less liberal constitution drafted by the Council of State at his behest.

Although adoption of that charter may have saved Pedro from deposition, it did not reestablish his popularity. His autocratic manner, his lack of enthusiasm for parliamentary government, and his continuing deep interest in Portuguese affairs antagonized his subjects, as did the failure of his military forces in a war with Argentina over what is now Uruguay. Strong opposition in the Brazilian Parliament and a series of local uprisings induced him to abdicate in 1831 in favour of his son Dom Pedro II, who was then five years old. Pedro I then returned to Portugal.

On the death of King John VI (March 10, 1826), Pedro I had become titular king of Portugal as Pedro IV. Two months later, still in Brazil, he issued a parliamentary charter for Portugal and conditionally abdicated the Portuguese throne in favour of his daughter Maria da Glória, the future Queen Maria II. He died of natural causes in Portugal while securing his daughter's claim against that of his brother, the regent Miguel.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Pedro I | Reign of Brazil, Independence, Abolitionist

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Pedro I, founder of the Brazilian empire and first emperor of Brazil, from Dec. 1, 1822, to April 7, 1831, also reckoned as King Pedro (Peter) IV of Portugal. Generally known as Dom Pedro, he was the son of King John VI of Portugal.

# data[].attributes.body
The Haitian Revolution, a series of disagreements between 1791 and 1804, was the bring down of the French regime in Haiti by the Africans and their descendants who had been enslaved by the French and the start of an independent country established and governed by former slaves.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Haitian Revolutions: Crash Course World History #30

# data[].attributes.body
In the decade came behind, he honored himself as a lieutenant of the black leader Toussaint Louveture, who accepted himself as governor-general of Saint-Domingue with nominal allegiance Revolutionary France. When Toussaint was over thrown in 1802 by a French expedition dispatched by Napoleon Bonaparte to reconquer the colony, Dessalines at earliest submitted to the latest regime.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Jean-Jacques Dessalines | Revolutionary leader, Liberator, Haitian independence

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Jean-Jacques Dessalines, emperor of Haiti who proclaimed his country’s independence in 1804. Dessalines was brought to the French West Indian colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti) as a slave. He worked as a field hand for a black master until 1791, when he joined the slave rebellion that broke out in