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The ideas of medicine and food during the enlightenment (huge advancements).

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Life in The Enlightenment (Foods and Medicine)

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Life in The Enlightenment (Foods and Medicine)

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Advay Praveen And
Rohit Challa

Foods:
A majority of the lifestyle and diet of people during the enlightenment, specifically in Europe, was meat. People hunted and ate meat such as pigeons, beef, venison, mutton, turkey, snipes, ducks, etc. . They also used vegetables such as artichokes and French beans. Many vegetables were not available to the people at that time as we know vegetables today.
The dairy that was eaten at that time was very fresh, specifically cheddar cheese and milk.
Desserts such as chocolate was for the extremely rich.
There were numerous baked goods, and grilling/frying was extremely common.
The problem with cooking though was the fact that the people did not know what types of food caused diseases and what other types of food caused cross contamination.
Many people did not also properly wash their foods.
Meat was also sometimes not cooked properly.
There were many miscommunications about food during the enlightenment. One example would be coffee helped reproduction, or all mushrooms were healthy. In addition, they thought that wine and milk was a prestigious mix.
Fun Fact:
Mayonnaise was invented during this time.
Here is a major list of inventions that helped cooking during the enlightenment and beyond:
waffle iron, wafer iron, toaster, sugar nippers, redware pipkin, bottle jack, mustard pot, horn spoon, sorbetier, beverage warmer, butter mold, etc.

Medicine:
Medicinal thinkers such as John Brown during the enlightenment though that there were only 2 types of diseases, sthenic (strong) and asthenic (weak).
Samuel Hahnemann gave the idea of taking drugs and medicines in doses to make sure addictions did not happen.
John Hunter and Will Hunter were attributed for the complete development of anatomy during the time period of the enlightenment.
Smellie recognized midwifery and recognized that precautions must be taken in the medical field.
Morgagni helped originate and start the ideas of pathology.
Lively and heated debates happened all the time in the field of medicine, as it was only starting to develop.
Many medicine schools had started to grow and become colleges, and medicine had become a new and growing profession, much more deep and advanced than it was before.
Laudanum was a 10 percent solution of opium powder in alcohol, widely used to treat everything from pain and insomnia to female disorders. It was even used to quiet crying babies. It was used as an anesthetic and was in some cases deadly.
Diseases Founded and Studied During The Enlightenment:
Scurvy
Smallpox
Germ Theory:
It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can cause disease. These small organisms, too small to be seen without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts.
This was a pretty big idea and development for this time. Science and medicine were definitely advancing.

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Life in The enlightenment ( Medicine and women and children )

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Life in The enlightenment ( Medicine and women and children )

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Sahil Patel and Ojas Ganu

Medicine:

The writer John Brown stated that there were only two types of diseases sthenic ( strong ) and asthenic ( weak ). His chief remedies were alcohol and opium.

Scottish doctors were the leaders of surgery and obstetrics. John Hunter conducted extensive research in comparative anatomy and philology, founded surgical pathology, and raised surgery to a respective branch in science.

Public health and hygiene were receiving more attention in the 18th century

One significant medical advance in the century was the introduction to vaccines. Inoculation was practiced in the east but was later popularized in England by Lady Mary. Lady Mary observed a practice in Turkey which included the production of a mild form of the disease to secure immunity.

Rene Laennee ( a native of Brittany ) invented a simple stethoscope. The instrument revealed the unique sounds of the heart and lungs.

Samuel Hanehmann is the originator of homeopathy, which is the system of treatment involving the administration of minute doses of drugs whose effects resemble the effects of the disease being treated

Women and children:

The children of elite nobles and royal families had dressed in very formal clothing (special coats, shirts, silk dresses).

Children are becoming more “valuable” as in they are “impressionable, unformed beings” that need to be protected, given attention, should be given entertainment and should disservice education.

Prior to the 18th century, children neglected and mistreated, and put to labor; had preference for males to learn (who were rich) and not females.

Women who were the mothers of the household took charge of it.

Only widows claimed land but rest were not given any property and marriages were determined by parents that had been negotiated through use of money.

Divorce for women from their husbands was only done in private or public agreement in court, and women couldn’t file for divorce on their own or for the reason of a cruel husband.

Sources: Medicine in the 1700s, 1700s child and article life in the 1700s.

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Chocolate and Stethescope from Ancient Times

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Arun Subramanian

Medicine:

- John Brown and William Cullen had two opposing views towards medicine.
-John Brown was a writer and lecturer
-He thought the only two diseases were sthenic and asthenic.
-Sthenic was strong and asthenic was weak.
-He had also thought that the only two treatments were alcohol and opium.
-William Cullen was a professor of medicine at Glasgow.
Societal Changes:
-Another significant individual at the time relating to medicine was Samuel Hahnemann.
-Samuel Hahnemann was the creator of homeopathy.
-Homeopathy was a system of treatment of which involved the administration of minute doses of drugs whose effects resemble the effects of the disease being treated.
-Scottish doctors were significant leaders in surgery and obstetrics.
-The stethoscope was invented by a native of Brittany by the name of Rene Laennec.
The stethoscope greatly influences modern day society as we still use it today. However the one we use today is a modified version.
- The Red Cross organization was founded in 1864 after the War of the Austrian Succession in 1743.
-The Red Cross organization still assists many to live providing as many health benefits as it can.
-The discovery of the germ theory created a big difference in the world of pathology as it greatly affected the practice of surgery.
-Insulin and Cortisone were also major advances in the vast field of science as they opened the eyes of many through the breakthrough it created.
-The field of nutrition also improved in the early 20th century and many began to focus on Vitamin to benefit their health.
Foods:

-A major necessity in lifestyle included of incorporating meat in your diet.
-Unlike modern times, not as much food was imported and exported and thus most food was served fresh from the land it was made in.
-The amount of meat incorporated in diets also reflected upon class. The higher the class, the more meat was incorporated.
- Not many had access and availability to fruit at the time.
-Often, only rich people had access to fruit.
-Many types of cheese were available at the time.
-Pudding was extremely popular and eaten frequent in the olden times.
-Chocolate was considered a novelty during the time.
-It was very valuable at the time and eaten by the rich.

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Left: Europeans playing the sport of cricket. Right: Stethoscope.

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Sports:
Europes in the 1700’s Age of Enlightenment foresaw many new innovations, especially in the major field of sports. Europeans pioneered many new sports and games, and eventually spread them to the rest of the world, as they started to explore more. For instance, hunting started become popular in addition to French inspired lacrosse. The Europeans also started trying out new games like cards, bowling, football, and cricket to fulfill their free time. Fighting, boxing, and horse racing also became of great entertainment value to people, and as an additional factor of enjoyment, gambling started to arise. Europeans also started to take interest in water sports like fishing, canoe racing, yachting, and swimming. Overall, European sports in the 1700’s Age of Enlightenment sparked several new recreational and athletic activities which had heavy on influence and the world during that time, as well as in today’s society.
Source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/1754-1783-sports-and-recreation-overview

Medicine:
In the field of medicine in the Enlightenment, there was a major shift in how medicine was viewed. The enlightenment forced medicine to massively improve for the better and helped gain popularity and power in the pharmaceutical industry. For example, John Brown greatly assisted in honing and developing new medicines. He found and developed many cures for many of the most popular diseases out there. Also, there were people like Samuel Hahnemann who created a treatment for homeopathy. The format and practices of these Enlightenment medicines had slowly gained popularity, as many people tried and found them effective. John Hunter,  a teacher, conducted extensive research in many different fields in the Pharmeceutical industry, along with his family. Also, the stethoscope, and vaccinates where created at this time, which are still in use today. Scientific medicine has been a great rise in the Enlightment centuries, and they were so excellent and remarkable, that they are still implemented today and one of the best revolutions in the history of the world.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-medicine/Medicine-in-the-18th-century

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1.) Medicine
Even during the Enlightenment people were still trying to find new ways to make medicine. Samuel Hahnemann invoked a new system of treatment enveloping minute doses of drugs whose effects are similar to the disease being treated. His ideas and methods has various great effects on medical treatment sand methods worldwide in the enlightenment. By the 18th Century many more students attended medical schools abroad.

2.) Food
Early enlightenment meat is the significant portion of diets. Some examples include Oleo, Pigeons, Beef, and more. Evening meals contained cold meats, sweets, fruits, and wine. While company was present people preferred hot dishes. Hot food was generically only served when guest were present. Not many English people in the 1700’s had fruit. They feared uncooked food. They thought it would cause indigestion or even the plague. Today, people would rather worry about pesticides. Here’s are some of the abundant foods in the 1700’s. Sugar, bread, milk, tea, coffee, soup, and deserts included chocolate and raisin.

istock-488944861-1ce10f703e4e5a67bf0654d3a10c141a.jpg

https://www.britannica.com/

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Life in the Enlightenment ( food and Poverty)

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Life in the Enlightenment ( food and Poverty)

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Rishaan Trivedi and Caden Jariwala

Food: Many people in the Enlightenment eat lots of mean which consists of Oleo, pigeons, beef roast, Venison, Chyne of Mutton, Turkey, Snipes, Ducks, Partridge. All classes could eat the meat however the upper class feasted on 9 different varieties of meat with Venison being the symbol for high social class. They also had vegetables like artichokes and french beans. Evening meals contained cold meats, sweets, fruits, and wine on ordinary occasions with a choice of hot dishes when company was present. Hot foods were generally only served when guest visit and most English ate cold meats for their evening supper. Caliber of food went down in 1700s in England when only meat was eaten and the quality was coarse and inferior due to being transported from the farms to the cities. Other foods included were fruits and vegetables, cheese, sugar, bread, milk, tea, coffee, dessert, and soup, Syllabub, and Gruel.

Poverty: Being poor was no easy task. Being poor meant you had to be an servant for the rich people. There were many tasks you had to do like making food from scratch. for example they had to grow the wheat on farms, then others would grind it into flour, then chefs would make the batter, knead the dough, and baked in a fire fueled oven. The even had to do the housework for people. The children had to work as early as age seven. They worked in farms as shepherds, cowherds, or apprentices and left home to do so. Daughters stayed home and did the household until they found a husband and started their own family. The oldest son also stayed home in order to inherit the farm. Lice and vermin are very common with these families due to lack of hygiene .

https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/social-and-family-life-in-the-late17th-early-18th-centuries/
https://monroetownship.schoology.com/link?a=2811194191&path=https%3A%2F%2Fwebsites.umich.edu%2F%7Eece%2Fstudent_projects%2Ffood%2Ffoods.htm
https://monroetownship.schoology.com/link?a=2811194189&path=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F1127%2Fp18s02-hfks.html

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Through the enlightenment there were major significant changes the the way everyday people approached cooking and dining. In this time period people shifted to sophisticated dining experiences influenced by ideas of reason. For instance multiple courses such a dessert were added to many meals. Meat was grown with guaranteed fresh quality in a many varieties. Dishes slowly developed in balanced diets and consisted of varieties of food. Specifically the Enlightenment brought in a greater interest in nutrition/health. Which also lead to development of dietary restrictions and recommendations. For example a variety of meats vegetables and dairy products were available in markets and everyday households. Public attention was drawn to nutritional value and balanced diets. Overall the cooking and food during the enlightenment had a greater emphasis on nutritional values and sophisticated dining.

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Life in the Enlightenment(Sports and Foods)

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Life in the Enlightenment(Sports and Foods)

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Ashish Samuel and Sahasra Chukkapalli

Sports:
Sports during the Enlightenment time period were much different than they are now, during modern times. During the Enlightenment, sports were promoted because they believed that to be enlightened, your body and mind need to be healthy and that you could achieve this by playing sports. Tennis, cricket, and a not fully developed version of football were played during the Enlightenment. Also, horse-racing was a professional sport during that time.

Foods:
Food was cooked during that time by frying, boiling, roasting, grilling, and baking. We now use these methods in modern times. Meals included pork, beef, lamb, fish, shellfish, chicken, corn, beans, fruits, vegetables, and many baked goods. Now, we use many of the cooking, eating, dining, etc methods that were created during the Enlightenment time.

SOURCES:

Sports: https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-sport/#:~:text=Sport%20in%20the%2018th%20Century,took%20on%20its%20modern%20form.

Foods: http://che.umbc.edu/londontown/cookbook/what.html#:~:text=They%20cooked%20foods%20by%20frying,fruits%2C%20and%20numerous%20baked%20goods.

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By: Simran Singh and Meher Singh

Food:

Meat
- meat was a large portion of diets in 18th century England
- meat was a symbol of high social status
- Swedish tourists said that English were only good at cooking meat (nothing else)

Fruits and vegetables
- Not many English people had fruits at all
- In the 1700s British feared uncooked fruits -> believed it would cause indigestion or the plague
- Went to citrus fruits -> used lemon juice for sailors while at sea to help with sickness
- Vegetables were the greatest luxury in dining (set at parties and usually were served with potatoes and butter)

Cheese
- many cheeses became available with a minimum of 40 different kinds in the 1700s

Desserts

- pudding was popular, chocolate was a novelty ->to be eaten it was stewed for hours
- believed chocolate worked as a fertility drug for women

Medicine:

Anesthesia
- was a procedure that not only liberated the patient from fearful pain of surgery but Aldo enabled the surgeon to perform more extensive operations
-Discovered by: Crawford Long, Gardner Colton, Horace Wells, and Charles Jackson.
- In 1846 at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, William Thomas Green Morton was the first to demonstrate before a gathering of physicians the use of ether as a general
anesthetic.
- In 1847 chloroform was tried with complete success -> became the main/proffered option as compared to ether

Germ Theory
- the discovery of germ theory changed the whole face of pathology and effected a complete revolution of the practice of surgery
-  The idea of spontaneous generation was disproved. Everything must have a parent cell -> Francesco Redi
-Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation of wine and the souring of milk are caused by living microorganisms.
- This work led to pasteurization of milk and solved problems of agriculture and industry as well as those of animals and human diseases.

Links:
- https://websites.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm

- https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-medicine/Medicine-in-the-18th-century

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Foods and Medicine By Ruthvika K and Hetvi P

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Foods and Medicine By Ruthvika K and Hetvi P

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Foods:
- Meat made up a large portion of diets
- Examples of meals for royalty: oleo, pigeons, sirloin of beef rost, venison, chyne of mutton, turkey, snipes, ducks, partridge
- Venison was only available to those who owned vast property
- English were known for being great at cooking big pieces of meat
- Evening meal contained cold meat, sweets, fruit, and wine
- Most English ate cold meat for supper
- Options of food became limited as meat became more popular
- Only wealthy people had access to fruit and the British feared uncooked fruit
- When fruits and vegetables were dirty, vendors used saliva as a cleanser
- Vegetables were prepared with butter and flour mixture
- The typical person consumed about 4 kg of sugar each year
- English bread was thought to contain bone fragments
- The tea was the national drink and was very pricey
- Puddings were extremely popular and were cooked alongside meat
- Syllabub was a popular beverage
- Gruel was a common dish composed of boiled oatmeal

Medicine:
- People searched for a simple way to heal the sick
- John Brown thought that there were only two diseases and two remedies
- Samuel Hahnemann was the founder of homeopathy
- Hermann Boerhaave was an essential figure of European medicine
- Medical education became more and more integrated into Europe’s universities
- Edinburg became the leading academic center for medicine in Britain
- Scottish doctors were the leaders in surgery
- Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope
- A vaccine for smallpox was developed
- Inoculation became popular
- Public health and hygiene received more attention
- Hospitals were established

Sources:
https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-medicine/Medicine-in-the-18th-century
https://websites.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm

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Vineela Kanala
Education
The lessons taught in school were more accurate because the information now had evidence. There was still a barrier between boys and girls as well as the rich and poor. Rich boys and girls were able to go to preschool but only the boys went to elementary school while the older girls were tutored. The girls learned motor skills like writing, playing music and needlework. The boys were taught academic subjects like math and english and attended school from 6am to 5pm and were allowed breaks for food. Most middle class children were homeschooled by their mother before boarding schools began and then they were sent there. Rich girls had an opportunity to receive higher level education while the poor had to work.
Food
During this time period, meat was an important part of the diets of people during the eighteenth-century. Common meats that were eaten were oleo, pigeons, sirloin of beef roast, venison, chyne of mutton, turkey, snipes, ducks, and partridge. Venison became a symbol of high social status which meant that they owned a lot of property or knew someone who was. Dinner was made up of cold meats, sweets, fruit, and wine on occasions. Hot food was served when guests were visiting. As meat grew popular large quantities had to be transported from farms, however, when the meat reached the cities the meat’s quality was not good. The British did not consume uncooked fruit because they thought that they would get indigestion or the plague.
https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/social-and-family-life-in-the-late17th-early-18th-centuries/
https://websites.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm

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Age of Enlightenment- by Sahya P. And Yohan D.

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Age of Enlightenment- by Sahya P. And Yohan D.

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Medicines:
People searched for a simple was to heal sick patients. John Brown, a writer and a lecturer, said that there were only two types of disease, sthenic(strong) and asthenic(weak), and these two types of diseases can be healed with alcohol And opium. Many people debated this idea as this idea was very controversial. On the other hand Samuel Hahnemann, the originator of homeopath, as treatment process that involves low doses of drugs that resemble the effects of the disease that is being treated. At the time when he came up with this process people used lengthy and large doses of medicine to treat diseases, so his idea was very popular with many followers. The medical school at Leiden has grown so much it was a rival to Padua, a school in Venice, and had many students coming from other countries. John Monro came to this school to study and teach his son, Alexander Monro, anatomy later on. After teaching 126 years of anatomy at Edinburgh, Monro family made sure that Edinburgh because the leading academic center for medicine. Scottish people at this time also were ahead in medicine. They were leaders in surgery and obstetrics. William Smellie was a leading obstetrician in London and was well known for his book Treatises on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery. He was so significant in obstetrics that his work helped made it be recognized as a medical discipline. At this time there were many advancements in studying bodies after they died, or postmortem examination. On of the most significant medical advancement at this time is vaccination especially for smallpox. They used inoculation, a process which a small form of the disease so the immunity can get stronger and be able to fight the disease on a bigger scale. Unlike in previous times, public health and hygiene was also receiving a lot more attention at this time.

Food:
-In the 1700's, many people ate meat including:

Oleo

Pigeons

Sirloin

Turkey

Ducks

Venison was also another type of food which was meat, and if you ate it, it represented that you were in a high class in the social hierarchy.

In the 18th Century, most ordinary people had never had fruits, as they were reserved for only the richest of people. Although, the British feared fruits, as they were uncooked and were unsure because they figured it may give plague.

Along with Fruits, Vegetables which were cooked, were considered luxurious. It would be served as a delicacy, and especially well cooked potatoes would "stamp merit on any dinner."

During this time period, 40 kinds of cheese were documented. Most cheese was made regularly, by the milk from cows.

Sugar was consumed much every year by the English men, typically 4 kilograms of sugar each year. Sugar went with Tea and Coffee.

In the 1700's, tea leaves were ridiculously expensive being rolled and sold illegally.

Coffee was very popular in London, and was not very expensive. There was very high demand of coffee in the area.

Milk always came along with both Coffee and Tea, and had to be watered in order to be drinkable.

Dessert was often served with wine after dinner. A popular dessert was pudding and were cooked along with meat. Chocolate was also a popular dessert and stewed for hours.

Soup consisted of almonds, cream, and veal stock. There was a soup called Pease-Soup, which contains peas, onions, celery, and seasoning.

Syllabub was a popular wine beverage which contained cider or wine and was sweetened with milk or nutmeg.

Finally, Gruel was a British dish composed of boiled oatmeal and often contained alcoholic beverages

Sources:
Medicine-https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-medicine/Medicine-in-the-18th-century
Food-https://websites.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm

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Life in The Enlightenment (Foods & Women and Children)

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Life in The Enlightenment (Foods & Women and Children)

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By Freya Brigilin and Shriya Merchant

Foods:
MEAT
- Meat made up a large portion of diets
~ Oleo, Pigeons, Sirloin of Beef rost, etc
- Meat was a symbol of high social status
- Evening meals contained of cold meats, sweet fruits, and wine on ordinary occasions
~ Hot dishes were present when company was over
- Caliber of food started to become poor when meat rose in popularity
- Meat quality started to go down
FRUITS/VEGETABLES
- A minuscule group of wealthy people had access to fruits
- Blackberries were used for dying clothes
- citrus fruits became very important to the Navy of England
- Vegetables were often prepared with a butter/flour mixture during meals
-Good vegetables were considered delicacies
CHEESE
-  A minimum of forty different types of cheese were available
DESSERT
-Desserts were often served with wine after dinner
-Puddings were popular and were often cooked along side meat
- Chocolate was a novelty during 1700s
SOUP
- white soup contained veal stock, cream, and almonds, and occasionally thickened with rice or white bread crumbs
- Pea soup usually served in the colder months was comprised of dried peas and would be simmered in stock or water with celery, onion, and seasoning
- Peas were an intergral part os the English diet because they could be dried and kept in storage for a considerable amount of time.
SYLLABUB
- a popular beverage that contained cider, or sweetened wine, and flavored with nutmeg, milk, and cream.

Women and Children:
- WOmen took on various roles in the household
- Were responsible for running the household and managing the servants
- Were responsible for raising and education their family
- responsible for cooking and feeding the family’
- Had to be well-educated in medicinal and culinary used of herbs and plants, needlework, reading and writing
- Were expected to tend the garden, cook for the family, take care of the children, and meet their husbands needs
- most would have many children (typically up to 8)
- high infant mortality rates were a major issue
- total of 12-13% would die during the first year of their lives
- women rarely spoke against or divorced their husbands
- women couldn’t vote, own land while married, go to a university, earn equal wages, enter many professions, and report serious cases of domestic abuse
- Women who were found to be too argumentative or radical would deal with cruel and humiliating public penalties.

Links:
https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/social-and-family-life-in-the-late17th-early-18th-centuries/

https://websites.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm

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Anish Kothuri and Eshaan Rangarajan

Medicine:
. John Brown and William Cullen had opposing views towards medicine

. John Brown stated that there were only two types of diseases: sthenic(strong) and asthenic(weak)

. Scottish doctors were the leaders of surgery and obstetrics

. Public health and hygiene were receiving more attention in the 18th century

. Rene Laennee invented a simple stethoscope.

. Insulin and Cortisone were also major advances in the vast field of science as they opened the eyes of many through the breakthrough it created

. The Red Cross organization was founded in 1864 after the War of the Austrian Succession in 1743

. New 'scientific' forms of medicine emerged, leading to the development of new medical theories of disease

. Medicine was also increasingly professionalized and popularised

Women and Children:

. Women had limited legal and political rights, often unable to participate in public life or access education

. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's ideas on women's roles as mothers and caretakers reinforced traditional gender roles.

. Women played a significant role in Enlightenment culture through salons, hosting gatherings to discuss ideas

. Child labor was common in the 18th century, with children working in various industries and often facing harsh conditions

. The Enlightenment laid the intellectual groundwork for later feminist movements by questioning the traditional roles of women and advocating for their rights

Sources:
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi176/programme/medicineenlightenment/#:~:text=New%20'scientific'%20forms%20of%20medicine,roles%20and%20benefits%20of%20medicine.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_Enlightenment

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Life in The Enlightenment (Foods and Medicine)

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Life in The Enlightenment (Foods and Medicine)

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Madhulika Raja and Mahi Patel

Foods:
meat was a large portion of the diets of people in the Enlightenment. They ate meat such as turkey, mutton, beef, venison, pigeons, and duck. But that's not all they ate, they also ate vegetables such as artichokes and french beans. Most people didn't have access to fruit and only a few selective wealthy people did. They feared to eat uncooked fruit as they believed it would cause indigestion or even the plague. For meals, vegetables were prepared with a butter/flour mixture. Many types of cheeses also became available during this time period. People in the Enlightenment also consumed a lot of sugar bread (some people used to think bread contained bone fragments), milk (people thought if it was not watered then it was sour, tea although it was very expensive and only the rich used to drink it, coffee, was more popular in London then anywhere else, dessert (served with wine after dinner, pudding was very popular and so was chocolate), soup was also popular, there was also syllabub was popular cider or wine sweetened and flavored with nutmeg, milk, and cream, last but not least gruel which was a common meal made up of boiled oatmeal and butter (it also may contain wine).

Medicine:
In the Enlightenment, medicinal thinkers like John Brown thought there were only two types of diseases, sthenic (strong) and asthenic (weak). Samuel Hanemann thought taking drugs and medicines in doses would prevent addictions. In the Enlightenment John Hunter and Will Hunter were attributed for the complete development. Smellie found out precautions to take in the field of midwifery. There were also many heated debates in the medical field. Morgagni helped start the idea of pathology. Medicine school began to grow and develop into colleges and medicine became a huge profession. It became very advanced and became a big deal. Laudanum was used to treat pain and insomnia in female disorders. It was also used to quiet crying babies. It was used as an anesthetic but was also deadly in some cases. Diseases found and studied during the Enlightenment are scurvy and small pox. the germ theory was also developed and stated that microorganisms known as pathogens (germs) can cause disease. they were too small to be seen without magnification and invaded humans, animals, and other hosts, This was a huge development in that period of time showing that medicine and science were advancing greatly.

https://websites.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/food/foods.htm
https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-medicine/Medicine-in-the-18th-century

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Food:

Meat:

Large portion of their diets

Consumed by upper class (only)

Meals included  Oleo, Pigeons, Sirloin of Beef rost, Venison, Chyne of Mutton, Turkey, Snipes, Ducks, and Partridge

1700’s: meat = symbol of highest social status

Evening meals: Cold meats, sweets, fruit

Meat often eaten cold

Became popular due to urbanization

1748: Swedish tourist that the English were ONLY good at cooking large pieces of meat

Fruits and Vegetables:

18th century: only a small portion of wealthy people had access to fruit; England used blackberries to dye clothes navy blue and indigo; fruits and vegetables were dirty and venders sometimes used saliva to clean them

1700’s: British feared that the consumption of uncooked fruit could lead to indigestion and the plague; citrus fruits (*lemon juice*) were important to the Navy of England (consuming them prevented scurvy)

Meals: vegetables were often prepared with butter/flour mixture

Vegetables in dining was a great luxury (used for parties)

Cheese:

At least 40 different cheeses had been documented to be made available during this time period.

Milk:

18th century rule: milk not watered = sour milk

>>only exception when consumed directly after milked from cow

Tea:

1700’s: tea = National drink

Expensive (15s - 16s / lb)

Illegal to resell used tea leaves

Soup:

White soup: made of veal stock, cream, and almonds; thickened w rice/white breadcrumbs

Pease-soup: and entree served in colder months ; made of dried peas, celery, onion, and seasoning

Syllabub:

18th century: popular; made of milk, cream, and cider or wine that was sweetened and had nutmeg

Gruel:

18th century: common evening British dish ; made of boiled oatmeal + butter + alcohol (mainly wine)

Made up for lack of heat in drafty houses

Sugar:

1790’s: the typical individual consumed around 4 kg of sugar / year

Bread:

18th century: English bread was though to fragments of bone (was proven false); key element in bread = alum —> bleaching ingredient that made bread puff up

Coffee:

18th century: most popular in London

Though to increase reproductive capabilities of men

Dessert:

Often served with wine and cooked alongside meat

Pudding: extremely popular, contained flour, milk, eggs, butter, sugar, suet, marrow, and raisins

Chocolate: novelty in 1700’s ; stewed for hours before eaten, deprived of cocoa butter, recoiled with milk/ flavoring, and thickened with egg

Though to work as a fertility drug for women

Medicine:

18th Century

John Brown: only 2 diseases —> asthenic (weak) + sthenic(strong)

only 2 treatments —> sedative + stimulant (chief remedies =   alcohol + opium)

Samuel Hahnemann of Leipzig: originator of homeopathy (treatment that resembled the effects of the disease being treated)

Hermann Boerhaave: central figure of European medicine + greatest clinical teacher of his time

London, Scottish doctors: leaders of surgery + obstetrics

John Hunter: researched comparative anatomy and physiology, founded surgical pathology, and raised surgery to the level of science

William Hunter: anatomy teacher, famous obstetrician

Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Midwifery: written by William as Ellie (leading obstetrician in London); contained first systematic discussion on how to safely use obstetrical forceps; helped make obstetrics known as a medical discipline

Science of modern pathology also began

René Laënnec: invented stethoscope / cylindre

Leopold Auenbrugger: discovered percussion (in medicine)

Vaccinations = medical advancement in late century

>> Inoculation (practiced in the East) became popular in England

Edward Jenner: discoveries led to eradication of small pox through vaccination

Advances in chemistry, physics, and rational science

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Advay and Rohit:

https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-medicine/Medicine-in-the-18th-century

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