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Coal during the Industrial Revolution (Freya Brigilin)

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Coal during the Industrial Revolution (Freya Brigilin)

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In 1709, Abraham Darby used a more purified version of coal to smelt iron ore rather than charcoal

Coal greatly increased the production of iron in Britain 2 times more than charcoal would’ve

Because coal increased the production of iron, more bridges and railroads were made

People were able to create more machines and engines that powered cotton factories, steamships, and locomotives too

Use of coal greatly increased during the Industrial Revolution

People used the heat energy produced by coal and transformed it to mechanical energy because of the steam engine

From the 1700s to the 1950s, coal became the most dominant source of energy

Sources:

https://www.economicsobservatory.com/what-can-we-learn-from-the-role-of-coal-in-the-industrial-revolution

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India during the Industrial Revolution (Mahi Patel 4B)

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India during the Industrial Revolution (Mahi Patel 4B)

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India was under British colonial rule during the Industrial Revolution.

The British introduced modern technologies and industries to India.

The textile industry in India faced competition from British textile imports.

Traditional Indian handicrafts suffered due to the rise of British factories.

The British established railway networks in India, connecting different regions.

The mining industry in India expanded, particularly for coal and iron ore.

The British introduced modern education systems in India.

The Indian economy became more integrated into the global market.

The British East India Company played a significant role in India's trade and economy.

Urbanization increased as cities grew with the establishment of factories.

The Indian labor force faced harsh working conditions and low wages.

The Industrial Revolution led to social and economic changes in Indian society.

The British introduced modern infrastructure, such as roads and bridges.

The Indian agriculture sector faced challenges due to changes in land use.

The Industrial Revolution had a lasting impact on India's economy and society.

Website: https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/world-history/industrial-revolution-in-india/

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India during the Industrial Revolution (Aryan Patel)

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India during the Industrial Revolution (Aryan Patel)

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Steam power in 1815 was a massive threat to the textile industry in India.

Indian farmers were forced to produce cotton for English Factories because the British ruled them during this time.

Many factories profited from using women and children at the age of 6 and older because they were paid less than most men. Most children six and up worked up to 14 hours.

The Industrial Revolution helped further the economy, child labor laws, and a better lifestyle.

Things like railroads and factories have contributed to faster production of materials and goods.

Awful famines were happening because the industrial revolution forced farmer to grow cash crops instead of food crops.

https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/what-were-the-effects-of-the-industrial-revolution-in-india-5b7ff361e4b0a50233a67b5b

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Steam engines in the Industrial Revolution- Sehrish Parag

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Steam engines in the Industrial Revolution- Sehrish Parag

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Was a stream supplied by a boiler which expanded under pressure

Sometimes steam was separated into a condenser when at a lower temperature

The steam is later once again heated when passing through a superheater which are parallel pipes in contacted with hot gases in the boiler furnace

The earliest steam engines dated back to 1st century CE

In 1712 Englishman Thomas Newcomen invented a more strategic steam engine which separated the condensed steam from the water

Later 1765 James watt efficiently improved Newcomen steam engine by added a separate condenser

Steam engines were used in many forms of transportation such as carriages first built by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot(1769)

The steam engine later powered a locomotive run by Richard Trevithick in 1803

Thanks to George Stephenson steam engines were also used with railways in 1829

Resulted in air pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Hedley

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Women doing work for the British during the Industrial Revolution

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India In The Industrial Revolution (Syon Joshi)

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India In The Industrial Revolution (Syon Joshi)

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India was a supplier of raw materials, such as cotton. They delivered this to British factories.

India was able to industrialize and produce many goods, ideally for British industries. This helped the Indian industry scale at the moment.

India was impacted, as they were required to produce many goods for the British economy

Wealth that was produced from India served as investment capital for the British, making India an asset for the British

Indians served as a good labour force to the British, as they got the same quantity of work done for very cheap.

Despite these negative impacts, this Revolution helped India lay some foundations that contributed to India’s own economy growth after they attained their independence.

https://academic.oup.com/book/7358/chapter/152152209#

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India in the industrial revolution by Eshaan Ranga 

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India in the industrial revolution by Eshaan Ranga 

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India had started to produce industries which made manufactured goods

India was strong in the early centuries because it was stable

India produced 25% of worlds output of goods

India was the main manufacturer for textiles

But by mid nineteenth century most textile production shifted to Great Britain

Indias economy started to grow

Trade became more popular in india during the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution helped india produce resources quicker

India’s strong economy was based on the exports of the cotton textiles manufactured there. It was devastated by European industrialization and the commercial changes this inspired.

in the twentieth century, when Indian nationalists organized a campaign against British rule, they saw this period of de-industrialization in the eighteenth century as the beginning of their own conquest.

Non-violent freedom fighters like Gandhi encouraged Indians to wear home-spun cloth for tradition. No more mimicking Westerners and their fashions. Gandhi even promoted the use of spinning wheels in every home, by men and women alike.

In 1931, the first flag adopted by the Indian National Congress featured a spinning wheel in celebration of India’s proud industrial past.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins

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Set of people from the English East Indian Company

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India during the Industrial Revolution by Yohan Deshpande Period 4B

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India during the Industrial Revolution by Yohan Deshpande Period 4B

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Before 1750, most of the world shopped for textiles in India

One of the most important manufacturers in world trade

-> Produced about 25% of world’s output of goods

By mid-nineteenth century most textile production shifted to Britain

India’s strong economy -> based on exports of cotton textiles

Europeans took inspiration and industrialized

Textile output in India -> Hand-loom technology

Britain competes with machines and takes over -> Made sure India doesn’t receive advanced technology

Economy collapsed for India -> Workers lost jobs and ha to work specifically in raw cotton

India decides to export raw cotton instead of cotton cloth

Profit now went to Britain for making textiles -> “De-Industrialization” in profit for India(loss)

Mid-eighteenth century -> More demanding by Britain

Created flood of inexpensive textiles in Britain By English mills and machines -> India couldn’t compete with cheapness

Weavers and sellers were put out of work

Resulted in famine, migration and less stabilized markets -> Eviction of textile laborers

-> Tax and food price increase

India early on was strong because of its stable community

Mughal empire created a vast and safe infrastructure -> cotton textile export system

Also prized full employment -> Hand made cloth industry kept many people employed and made safe ports for international business -> encouraged private traders to expand trade networks

Worked through alliance system to collect taxes and military and public works

Prosperity ended mid-eighteenth century after centralized authority of Mughal Empire lost advantage -> Europeans gained more control

Merchants and leaders in India started to form alliances as decline started -> Portuguese, Dutch, French, English

English East India Company est. 1600 -> Private joint stock trading company

Others merchants came as foreign government representatives

Local governors and princes didn’t think their commercial contracts with Europeans were political -> No threat to Mughal state

Through merchants and bankers much money flowed around the economy -> In the form of silver and gold originally from the Americas

Went to foreign companies buying cash crops -> used to be made into pay for mercenaries and finished clothing products

Mughal state -> Invited more European political movement giving trade companies rights

Troops protected European merchant’s goods -> grew into armies

Also recruited sepoys -> local soldiers

Europeans became more involved in politics and military

-> To get goods

Started to appoint men to political offices, native military forces, and collect taxes -> Gave authority to control lands

Parts of India were slowly starting to be ruled by the British

The British helped economy, but hurt the Indians -> Eviction, demanding, and hurting conditions

Cotton fields replaced rice fields -> Cost of food rose

Famines hit in India in 1769, 1783, and 1791 -> Caused about 30 million deaths

Weakened economy was the cause of this

20th century -> Indian nationalists organized campaign against British

Educated people in India -> created swadeshi - hope for greater political independence

Inspired others to form mass protests

Students and laborers also took action, starting in Bengal

Burnt British made cloths

Gandhi -> Non-violent freedom fighter -> Inspired people to wear homespun cloth called khadi and promoted the use of spinning wheels in homes

First flag adopted by the Indian National Congress featured a spinning wheel

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain

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Padlet Submission - Flying Shuttle Invention and The Industrial Revolution - Ashish Samuel, Honors World History, 4B

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Padlet Submission - Flying Shuttle Invention and The Industrial Revolution - Ashish Samuel, Honors World History, 4B

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John Kay invented the flying shuttle in 1733.

It was used with the traditional handloom and weaving efficiency was improved because of this invention.

Work necessities were lowered due to the fact that this machine only required a single operator.

The textile industry was one of the primary industries that benefited from the Industrial Revolution.

The textile process was improved by the flying shuttle in the areas of productivity and efficiency. It was the first device of the modern era to do so.

In 1747, Kay left England because France was known for supporting textile innovations.

Kay sold his flying shuttle patent to French manufacturers and it allowed for the mechanization in textile production in France which permitted the French to make large quantities of textiles and fabric to clothe the population.

Kay was paid an ongoing pension in return for what was stated in the previous bullet point.

The flying shuttle was evolved and utilized throughout France and England during the late 1700s.

Link to the Website That I Used For My Submission: https://www.historycrunch.com/flying-shuttle-invention-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

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Railroads - (Rishik Paripati) - (Honors World History 4B)

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Railroads - (Rishik Paripati) - (Honors World History 4B)

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﻿﻿Steam and iron rails produced railways which were a new form of transformation

﻿﻿Where used for moving coal

The aim is breaking the local monopoly of the canal owners

﻿﻿At first wood but later became iron rails

﻿﻿When the creation of a 'railroad' was first passed, it was horse-pulled carts on rails

﻿﻿Developments to this continued as the steam engine was evolving too

﻿﻿In 1821, the Stockton to
Darlington railway was built using iron rails and steam power

﻿﻿When the creation of a 'railroad' was first passed, it was horse-pulled carts on rails

﻿﻿The initial plan was to use horses for energy but
Stephenson wanted to use steam

﻿﻿The railroads were still as slow as canals

﻿﻿Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1830 - the first time a railway used a true steam
locomotive running on rails

Industrialists learned that railways could make a profit, creating a boom in the creation of railways ('railway mania')

﻿﻿Overall, railroads allowed the revolution to continue as they provided transportation

https://www.thoughtco.com/railways-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221650

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India during the Industrial Revolution(Sahasra Chukkapalli)(Honors World History 4B)

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India during the Industrial Revolution(Sahasra Chukkapalli)(Honors World History 4B)

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industries started to arise in India when factories started to produce manufactured products.

India had many natural resources such as minerals, cotton, and many raw materials.

India was a part of starting the infamous cotton textile industry. A steam powered textile mill was placed and ran in Bombay. Soon after, cotton cloth production increased. This industry ran through the Industrial Revolution for a long time and is still growing.

The chemical industry also started in India. Factories in India produced soda ash, bleaching powder, dyes, phosphoric acid, and many other chemicals.

The Automobile industry also began in India. Companies such as Hindustan Motors and Premier Automobiles started manufacturing cars. Trucks, buses, and other vehicles started being produced.

In india, many construction activities were being conducted. Soon, the demand for cement increased because construction sites needed it to carry out their work. Many companies started to set up cement plants to produce the cement.

The jute industry was essential in India. A jute mill was set up in India in 1854. Jute bags/sacks were needed to export cotton and other crops so the demand for jute increased. From there the jute industry flourished throughout the Industrial Revolution.

Starting in Uttar Pradesh and many other places, many sugar mills started being made. From there, sugarcane was also in high demand. Afterwards, sugarcane started being a big export in many other countries and states.

The Industrial Revolution helped India produce their resources quicker. The factories that the Industrial Revolution made available for India, produced goods quickly.

Due to the new industries that were emerging in India, India’s economy started to grow. Trade in India increased with many big/popular countries.

Source: https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/industrial-revolution-in-india

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Showing China's vast majority of resources in addition to its engineering prowess and efficient techniques to obtain iron, rice, silks, etc. .

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China During The Industrial Revolution - Advay Praveen - Honors World History 4B

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China During The Industrial Revolution - Advay Praveen - Honors World History 4B

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In 1800, China, India, and Europe were all roughly in similar places in terms of their industrial production.

It is hard to make the European cultural superiority argument, as China had been documenting their history since even before Confucius.

In addition, China was not being threatened much other than the Manchu Tribes in the north and west.

China invented paper itself! This eventually led to becoming/inventing paper currency!

In Europe, no one ever succeeded in unifying it, and there was continuous competition. The French are worried about the English, the English are worried about the Spanish, etc. .That keeps everybody alert, which is something economists recognize as the competitive model.

In order to have progress, there must be competition, not just one dominant power who already has everything it needs.

China keeps their vast plethora of resources to themselves, and even though they lead the world in the, export of almost everything, from silks to china plates, they lacked unity and diversity of ideas as a country.

China under the Song dynasty were open to outside ideas, and were slower in innovation, and during the Ming dynasty, they shut themselves down from the world by building walls, like the Great Wall of China, and they were afraid of openness to the world.

China became stagnant - nothing came in or went out.

This allowed Europeans to progress much faster. Few historians think China failed, but they wanted stability, and Europe wanted progress, so eventually, Europe arrived in China with more advanced weaponry and ideas.

All in all, Europe was able to industrialize before China due to their openness, competition, advancements in science and engineering, and their ideas of less stability and more risky progress.

Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/28/why-the-industrial-revolution-didnt-happen-in-china/

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By: Vineela Kanala 4B

Cotton is a renewable source used in many clothes and household items such as towels and drapes found many years before the Industrial Revolution

Cotton plantation owners in America had originally bought slaves from Africa to harvest and clean the cotton by hand in the Southern heat without getting paid

New England would receive the cotton and would spin and dye the material before the sent it to Britain from them to make finished goods

In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which separated the cotton fibers from the seeds much faster then by hand making the production of cotton grow

Labor for picking the seeds might have decreased but this only made the cotton business more profitable creating more demand for slaves as more

Most of cotton came from India because they had more workers getting paid a lower wages so even without industrializing they were able to produce cotton fast creating profit

Cotton from different countries has then exported to Britain’s factories were workers controlled machines with spools of cotton that then turned into clothes and other items

Since the process of making these goods was less complicated and time consuming they became cheap and more accessible to people from different social backgrounds

After these finished goods were made they were exported back to the countries that Britain had economic relationships with such as America

Eventually countries such as Japan would make their own factories to produce goods at an even cheaper price domestically

Source:https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Cotton-Industry/

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China During the Industrial Revolution - Ruthvika Kona 4B

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China During the Industrial Revolution - Ruthvika Kona 4B

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1800 - China, India, and Europe were all in the same place in terms of industrial production

Invented paper money

Led the world in exports of everything, from silk to china

Had the largest population in the world, but lacked unity as a country

Invented gunpowder, printing, paper, and compasses

Had more free enterprise during the Song dynasty than anyone else

Had a system of rule of law and strong property rights

As due for an Industrial Revolution as Britain was

Europe had competition among countries, leading to improvements on current inventions

China lacked this competition

China under Song dynasty was open to innovations and ideas from other places

China under Ming dynasty was fearful of openness - banned trade with other nations

Ming Dynasty erected barries, like the Great Wall of China, against the world

China became stagnant - nothing came in and nothing went out

Europe was able to industrialize before China due to their openness, competitive spirit, prioritization of science, and acceptance of progress

Source: Why Didn’t China Have an Industrial Revolution Before Europe Did? | American Enterprise Institute - AEI

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Sulfuric acid being produced in lead chambers

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During the Industrial Revolution

John Roebuck: credited with inventing a way to mass-produce sulfuric acid by using lead chambers (in the middle of the 18th century)

Sulfuric Acid was directly used to bleach, and also:

>> to produce more effective chlorine bleaches

>> to manufacture bleaching powder

1799: the manufacturing of bleaching powder had been perfected by Charles Tennant in Glasgow at his St. Rollox factory

These new bleaching techniques, apart from the natural ones (using sunlight, rain, sour milk, and urine), allowed for rapid bleaching which greatly helped the British cotton industry

Sulphuric acid met the requirements for the cotton-textile industry

Following this, the chemical industry started to specialize the needs of other industries, the alkali industry in specific, making sulphuric acid a key contributor to the alkali industry (regarding alkali in products such as soap, glass, etc)

This led to NICOLAS LEBLANC’S establishment of the Leblanc soda process in 1791 France (another alkali process - one of the main) which contributed to the mass production of soda

Modern Day

Sulfuric acid is one of the most important chemicals

It is a dense, colorless, oily and corrosive liquid

Can be prepared industrially by the reaction of water and sulfur oxide (sulfur dioxide + oxygen)

Typically (currently) used in the making of fertilizers, pigments,  dyes, explosives, detergents, drugs, inorganic salts and acids, and the processes of petroleum refining and metallurgy (art of extracting metal from their ores, and modifying it for use)

Sulfuric acid can also be used as the electrolyte in lead-acid storage batteries

Pure sulfuric acid does not exist in nature, though in some cases, it can be produced by the result of volcanic activity

https://www.britannica.com/technology/history-of-technology/Chemicals

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Coal being mined during the Industrial Revolution 

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By: Shriya Merchant

In 1709, in the village of Coalbrookedale was where Abraham Darby discovered how to smelt iron ore using coke (a purified form of coal)

Because of this iron production greatly grew in Britain- all of this was possible with coal.

This iron produced from coal was used to build bridges, railroads, and machines and engines which powered cotton factories, steamships, and locomotives

Coal was also used as a source of power, the heat energy it created was made into mechanical energy due to the steam engine

The first steam engine was created by Thomas Newcomen was made to pump water from coal mines

This steam engine allowed the supply of coal to greatly increase

The mining of coal was labor intensive and most of the working age men worked to mine the coal

Coal started as a major source of energy in the Industrial Revolution (1700s- 1850) and slowly became the dominant source of energy during this time period

However, during the 1900s coal slowly dissolved as a source of energy because of oil and natural gas which was used way more

coal expanded and increased growth of lands during the Industrial Revolution

Coal however also was detrimental to the health of people, one third of the urban mortality penalty for infants in the 1850s was caused by coal and pollution.

Coal also had a negative effect on the employment growth in British cities

Source: https://www.economicsobservatory.com/what-can-we-learn-from-the-role-of-coal-in-the-industrial-revolution

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The Steam Engine in the Industrial Revolution

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The Steam Engine in the Industrial Revolution

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By: Anish Kothuri

Before the invention of the steam engine, many machines were powered by animals or humans

Thomas Newcomen made the most successful steam engine, to clear water out of the mines

Newcomen's machine was able to suck 5,000 gallons each hour out of a 153 foot deep mine shaft

James Watt made more efficient steam engines which allowed the birth of railroads and steam engines

Watt is now the unit of measuring energy in the modern world

The steam engine came in many sizes

By 1800, steam and water power were even, but by 1830, steam power surpassed, increasing productivity of the textile industry

Steam engines became very popular in coal mines in other European countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands

Steam engines would soon open the doors for an advanced method of transportation

By 1800, Britain boosted over 2,500 steam engines which were used in mines, factories, and cotton mills.

Steam engines led to the overproduction of coal

Links:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/#

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The steam engine, either used on its own or as part of a train, is the iconic invention of the industrial revolution. Experiments in the seventeenth century turned, by the middle of the nineteenth, into a technology which powered huge factories, allowed deeper mines and moved a transport network.

Industrial Power Pre 1750

Before 1750, the traditional arbitrary starting date for the industrial revolution, the majority of British and European industries were traditional and relied on water as the main power source. This was a well-established technology, using streams and waterwheels, and was both proven and widely available in the British landscape. There were major problems because you had to be near suitable water, which could lead you to isolated places, and it tended to freeze or dry up. On the other hand, it was cheap. Water was also vital for transport, with rivers and coastal trade. Animals were also used for both power and transport, but these were expensive to run because of their food and care. For rapid industrialization to take place, alternative sources of power were needed.

The Development of Steam

People had experimented with steam-powered engines in the seventeenth century as a solution to power problems, and in 1698 Thomas Savery invented his 'Machine for Raising Water by Fire'. Used in Cornish tin mines, this pumped water with a simple up and down motion that had only limited use and couldn't be applied to machinery. It also had a tendency to explode, and steam development was held back by the patent, Savery held for thirty-five years. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed a different type of engine and bypassed the patents. This was first used in Staffordshire coal mines, had most of the old limitations and was expensive to run, but had the distinct advantage of not blowing up.

In the second half of the eighteenth century came inventor James Watt, a man who built on the development of others and became a major contributor to steam technology. In 1763 Watt added a separate condenser to Newcomen's engine which saved fuel; during this period he was working with people involved in the iron-producing industry. Then Watt teamed up with a former toy manufacturer who had changed profession. In 1781 Watt, former toy man Boulton and Murdoch built the 'rotary action steam engine'. This was the major breakthrough because it could be used to power machinery, and in 1788 a centrifugal governor was fitted to keep the engine running at an even speed. Now there was an alternative power source for the wider industry and after 1800 the mass production of steam engines began.

Considering steam's reputation in a revolution which is traditionally said to run from 1750, steam was relatively slow to be adopted. A lot of industrialization had already taken place before steam power was in major use, and a lot had grown and improved without it. The cost was initially one-factor holding engines back, as industrialists used other sources of power to keep start-up costs down and avoid major risks. Some industrialists had a conservative attitude which only slowly turned to steam. Perhaps more importantly, the first steam engines were inefficient, using a lot of coal and needed large-scale production facilities to work properly, while much industry was small scale. It took time (until the 1830s/40s) for coal prices to fall and industry to become large enough to need more power.

The Effects of Steam on Textiles

The textile industry had used many different sources of power, from water to human in the many laborers of the domestic system. The first factory had been built at the start of the eighteenth century and used water power because at the time textiles could be produced with only a small amount of power. Expansion took the form of expanding over more rivers for the waterwheels. When steam-powered machinery became possible c. 1780, textiles were initially slow to adopt the technology, as it was expensive and required a high starting cost and caused trouble. However, over time the costs of steam fell and use grew. Water and steam power became even in 1820, and by 1830 steam was well ahead, producing a large increase in the productivity of the textile industry as new factories were created.

The Effects on Coal and Iron

The coal, iron and steel industries mutually stimulated each other during the revolution. There was an obvious need for coal to power steam engines, but these engines also allowed for deeper mines and greater coal production, making the fuel cheaper and steam cheaper, thus producing more demand for coal.

The iron industry also benefited. At first, steam was used to pump water back up into reservoirs, but this soon developed and steam was used to power bigger and better blast furnaces, allowing for an increase in iron production. Rotary action steam engines could be linked to other parts of the iron process, and in 1839 the steam hammer was first in use. Steam and iron were linked as early as 1722 when Darby, an iron magnate, and Newcomen worked together to improve the quality of iron for producing steam engines. Better iron meant more precision engineering for steam. More on coal and iron.

The Importance of the Steam Engine

The steam engine might be the icon of the industrial revolution, but how important was it in this first industrial stage? Historians like Deane have said the engine had little impact at first, as it was only applicable to large-scale industrial processes and until 1830 the majority were small scale. She agrees that some industries used it, such as iron and coal, but that the capital outlay only became worthwhile for the majority after 1830 because of delays in producing viable engines, high costs at the start, and the ease with which manual labor can be hired and fired compared to a steam engine. Peter Mathias argues much the same thing but stresses that steam should still be considered one of the key advances of the industrial revolution, one which occurred near the end, initiating a second steam-driven phase.

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Discover the history of the steam engine and how it powered factories, allowed deeper mines and moved a transport network during the Industrial Revolution.

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The Steam Engine in the Industrial Revolution

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The Steam Engine in the Industrial Revolution

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By: Nirav Subhedar 4B

Thomas Newcomen made the most successful steam engine, to clear water out of mines.

The result of less water in the mines allowed for more coal gathered from the mines, allowing more steam engines for even less water in the mine. ( the cycle continues )

James Watt made more efficient steam engines which allowed the birth of railroads and steam engines and improved efficiency in cotton mills.

Watt is now the unit of measuring energy in the modern world

Steam engines affected the iron and coal industries greatly in a few ways, first, coal was even more important now as it was required to power engines, which increased the demand for coal. Iron was used because steam became used to power bigger and larger furnaces, increasing its demand as well

Steam engines quickly became one of the most important factors in the revolution as they began to power many different factories, machines, and transport alike.

The original reason to attempt and create steam engines was due to people trying to resolve power problems, and they created an excellent solution.

Thomas Newcomen and James Watt were responsible for the first two, most effective steam engines

https://www.thoughtco.com/steam-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221643

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The steam engine, either used on its own or as part of a train, is the iconic invention of the industrial revolution. Experiments in the seventeenth century turned, by the middle of the nineteenth, into a technology which powered huge factories, allowed deeper mines and moved a transport network.

Industrial Power Pre 1750

Before 1750, the traditional arbitrary starting date for the industrial revolution, the majority of British and European industries were traditional and relied on water as the main power source. This was a well-established technology, using streams and waterwheels, and was both proven and widely available in the British landscape. There were major problems because you had to be near suitable water, which could lead you to isolated places, and it tended to freeze or dry up. On the other hand, it was cheap. Water was also vital for transport, with rivers and coastal trade. Animals were also used for both power and transport, but these were expensive to run because of their food and care. For rapid industrialization to take place, alternative sources of power were needed.

The Development of Steam

People had experimented with steam-powered engines in the seventeenth century as a solution to power problems, and in 1698 Thomas Savery invented his 'Machine for Raising Water by Fire'. Used in Cornish tin mines, this pumped water with a simple up and down motion that had only limited use and couldn't be applied to machinery. It also had a tendency to explode, and steam development was held back by the patent, Savery held for thirty-five years. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed a different type of engine and bypassed the patents. This was first used in Staffordshire coal mines, had most of the old limitations and was expensive to run, but had the distinct advantage of not blowing up.

In the second half of the eighteenth century came inventor James Watt, a man who built on the development of others and became a major contributor to steam technology. In 1763 Watt added a separate condenser to Newcomen's engine which saved fuel; during this period he was working with people involved in the iron-producing industry. Then Watt teamed up with a former toy manufacturer who had changed profession. In 1781 Watt, former toy man Boulton and Murdoch built the 'rotary action steam engine'. This was the major breakthrough because it could be used to power machinery, and in 1788 a centrifugal governor was fitted to keep the engine running at an even speed. Now there was an alternative power source for the wider industry and after 1800 the mass production of steam engines began.

Considering steam's reputation in a revolution which is traditionally said to run from 1750, steam was relatively slow to be adopted. A lot of industrialization had already taken place before steam power was in major use, and a lot had grown and improved without it. The cost was initially one-factor holding engines back, as industrialists used other sources of power to keep start-up costs down and avoid major risks. Some industrialists had a conservative attitude which only slowly turned to steam. Perhaps more importantly, the first steam engines were inefficient, using a lot of coal and needed large-scale production facilities to work properly, while much industry was small scale. It took time (until the 1830s/40s) for coal prices to fall and industry to become large enough to need more power.

The Effects of Steam on Textiles

The textile industry had used many different sources of power, from water to human in the many laborers of the domestic system. The first factory had been built at the start of the eighteenth century and used water power because at the time textiles could be produced with only a small amount of power. Expansion took the form of expanding over more rivers for the waterwheels. When steam-powered machinery became possible c. 1780, textiles were initially slow to adopt the technology, as it was expensive and required a high starting cost and caused trouble. However, over time the costs of steam fell and use grew. Water and steam power became even in 1820, and by 1830 steam was well ahead, producing a large increase in the productivity of the textile industry as new factories were created.

The Effects on Coal and Iron

The coal, iron and steel industries mutually stimulated each other during the revolution. There was an obvious need for coal to power steam engines, but these engines also allowed for deeper mines and greater coal production, making the fuel cheaper and steam cheaper, thus producing more demand for coal.

The iron industry also benefited. At first, steam was used to pump water back up into reservoirs, but this soon developed and steam was used to power bigger and better blast furnaces, allowing for an increase in iron production. Rotary action steam engines could be linked to other parts of the iron process, and in 1839 the steam hammer was first in use. Steam and iron were linked as early as 1722 when Darby, an iron magnate, and Newcomen worked together to improve the quality of iron for producing steam engines. Better iron meant more precision engineering for steam. More on coal and iron.

The Importance of the Steam Engine

The steam engine might be the icon of the industrial revolution, but how important was it in this first industrial stage? Historians like Deane have said the engine had little impact at first, as it was only applicable to large-scale industrial processes and until 1830 the majority were small scale. She agrees that some industries used it, such as iron and coal, but that the capital outlay only became worthwhile for the majority after 1830 because of delays in producing viable engines, high costs at the start, and the ease with which manual labor can be hired and fired compared to a steam engine. Peter Mathias argues much the same thing but stresses that steam should still be considered one of the key advances of the industrial revolution, one which occurred near the end, initiating a second steam-driven phase.

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Discover the history of the steam engine and how it powered factories, allowed deeper mines and moved a transport network during the Industrial Revolution.

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The Steam Engine in the Industrial Revolution

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The Steam Engine in the Industrial Revolution

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By: Hetvi Patel

Prior to the invention of the steam engine, machines were either powered by animals, humans, or water wheels.

In 1689, Thomas Savery invented a patented water pump that pumped water by moving up and down which limited use, was not compatible with machines, and tended to explode.

In 1712, Thomas Newcomen developed the steam engine which was used in Stamford coal mines, it what expensive to run, unlike Savery’s water pump it did not explode.

Newcomen’s machine was able to suck 5,000 gallons each hour out of a 153 foot deep mine shaft.

Later, James Watt contributed to Newcomen’s invention, in 1763, he added a separate condenser to the engine saving fuel.

In 1781, James Watt along with the help of former toy manufacturers Boulton and Murdoch built the ‘rotary action steam engine’, which was able to power machinery.

Watt kept messing with his machine until it had only used a quarter of the coal that Newcomen’s machine, allowing it to be used in tin and copper mines where coal was costly to acquire.

A lot of industrialization had occurred before the use of the steam engine, the improvement of the steam engine was held back, as it was really costly and the first steam engines required an abundance of coal.

In 1780, textiles were slow to acquire technology since it was costly, however, the cost of the steam engine began to fall.

In 1820, steam and water power were even, but by 1830, steam power surpassed, increasing productivity of the textile industry.

The steam engine came in many sizes, by 1800, Britain boasted more than 2,500 steam engines, many being used in mines, cotton mills, and manufacturing factories.

Coal mining boosted, as these engines were powered by coal and steam engines became very popular in coal mines in other European countries, such as Belgium, France, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Links:

https://www.thoughtco.com/steam-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221643

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

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The Steam Engine in the Industrial Revolution

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The Steam Engine in the Industrial Revolution

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By: Ayanna Chugh

Water wheels, animals and humans would power many machines before the steam engine was created, which was somewhat expensive.

The steam engine was invented so that coal could be extracted more efficiently and cheaply.

There would also be less malfunctions as the water wheels would often not work in cold weather.

There were approximately 9.5 million steam-powered machines in Britain by 1907.

Thomas Savery was the creator of a patented pump that harnessed the power of steam, but the power was limited.

Steam engines could be used anywhere due to is being more powerful, being cheaper, and less fuel to run machines.

James Watt improved the efficiency of the steam engine, later with the help of Matthew Boulton.

This improved version of the steam engine was often called the separate condenser because he increased the efficiency of the condensing action.

With the help of the Wilkinson brothers, Watt was able to create his steam engine with much better parts that were made of iron, which made sure that hardly any steam escaped.

The expansion engine was an improvement for the steam engine that shut off the heat source of the machine before the steam expanded, which saved fuel.

Richard Trevithick created the railways and the high-pressure steam engine in 1801.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

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By Rishaan Trivedi

Before 1750, India was the main manufacturers for textiles since they produced about 25% of the world’s industrial output during this time

After 1750, this changed dramatically, and by mid nineteenth century textile production shifted to Britain due to the de-industrialization of India

The strong economy of India was based on cotton textile exports and became devastated due to European industrialization and commercial changes

Textile output of India relied on hand-loom technology, but was taken over by machines in Britain which caused British industrialist to not allow India to get their hands on them

As a result, India’s economy collapsed with many laborers losing their jobs so they had to work in cash-crop agriculture-specifically raw cotton-to survive

Then India started exporting cotton, but the process took a hundred years(de-industrialization) and this meant that much of the profit went to Britain and not to India where most cotton was

Mid-eighteenth century many English merchants demanded raw cotton from India instead of textile and this was shipped to English mills where it was spun into yarn and threads to mass produce textiles

Many inexpensive factory-made textile entered markets in England, Europe, and India due to this and handmade fabrics in Indian markets couldn’t compete with this lower priced abundant English goods putting people who made them out of work

Negatively impacted Indias long time industrial development

De industrialization caused wide-spread famines, mass migrations and de-stabilization of markets throughout the region

Hundreds of thousands of displaced, now jobless textile laborers got evicted from lands and unable to eat as wages declined, taxes increased, and food prices rose

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain.

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Turned from cottage industry to high-mechanized (workers there only to make sure carding, spinning, weaving machines don’t stop)

Inventors ensured machine factories cheaper, faster, more reliable than before (was don by wish to reduce costs)

Water and steam engines led to textile workers losing jobs (led to protest movements like Luddites)

Bad work areas helped make trade union movement and made governments make laws the protected safety of workers

Industry sped-up work from working individually at home (weaving jobs) to in factories a lot due to flying shuttle (pulled thread horizontally across longitudinal threads on weaving frame)

Problems were how to spin more warn to keep pace at faster weaving stage; inventors made machines that spin many threads at a time (one machine did job worth many people)

Spinning Jenny was spinning frame with many spindles (spun 8 cotton threads at once), and was improved as newer models spin 120 threads at a time; machine spread quickly in Britain and other European countries

Water frame was cotton-spinning machine where rollers did tasks that replaced hand spinning and weaving; was improvement from spinning jenny and had made more high-quality/stronger yarn

Many other inventions made to improve the one before in weaving and spinning leading to advanced machinery for the time-period

Machines led to the Luddites who were organization of protesters for workers rights and done many extreme actions in order to get the government to make laws regarding workers’ rights

As las added, workplaces improved and were becoming less abusive and more modern (civilized)

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

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Steam engine in the Industrial Revolution by Sahil Patel

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Steam engine in the Industrial Revolution by Sahil Patel

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It was first invented as a pump in the 1960s, but was later altered with machinery which resulted in a more efficient and powerful substitute for human labor.

The steam engine produces steam through heated water which is 1500 times more voluminous. Eventually, the steam cools and is condensed back into water, which creates a vacuum. The vacuum is then able to suck water in, thus creating power.

The first inventor of the steam engine was Thomas Newcomen. However, James Watt and Matthew Boulton would later make major improvements to the steam engine that would improve efficiency. They separated the hot and cool parts of the machine which were causing problems with efficiency.

The steam engine came in all sizes and was an extraordinarily complex piece of machinery. By 1800 Britain boosted over 2,500 steam engines which were used in mines, factories, and cotton mills. Steam engines led to the successful overproduction of coal, which caused many European countries such as France or Germany to utilize steam engines in coal mines.

As steam engines kept on evolving there was an important improvement that was made to control the steam expansion, thus conserving fuel. After the improvement was made, steam engines ran cheaper than ever and could be virtually used anywhere.

Even though steam engines were only thought to be used for coal mining, they would soon open the doors for an advanced method of transportation.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/#

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The Textile Industry in the Industrial Revolution by Arun Subramanian 4B

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The Textile Industry in the Industrial Revolution by Arun Subramanian 4B

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Transformed from a cotton industry to a highly mechanized industry where the only job for workers was to ensure the machines never stopped.

Driven by the desire to cut upon costs.

Initially, cotton and yarn products were bought from those who made it in their homes.

It was manually done so as one person operated a manual spinning wheel while another  operated a hand powered loom.

John Kay invented the textile shuttle in 1733 which allowed for a faster weaving stage.

Entrepreneurs realized that if they put all of the workers of a specific industry in one place, it would cut down on costs and be more efficient.

James Hargreaves then invented the Spinning Jenny in 1764.

The Spinning Jenny could spin eight cotton threads at the same time which would then speed up production and cut labor costs.

Richard Arkwright created the water frame which was patented in 1769.

The water frame allowed for fingers and thumbs to be replaced with rollers in a cotton spinning machine.

More machines were invented but it ended of with Howe’s sewing machine.

As a result of the newly specialized machines, many people were left without a job.

These people then revolted and called themselves Luddite’s.

However, much of the time, these Luddites were either deported or persecuted.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/#:~:text=During%20the%20Industrial%20Revolution%20(1760,and%20weaving%20machines%20never%20stopped.

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Indian Cotton Production using the hand-loom

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India before and during the Industrial Revolution—Madhulika Raja

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India before and during the Industrial Revolution—Madhulika Raja

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Some historians beloved that India was the most important manufacturer in world trade and produced around 25% of the world’s industrial output at the time

In 1750 this textile production shifted to Britain and de-industrialized India

India’s economy was based on exports of the cotton textiles manufactured there and inspired European industrialization

India’s textile output relied on hand-loom technology and this was now done on machine in Britain—Britain made sure that the Indian’s never got a hold of this technology

The Indian economy collapsed and laborers lost their jobs and ended up working in cash-crop agriculture and became an exporter of cotton.

Mid-eighteenth century — Britain demanded India for cotton which was spun into yarn and threads to produce textiles

These inexpensive textiles became abundant in the market and India’s products couldn’t compete with them

This de-industrialization caused wide-spread famines, mass migration, De-stabilization of markets throughout the region

Jobless textile laborers were kicked off their lands and were unable to eat as their wages declines, taxes increased, and the price of rice and food rose

India was once dominant in global textile manufacturing and trade and their clothes were worn through Persia and China

The Mughal empire had created a vast and safe infrastructure that supported a strong export trade system of cotton cloth to make this happen

This empire’s hand-made cloth industry kept people employed and they also provided safe ports for international business which encouraged private traders to expand trade networks

It’s prosperity ended by the mid-eighteenth century and the Mughal empire lost its grip on rival leaders and European merchants gained more control of the region

As the empire started to decline merchants and leaders in each region of India tried to form alliances with with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English trace companies

The English east india company was established in 1600, this was one of the companies made by the alliances, they also didn’t consider Europe a threat to the authority of the Mughal state

Through the merchants and bankers lots of money was now flowing around the local economy, most of it was from slice and gold originally from the americas

This cash was not staying in India and was going to foreign companies who were buying cash crops in India and turned them into finished products in Europe And some of it wasn’t used to pay foreign mercenaries

Wars were fought as the Mughal empire was breaking up

Europeans became involved in politics and military rivalries in Mughal state to gain greater access to the land and goods and they wanted

India was slowly absorbed into the British empire one piece at a time as the east India’s company gained control of land through treaties

The British government created conditions that helped their commercial goals but hurt Indian people—rice farmers that couldn’t pay taxes were evicted and larger plantations would be created to grow more cotton for England

Cotton fields replaced rice fields causing food prices to rise and a series of famines hit India in 1769, 1783, amd 1791 — resulted in 30 million deaths

Indians saw the their hope for political independence linked to economic self-reliance (swadeshi)

Students and laborers took action first in bengal and then in other places by heaping British factory-made pants, vests, coats, and bowler hats into piles in the streets and burnt them.

Non-violent freedom fighter such as Gandhi encouraged Indians to wear home-spun cloth (Kadhi) in their traditional styles and to stop wearing western fashion

Gandhi promoted the idea of men and women both using spinning-wheels at home

In 1931 the first flag adopted by the Indian national congress had a spinning wheel to represent India’s industrial past

Sources:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain.

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Steam Engines of Britain During the Industrial Revolution

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Steam Engines of Britain During the Industrial Revolution

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Shikhar Sharma 4B

Initially invented as a pump in the 1960s, eventually had a substantial transformation on the dynamics of travel and industry

The correlation of steam and railroads would rival the domination of canals

The first steam-powered road vehicle was invented by Richard Trevithick in 1901, however, it was let down by the bad quality of the roads

Trevithick invented the first steam railway engine that could run on its purpose-built tracks in 1803

George Stephenson invented the Locomotion 1 train which transported the first railway passengers from Stockton to Darlington in northeastern England

George Stephenson's son, Robert Stephenson, made the Rocket, and he entered it in the Rainhill Trials

The Rainhill Trials were competitions to search for the greatest locomotive for use on the new railway line planned to link Manchester to Liverpool, which opened in 1830

Birmingham was connected to London in 1838, and passengers could take the train from the capitol to Bristol in 1841, creating an explosive growth of popularity for the railways

The 'railway mania' was what the quick spread of railway tracks in Britain became to be known as

There were over 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of rail lines by 1870

The first steam-powered ferry was the Hibernia, carrying passengers between Holyhead in Wales and Dublin in Ireland

Isambard Kingdom Brunel used a steam engine to power his huge ships, the SS Great Western, SS Great Britain, and the SS Great Eastern

Travel across the Atlantic became faster than ever before

Steam-powered cotton looms were used in textile factories by 1789, a machine first invented by Edmund Cartwright between 1784 and 1786 and first had effective use in factories owned by Richard Arkwright

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

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Textile Industry started off as cottage produce to high tech production of cloth

water wheels and steam engines were used to produce textile, so people lost their manual jobs because they were less efficient

lying shuttle was a machine used to pull thread horizontally across longitudinal threads on a weaving frame

Spinning jenny was a frame that could hole many spindles, which greatly sped up productivity of cloth making

factories were made so that all the machinery and production could happen in one place, which would reduce the cost of production

the water frame was a cotton-spinning machine where rollers performed the task that fingers did. It was an improvement on the spinning jenny since it produced much finer and stronger yarn.

Spinning mules required more energy, but could power 1,320 spindles at once

The Cotton Gin made removing seed and dirt from cotton easier and faster then removing it by hand

Luddites were a group of protesters that broke factory machines because they had their jobs taken by the machines

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

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By: Simran Singh 4B

China invented paper money and led world in exports -> silk and china

China had the biggest population in the world during the Industrial Revolution

Invented things like gunpowder, printing, paper, compasses

Had a free enterprise, but tried imposing monopolies on salt and iron with failure of enforcement

During Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) China faced enviromental problems

Previous populations growth led to land shortages, depletion of natural resources (wildlife, biomass fuels, etc.)

1860s: Qing statesmen receive new tools from outside China -> increase country’s power (military hardware)

Acquired steam engines, steamships, and railroads (1876) -> revolutionized transportation

Chinese elites purchased/operated machines for spinning and weaving cotton, woolen threads, and textiles for pumping water from mine shafts

tested machines for digging irrigation canals, water wells, and ploughing agricultural fields

Infrastructure relied on energy from coal, location of coal mines and extraction became an issue

Money & coal & other materials were short in supply, and officials were not ready to accept new technology-> didn’t want machines to exhaust national supplies of minerals

Historians conclusion: Chinas early industrialization was unsuccessful as it didn’t prevent the country’s loss of sovereignty to foreign empires

Link: https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/9918-the-historical-roots-of-china-s-industrial-revolution-2/

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Indian Cotton Industries Before and During the Industrial Revolution- By: Sahya Patel

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Indian Cotton Industries Before and During the Industrial Revolution- By: Sahya Patel

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Much of India’s economy was based off of the textile industry in India and before 1750 much of the world got their cloth from India

A hand-loom technology was used to make the cloth and Indians relied on this technology to make the great numbers of cloth produced possible.

Later Britain used machines to make this work faster, efficient, and cheaper so that they could produce more cloth for their consumers at lower prices

British made sure that their cloth-producing technology wasn’t spread to India to ensure that their business and techniques of producing cloth didn’t change remaining slow and expensive giving Britain the upper hand of becoming the primary exporters of cloth

As Britain became better at producing more and cheaper cloth India’s economy started to collapse

Many workers who produced cloth lost their jobs and instead had to work in cash-crop agriculture or raw cotton to survive

This meant that India which found their hand-loom technology after many years were sent back many years, or “de-industrialized”, so instead of selling/exporting cloth, they exported raw cotton to Britain at low costs who sold their produce cloth as high prices to India

As India’s economy got weaker, unstable, and more workers lost their jobs, famines became wide-spread and many people looked for jobs to support their families

The Mughal Empire which ruled much of India had built a strong and rich society and government from the textile economy but as the economy stared to crash, the Mughals became weaker and weaker

The Europeans they traded with for their cloth in exchange for other resources or money became stronger from the cheap cotton from India and expensive cloth they sold to India, so then they took over the Mughals by ensuring that the trade between India and other European countries were signed into contracts and were commercial but in reality were political.

Indians sold their resources for less money while buying resources from other countries for higher prices which gave more profit to the European countries.

Eventually the Europeans became a lot more stronger with their armies and economies which helped them easily take over the Mughals by ensuring them high offices and pay in their government which led to India being in full control of the Europeans

This resulted in a very poor Indian economy and led to many famines causing Indians to become poor and this led to revolt against the British

Indians decided to make their own cloth from their own resources and use their own resources from their home land instead of selling it to other foreign countries for cheap and buying the same resources or other resources for much more expensive prices

Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins

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India during the Industrial Revolution By: Caden Jariwala 4B

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India during the Industrial Revolution By: Caden Jariwala 4B

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The Industrial Revolution caused factories to be built in India

These factories used steam power to fuel them, so a lot of goods were produced faster

The textile industry started making a large amount of clothes for cheaper prices

New industries, such as cotton and jute mills, emerged in India

During the starting years of the Industrial Revolution, only a few cities including Mumbai and Kolkata started the industrialization process

The working conditions in factories were horrible

Problems, such as child labor and poverty, were significant issues during the initial years of the industrial Revolution

India started trading with other countries more

The state played an important part in industrial development after India became an independent country

Source:

https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/industrial-revolution-in-india#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20led%20to,can%20be%20made%20very%20quickly.

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Meher Singh 4B

-It coal started from the discovery of smelting iron ore by using coke with was a purified form of coal instead of charcoal

-This then allowed iron to be made

-Coal was used as a source of power

-it could create heat energy and then was used as mechanical energy

-the mechanical energy came from steam engines which then became very popular due to its success

-there was a limited quantity of coal they could produce in the beginning

-the demand of coal was there due to iron and steam; the technology then improved which allowed the coal to increase even more

-there are many reasons why coal’s demand went up: population increase, domestic market increase, etc..

-as steam engines needed coal it also impacted the coal industry

-there is a debate about coals importances to the Industrial Revolution

-studies have shown the coalfields were grown much more in European cities and did cause an economic growth and rise in living standards

-Coal did also have some cons to it as it made the air very polluted

-the working class had to live through the pollution everyday which was well known for how bad it is for their health

-the pollution seemed to also have an effected on child development and was affecting the people a lot

https://www.thoughtco.com/coal-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221634

https://www.economicsobservatory.com/what-can-we-learn-from-the-role-of-coal-in-the-industrial-revolution