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•A variation of Islamic architecture.

•Developed as a group of people of Islamic faith spread from the Middle East to the Maghreb, an area which included parts of North Africa and Spain.

•Their architecture was noted for its unique characteristics such as a result of the intertwined influences of culture and religion.

•There are many motifs, or repeated patterns, in Moorish architecture.

•It has illustrates the different styles of arches, calligraphy, vegetative design, and decorative tiles.

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•Moorish architecture is named after the Moors, North African people who conquered the Iberian Peninsula and many islands in the Western Mediterranean beginning in the 700s.

•The Moors controlled what is now Spain, Portugal, and the Pyrenees region of France for hundreds of years.

•Although mosques are the most common examples of Moorish architecture, motifs spread to the design of homes and places of businesses.

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•The distinctive Indo-Islamic architectural style.

•Developed in northern and central India under the patronage of Mughal emperors.

•Remarkably symmetrical and decorative amalgam of Persian, Turkish, and Indian architecture.

•The Mughals also renowned for creating exquisite gardens in the Persian charbagh layout, in which the quadrilateral gardens were divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts.

•View of The Taj Mahal :

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A Short History of The Moors Empire👳🏾‍♂️

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A Short History of The Moors Empire👳🏾‍♂️

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1.https://www.yourdictionary.com/moorish
2.https://www.dictionary.com/browse/moorish
3.https://study.com/academy/lesson/moorish-architecture-history-characteristics.html
4.https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/moorish-art/
5.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Owg6kj20Lv4
6.https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=SbYcHHn0VWg&feature=emb_logo
7.https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/reference/people/who-were-moors/
8.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYEMexhrBdI
9.https://www.tessellatebytraci.com/blog/2019/5/8/the-gardens-of-the-moors
10.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusian_patio.

11.https://www.pinterest.com/pin/804525920906477869/
12.http://rebloggy.com/post/photography-islam-islamic-turkey-artists-on-tumblr-istanbul-islamic-architecture/117917852573
14.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYEMexhrBdIo
15.https://www.autoeurope.com/travel-blog/see-moor-of-spain/
16.https://www.pinterest.com/pin/170362798382017387/
17.https://www.sutori.com/story/the-moors--pXpjDqhMsEJrxje7f1CPENfb
18.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-SK3TParzQ
19.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3MmDHzB1XaQ
20.http://shudeleyarquitectura.blogspot.com/2016/06/entry-3-moorish-style-architectural.html

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•The Moors controlled what is now Spain, Portugal, and the Pyrenees region of France for hundreds of years.

•The Moors were Muslim and influenced by the Islamic architecture that developed in the Middle East.

•Although mosques are the most common examples of Moorish architecture, motifs spread to the design of homes and places of businesses.

•One of the most famous examples of Moorish architecture, the Mezquita or Grand Mosque of Cordoba, Spain, is today the region's Catholic cathedral.

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1) Alia Nazmin Binti Ahmad Najib (2018691274)
2) Fatin Syamimi Binti Azahar (2018420496)
3) Nur Zahirah Binti Ali Khan (2018216312)
4) Wan Amira Azlin Binti Wan Noor (2018280338)
5) Siti Aishah Binti Rashid (2018655362)

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Mr. Mohd Zulhaili Bin Teh

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•Though the term can be found throughout literature, art, and history books, it does not actually describe a specific ethnicity or race.

•The concept of Moors has been used to describe alternatively the reign of Muslims in Spain, Europeans of African descent, and others for centuries.

•Derived from the Latin word “Maurus,” the term was originally used to describe Berbers and other people from the ancient Roman province of Mauretania in what is now North Africa.

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•Moorish is an adjective word of pertaining or relating to the Moors,a Muslim people of NW Africa or their culture.

•An (architecture) of relating or pertaining to a denoting or being the style of architecture used in Spain from the 8th to 16th century of the Moors, characterized by the horseshoe arch and ornate, geometric decoration.

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•Moghul is a noun word which is mean a member of the Muslim dynasty of Indian emperors established by Baber in 1526.

•It also mean a Muslim Indian, Mongol, or Mongolian.

•Moghul also an adjective word which mean of or relating to the Moguls or their empire.

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The Mughal Empire and Historical Reputation: Crash Course World History #217

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•Architecture Under Akbar

1. Early Mughal architecture first developed during the reign of Akbar the Great (1556–1605), who commissioned palaces, mosques , gardens, and mausoleums.

2. The architecture was a synthesis of Persian, Turkic, Timurid Iranian, Central Asian, and Indian Hindu and Muslim styles.

3. Akbari architecture is also remarkable for its large scale use of sandstone, evident both in the construction of Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar’s royal city, and Akbar’s own tomb in Sikandra.

4. The mosque at Fatehpur Sikri boasts the Buland Darwaza, the largest gateway of its kind in India.

5. Early Mughal mosques had massive enclosed courtyards and domed shallow prayer halls.

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•The Mughal buildings show a uniform pattern both in structure and character.

•The main characteristic features of Mughal architecture :

1. The bulbous domes

2. The slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners

3. Large halls

4. Massive vaulted gateways

5. Delicate ornamentation.

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•Muslims who were under the Umayyad empire that ruled most of Spain and parts of France and helped greatly with the scientific revolution and the renaissance.

•The Moors cross the straits of Gibraltar into the Iberian peninsula and that led them into Visigoth territory.

•This was the start of their European conquest and the end of Visigoth rule in Spain.

•They led their expansion until they had conquered most of Spain, and were eventually stopped in France.

•Charles Marteland his troops stopped the Muslims from advancing further into Europe with the battle of Tours.

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•Ram Bagh is one of the oldest Moghul gardens in India, located five kilometers away from the Taj.

•It follows the Charbagh concept and is also known as Bagh-gul-afshan (light scattering garden), Aalsi bagh (lazy garden).

•It is an example of a variant of the Charbagh in which the water cascades down three terraces in a sequence of cascades.

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1.https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mogul
2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q26GlP_pzBk
3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrDJUC8_jUw&t=116s
4.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-mughal-period/
5.https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/taj-basics/
6.https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com
7.https://www.indiapicks.com/annapurna/S_Mughal.htm
8.https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml
9.https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Mughal-Empire-1526-1761
10.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhsTExu60k8
11.https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-mughal-period/
12.https://unsplash.com/s/photos/mughal-architecture
13.https://myheritagebuildings.wordpress.com/category/mughal-architecture/
14.https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-mughal-architectural-marvels-of-india-and-pakistan.html
15.https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/travel/2019/05/08/putra-mosque-putrajaya

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•Moghul garden design are heavily influenced by the medieval Islamic gardens and are often seen as a place of rest and reflection🧖🏻‍♀️.

•A typical Moghul garden is a square or a rectangular in shape.

•A new formal garden style emerged which,  was based on the basic paradise garden design.

•The style was influenced by Persian garden and Timurid garden.

•Salient festutes:
🏊🏻‍♂️Pools
⛲️Fountains
🏞Canals inside the garden

•Moghul gardens are generally divided into 4 sections:
💎Rectangular Pearl garden
🦋Long butterfly garden 🎑Circular garden
🛤Terraced garden

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•The mausoleum stands in the centre of a square enclosed garden.

•The garden is divided and sub-divided into squares, typical of Mughal gardens.

•The first garden-tomb made in India, the garden is divided into 36 squares by a grid of water channels.

•Paths with the central water channels appearing to be disappearing beneath the tomb structure.

•Reappearing in a straight line on the other side suggesting the Quranic idea of the river flowing beneath a garden of paradise.

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Moorish Art🎨
•Moorish art developed in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula around the 11th century.

•Moorish art is a variation of Islamic art.

•Elements of Moorish architecture include a variety of arches, intricate calligraphy, vegetative design, and decorative tilework.

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•The Cathedral of Cordoba, Spain, was originally constructed as a Moorish mosque.

•Its prayer hall is notable for narrow, graceful pillars and striped double arches in a horseshoe shape.

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•Pointed arches, calligraphy, vegetative designs and tilework blend seamlessly in this dome of the Imam Mosque in Isfahan.

•The vegetative designs include not just tiles, but windows as well.

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•Moorish art is more likely to use rounded shapes, like this town gateway in Rabat, Morocco, than squares or rectangles.

•Other variations of Islamic art, such as the arches of the Taj Mahal in India, use rectangles.

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•This grotto, part of the Cathedral of Cordoba, includes cusped arches.

•Cusped arches are arches with circular shapes (called cusps or foils) cut into its interior (called its intrado).

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•Stylized Arabic script is painted blue on the Minaret of Jam, an historic building in Shahrak, Afghanistan.

•A minaret is a mosque's narrow tower, used to call worshippers to prayer.

•The Minaret of Jam includes chapters of the Quran written in two distinct styles of calligraphy (kufic and naskhi).

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•This clay tile is carved with a vegetative pattern.

•It is part of a mosque in Sharjah, one of the emirates of the United Arab Emirates.

•Some tiles, like this one, have raised relief, while others are flat.

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•Calligraphy is visible on almost all examples of Islamic architecture, including Moorish variations.

•These inscriptions are part of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, Palestine.

•Like almost all inscriptions in Islamic architecture, the text are chapters from the Quran, the Muslim holy book.

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Alhambra: Design & Architecture Detailed Guide ( Granada, Spain - Tour)

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•The Courtyard of the Lions is part of the Alhambra palace complex in Granada, Spain.

•The narrow pillars and intricate carved masonry—called muqarnas—are typical Moorish architectural motifs.

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•Moorish architectural styles spread far beyond North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula (what the Moors called al Andalus).

•The Sheikh Zayed Mosque, in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, incorporates a courtyard of rounded arches, called keyhole arches.

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•The Ben Youssef Madrassa, or Islamic school, in Marrakesh, Morocco, incorporates many elements of Moorish architecture, including decorative arches and tiles, as well as calligraphy (carved in the top of the columns) and plant designs.

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•The Friday Mosque in Herat, Afghanistan, is another example of many elements of Islamic architecture working as a whole.

•The many, many vegetative motifs are integrated with several styles of calligraphy in intricately painted tiles.

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•The Moorish-style (defined as Islamic Architecture) of historical building located right in front of Merdeka Square.

•It was designed by an architect named AC Norman during 1897.

•It is used to house the superior courts of Malaysia: the Federal Court of Malaysia, the Court of Appeals and the High Court of Malaya, before they moved to Putrajaya. (Direct, 2016)

•View of Sultan Abdul Samad Building, Kuala Lumpur.

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•The nature of the Moorish garden - is the simplicity of planning and the uniqueness of the solution.

🌊Water is the primary motif.
🛤A courtyard, patio is always present.
🌲The plants are exotic and correspond to the climatic conditions.
⛲Decorative paving pools and fountains.

•View of Patio de la Acequia:

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•The name Mughal or Moghul is a corruption of the Persian word for Mongol, the Central Asian tribe after whom Mongolia is named.

•The Moghuls originated in Central Asia, and were descended from the Mongol ruler Jenghiz Khan and Timur (Tamburlaine), he great conqueror of Asia.

•The great cities built by the Mughal emperors at Delhi, Agra and Lahore still retain something of the magnificence that was associated with the Mughal dynasty during the seventeenth century.

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Who were the Mughals? Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire explained (Documentary)

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•Humayun’s tomb was built by his widow Haji Begum in 1565 A.D. in Delhi in 1569A.D., fourteen years after his death.

•The lofty double storeyed structure is built on a huge high platform terrace which has a row of calls with arched openings.

•The central chamber is octagonal in shape and contains the tomb.

•Each side of the mausoleum has a large arched alcove in the centre with smaller ones on either side.

•It has a high marble double dome in the centre and pillared kiosks with cupolas surrounding it.

•Built of red sandstone with an inlay of black, white and yellow marble it presents an imposing picture.

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•Babur (r. 1526-30)
•Humayun (r. 1530-56)
•Akbar (r. 1556-1605)
•Jahangir (r. 1605-27)
•Shah Jahan (r. 1627-58)
•Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)

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•He is the first Mughal Emperor, was a descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamerlaine.

•Succeeded his father as ruler of the state of Farghana in Turkestan when he was only 12, although he was swiftly deposed by older relatives.

•Moved into Afghanistan in 1504, and then moved on to India, apparently at the invitation of some Indian princes who wanted to dispose of their ruler.

•Babur disposed of the ruler, and decided to take over himself.

•Babur brought a broad-minded, confident Islam from central Asia.

• His first act after conquering Delhi was to forbid the killing of cows because that was offensive to Hindus.

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The Alhambra Gardens by Alhambra Designs UK - Islamic Moorish landscape design

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•In the late 7th and early 8th centuries CE, the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate, established after the death of Muhammad, underwent a period of rapid growth.

•In 647 CE, 40,000 Arabs forced the Byzantine governor of northern Africa to submit and pay tribute, but failed to permanently occupy the region.

•After an interlude, during which the Muslims fought a civil war, the invasions resumed in 665, seizing Byzantine North Africa up to Bugia over the course of a series of campaigns, lasting until 689.

•A Byzantine counterattack largely expelled the Arabs but left the region vulnerable.

•Intermittent war over the inland provinces of North Africa continued for the next two decades.

•Further civil war delayed the continuation of further conquest, but an Arab assault took Carthage and held it against a Byzantine counterattack.

•Although a Christian and pagan Berber rebellion pushed out the Arabs temporarily, the Romanized urban population preferred the Arabs to the Berbers and welcomed a renewed and final conquest that left northern Africa in Muslim hands by 698.

•Over the next decades, the Berber and urban populations of northern Africa gradually converted to Islam, although for separate reasons.

•The Arabic language was also adopted.

•Initially, the Arabs required only vassalage from the local inhabitants rather than assimilation, a process which took a considerable time.

•The groups that inhabited the Maghreb following this process became known collectively as Moors.

•Although the Berbers would later expel the Arabs from the Maghreb and form temporarily independent states, that effort failed to dislodge the usage of the collective term.

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•After its conquest by the Arabs (the Moors), appears the special form of garden called the patio.

•This is a closed type of garden, in which the ancient traditions and Persian gardens merged during its development.

•The patio's purpose :

1. To provide a place for relaxation

2. Meditation

3. Contemplation

•Therefore the presence of ponds, fountains, tile mosaics and concise gardening is
characteristic of it.

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Maurische Gärten in Andalusien und Marokko - Moorish Gardens in Andalucia and Morocco

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•The aroma of the rose served to guide meditation and spiritual thought, while its beauty conveyed the hand of the divine.

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•Enclosed gardens served as :

1. Places of retreat

2. Solitude

3. Contemplation of God’s creation.

•This was no less so for the people of Al-Andalus, where the prevailing school of Islam designed gardens as representations of the heavenly paradise.

•Inspired by God, the form of the Moorish garden was divine.

•Still, the garden’s delights were Earthly and so were also meant for the sensuality and enjoyment of mortals.

•The gardens of the Moorish people additionally provided domain for :

1. Social activities

2. Entertainment

3. Localized food

4. Medicine production.

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Linear Design

•It represented the celestial hand of God.

•The four-plot layout of the pairi-daeza, or paradise garden (referred to as the chahār bāgh in the Quran) is one of the most commonly utilized designs in medieval gardens.

•Consist of quadralateral beds divided by a pair of crossed axes with a bubbling fountain or water feature at the center, enclosed within the safety of high walls.

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•A central feature in the cultivated Moorish garden.

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Akbar the Great Mughal Emperor - History of India | Educational Videos by Mocomi Kids

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•The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country.

•Succeeded to the throne at 13, and started to recapture the remaining territory lost from Babur's empire.

•By the time of his death in 1605 he ruled over most of north, central, and western India.

•He worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders.

•While this may well have been for political reasons are he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) as it was also a part of his philosophy.

•He established a form of delegated government in which the provincial governors were personally responsible to him for the quality of government in their territory.

•Akbar also ended a tax (jizya) that had been imposed on non-Muslims.

•This discriminatory tax had been much resented, and ending it was a popular move.

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•Akbar's son, Emperor Jahangir, readopted Islam as the state religion and continued the policy of religious toleration.

•His court included large numbers of Indian Hindus.

•He also began building the magnificent monuments and gardens by which the Mughals are chiefly remembered today, importing hundreds of Persian architects to build palaces and create magnificent gardens.

•Jahangir's approach was typified by the development of Urdu as the official language of Empire.

•Urdu uses an Arabic script, but Persian vocabulary and Hindi grammatical structure.

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•The architectural achievements of the Mughals peaked between 1592 and 1666, during the reign of Jahangir's successor Jahan.

•Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal.

•The Taj Mahal marks the apex of the Mughal Empire; it symbolises stability, power and confidence.

•The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people.

•Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty.

•Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj.

•Many of the skilled craftsmen involved in the construction were drawn from the empire.

•Many also came from other parts of the Islamic world like calligraphers from Shiraz, finial makers from Samrkand, and stone and flower cutters from Bukhara.

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•Jahan's son Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal Emperor.

•Ruled for nearly 50 years.

•He came to the throne after imprisoning his father and having his older brother killed.

•He was a strong leader, whose conquests expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest size.

•Aurangzeb was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors.

•He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire.

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Aurangzeb - The Mughal Emperor  | History of India | Educational Videos by Mocomi Kids

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•For nearly one hundred and seventy years (1556–1719) the Mughal empire remained a dynamic, centralized, complex organization.

•The emperor commanded cadres of officials and soldiers of proven loyalty who carried out his orders in every province.

•Men, money, information, and resources moved regularly and routinely throughout the empire as official needs dictated.

•Mughal success was the product of hard-driving, active rulership exercised by extremely capable rulers who acted as their own chief executives.

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The vision of Shah Jahan (1628—1658) introduced a delicate elegance and detail to Mughal architecture, illustrated in the Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Moti Masjid situated within the Agra Fort, and the Sheesh Mahal in the Lahore Fort, which makes spectacular use of pietra dura and complex mirror work.

Shah Jahan’s most famous achievement, however, is indisputably the Taj Mahal

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•Under the rule of Jahangir (1605—1627), Moghul architecture became more Persian than Indian.

•Jahangir’s great mosque at Lahore is a good example of the Persian style and is covered with enameled tiles.

•At Agra, the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula, completed in 1628, was built entirely of white marble and decorated in elaborate pietra dura mosaic , an inlay technique of using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images.

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•The aromas of jasmine, rose, myrtle, laurel, and other flowering species were used to guide spiritual contemplation and so were always in supply.

•Citrus fruits were exotic pleasures which not only for their sight and smell, but for eating as well. For example, the sunken planting of orange trees.

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Aurangzeb and Later Moghul Architecture🛕

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Aurangzeb and Later Moghul Architecture🛕

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•During Aurangzeb’s reign (1658–1707), brick and rubble with stucco ornamentation replaced squared stone and marble as the building materials of choice.

•Aurangzeb was responsible for additions to the Lahore Fort: building one of the 13 gates, which was named for him, and building the Badshahi mosque, a structure constructed from brick with red sandstone facades.

•In general, however, Mughal architecture had begun to decline during Aurangzeb’s reign, a process that would accelerate after his death.

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•The true hallmark of Moorish Garden design is an overwhelming abundance of visual patterns.

•From elaborate mosaics to hand-carved doors, perspective-provoking plots with linear plantings all the way up to cut-out ceilings allowing curated glimpses of the heavens, there is hardly a surface untouched by rich patterning.

•Islamic cultures in particular favoured the use of geometric tessellations.

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•The first High Court building in Kuala Lumpur was built on Weld Hill or sometimes referred to as Court Hill (Bukit Mahkamah in Malay) near Central Police Station on Pudu Road in the 1880’s (Menara Maybank now stands).

•The complex was designed by Arthur Charles Alfred Norman (AC Norman) in Neo-Moghul Classical architectural style.

•In 1905 The Supreme Court was established due to the remarkable increase in the number of civil trials.

•The Supreme Court was also housed in the same building.

•However over the years the old court complex was found unsuited and inadequate due to an ever increasing number of cases as the population of Kuala Lumpur dramatically grew.

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The Moorish History Exposed in Movie👳🏾‍♂️

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The Moorish History Exposed in Movie👳🏾‍♂️

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MOORISH HISTORY EXPOSED -- TRUTH ABOUT BLACKS IN MOVIES AND MEDIA

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They can't hide this from you anymore (Who were the Moors in Spain)

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The Moorish Architecture🕌 and Moghul Architecture🛕

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The Moorish Architecture🕌 and Moghul Architecture🛕

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•Similarity :

1. Moorish Architecture and Moghul Architecture have dome and minaret.

2. Both architecture influenced by Islamic Architecture style.

3. Moorish and Moghul landscape gardens use water elements in their design.

•Differences :

1. Moorish architecture developed in Maghreb inluding parts of North Africa and Spain which spread by a group of people of Islamic faith Moghul Architecture developed in northern and centeral India under patronage of Moghul emperors.

2. Moorish use many motifs and repeated patterns in design while Moghul use symmetrical and decorative amalgam.