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The Emancipation Proclamation

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The Emancipation Proclamation: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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The Civil War Animated Battle Map | 4K Restoration

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Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation

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Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation

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Lincoln Signs the Emancipation Proclamation | Abraham Lincoln | History

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How Black Union Soldiers Went from Slavery to Forever Free

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Homefront video

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The Homefront: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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Civil War generals

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Abraham Lincoln - U.S. President | Mini Bio | BIO

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Women in the Civil War

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Sound Smart: Women in the Civil War | History

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The Civil War in Four Minutes: Ulysses S  Grant

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Learn more at: http://www.civilwar.org/education/in4/ Living historian Curt Fields describes the life and accomplishments of Ulysses S. Grant. This video is part of the Civil War Trust's In4 video series, which presents short videos on basic Civil War topics.

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The Civil War in Four Minutes: Robert E  Lee

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Anaconda Plan map

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Blockade Runners in the American Civil War

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Battle of Manassas video

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Battles of Manassas: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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The Battle of Shiloh: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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Battle of Antietam video

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The Battle of Gettysburg marked the turning point of the Civil War. With more than 50,000 estimated casualties, the three-day engagement was the bloodiest single battle of the conflict.

How it ended

Union victory. Gettysburg ended Confederate general Robert E. Lee 's ambitious second quest to invade the North and bring the Civil War to a swift end. The loss there dashed the hopes of the Confederate States of America to become an independent nation.

In context

After a year of defensive victories in Virginia, Lee's objective was to win a battle north of the Mason-Dixon line in the hopes of forcing a negotiated end to the fighting. His loss at Gettysburg prevented him from realizing that goal. Instead, the defeated general fled south with a wagon train of wounded soldiers straining toward the Potomac. Union general Meade failed to pursue the retreating army, missing a critical opportunity to trap Lee and force a Confederate surrender. The bitterly divisive war raged on for another two years.

Before the Battle

On June 3, soon after his celebrated victory over Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Gen. Robert E. Lee leads his troops north in his second invasion of enemy territory. The 75,000-man Army of Northern Virginia is in high spirits. In addition to seeking fresh supplies, the depleted soldiers look forward to availing themselves of food from the bountiful fields in Pennsylvania farm country, sustenance the war-ravaged landscape of Virginia can no longer provide.

Hooker also heads north, but he is reluctant to engage with Lee directly after the Union's humiliating defeat at Chancellorsville. This evasiveness is of increasing concern to President Abraham Lincoln. Hooker is ultimately relieved of command in late June. His successor, Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, continues to move the 90,000-man Army of the Potomac northward, following orders to keep his army between Lee and Washington, D.C. Meade prepares to defend the routes to the nation's capital, if necessary, but he also pursues Lee.

On June 15, three corps of Lee's army cross the Potomac, and by June 28 they reach the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. While Lee loses precious time awaiting intelligence on Union troop positions from his errant cavalry commander, Gen. Jeb Stuart, a spy informs him that Meade is actually very close. Taking advantage of major local roads, which conveniently converge at the county seat, Lee orders his army to Gettysburg.

During the Battle

July 1. Early that morning a Confederate division under Maj. Gen. Henry Heth marches toward Gettysburg to seize supplies. In an unplanned engagement, they confront Union cavalry. Brig. Gen. John Buford slows the Confederate advance until the infantry of the Union I and XI Corps under Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds arrives. Reynolds is killed in action. Soon Confederate reinforcements under generals A.P. Hill and Richard Ewell reach the scene. By late afternoon, the wool-clad troops are battling ferociously in the sweltering heat. Thirty thousand Confederates overwhelm 20,000 Federals, who fall back through Gettysburg and fortify Cemetery Hill south of town.

July 2. On the second day of battle, the Union defends a fishhook-shaped range of hills and ridges south of Gettysburg. The Confederates wrap around the Union position in a longer line. That afternoon Lee launches a heavy assault commanded by Lieut. Gen. James Longstreet on the Union left flank. Fierce fighting rages at Devil's Den, Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, the Peach Orchard, and Cemetery Ridge as Longstreet's men close in on the Union position. Using their shorter interior lines, Union II Corps commander Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock and others move reinforcements quickly to blunt Confederate advances. On the Federal right, Confederate demonstrations escalate into full-scale assaults on East Cemetery Hill and Culp's Hill. Although the Confederates gain ground on both ends of their line, the Union defenders hold strong positions as darkness falls.

July 3. Believing his enemy to be weakened, Lee seeks to capitalize on the previous day's gains with renewed attacks on the Union line. Heavy fighting resumes on Culp's Hill as Union troops attempt to recapture ground lost the previous day. Cavalry battles flare to the east and south, but the main event is a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates commanded by Longstreet against the center of the Union position on Cemetery Ridge. Though undermanned, the Virginia infantry division of Brig. Gen. George E. Pickett constitutes about half of the attacking force. Pickett, ordered by Lee to advance his division toward the enemy through a mile of unprotected farmland, replies, "General, I have no division," but the order stands. During Pickett's Charge, as it is famously known, only one Confederate brigade temporarily reaches the top of the ridge-afterwards referred to as the High Watermark of the Confederacy. This daring strategy ultimately proves a disastrous sacrifice for the Confederates, with casualties approaching 60 percent. Repulsed by close-range Union rifle and artillery fire, the Confederates retreat. Lee withdraws his army from Gettysburg late on the rainy afternoon of July 4 and trudges back to Virginia with severely reduced ranks of wasted and battle-scarred men.

Aftermath

As many as 51,000 soldiers from both armies are killed, wounded, captured or missing in the three-day battle. The carnage is overwhelming, but the Union victory buoys Lincoln's hopes of ending the war. With Lee running South, Lincoln expects that Meade will intercept the Confederate troops and force their surrender. Meade has no such plan. Even as Lee's escape is hampered by flooding on the Potomac, Meade does not pursue them. When Lincoln learns of this missed opportunity on July 12, he laments, "We had only to stretch forth our hands & they were ours." Months later, in November 1863, a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield becomes a final resting place for the Union dead. President Lincoln uses the dedication ceremony at the Gettysburg's Soldiers' National Cemetery to honor the fallen and reassert the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address:
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.

Gettysburg: Featured Resources

Related Battles

Adams County, PA | July 1, 1863

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In the summer of 1863, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee launched his second invasion of the Northern states. Forces collided at the crossroads town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania from July 1-3, 1863. It resulted in an estimated 51,000 casualties on both sides, the bloodiest single battle of the entire war.

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Battle of Gettysburg video

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The Battle of Gettysburg: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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Gettysburg

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Article on Michigan regiments at Gettysburg

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The main monument to the 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment is west of Gettysburg on Meredith Avenue. ( Stone & Meredith Avenues tour map) A position marker is at the foot of Culp's Hill along Slocum Avenue showing the regiment's location on July 2 and 3. ( Stevens Knoll tour map)

About the Monument to the 24th Michigan Infantry

The monument is made of granite and stands just over 14′ tall. On top of a pedestal a statue of an enlisted man of the 24th Michigan loads his rifle. He is wearing the distinctive black hat of the Iron Brigade. Below his feet is the brass tablet placed on all State of Michigan monuments at Gettysburg.

The full moon symbol of the First Corps is below the tablet between a relief of crossed flags. The five sided symbol of the Iron Brigade is on both sides of the pedestal and the First Corps moon is repeated on the rear of the monument. The State of Michigan dedicated the monument on June 12, 1889.

The 24th Michigan Infantry at Gettysburg

Colonel Henry A. Morrow commanded the 24th Michigan at Gettysburg. He was wounded on July 1st. Captain Albert M. Edwards then took command.

The 24th lost more men killed and wounded than any Union regiment at Gettysburg. Seven color bearers were shot down. Colonel Morrow himself took the colors twice before he was wounded.

From the front of the monument:

24th Mich.
1st (Iron) Brig.
1st Div. 1st Corps
From the south side of the monument:
July 1st 1863 Arriving upon the field to the south of these woods in the forenoon of July 1st, this regiment with others of the brigade (2nd and 7th Wisconsin and 19th Indiana) charged across the stream in front (Willoughby's Run) to the crest beyond. Assisting in the capture of a large portion of Archer's Tennessee Brigade, it was then withdrawn to this position where it fought until the time the line was outflanked and forced back.
From the north side of the monument:
Position July 2nd and 3rd on Culp's Hill.
The Regiment was raised in Wayne Co., Michigan and mustered into the U. S. Service, August 15, 1862. Mustered out at Detroit, June 30, 1865.
From the east side of the monument:
Went into action with 496 officers and men
Killed & mortally wounded 89
Otherwise wounded 218
Captured 56
Total casualties 363 24th Regiment
Michigan Volunteer Infantry
Iron Brigade.
Of the 496 men who went into battle on July 1, 1863, 99 answered roll call here on the morning of July 2 - 3 1863.
Five Color Bearers were killed and all the Color Guard were killed or wounded
Location of the main monument

The monument to the 24th Michigan is west of Gettysburg on the east side Meredith Avenue about 0.25 mile south of Chambersburg Road. Meredith Avenue starts out as Stone Avenue at Chambersburg Road; both avenues are one way south and east. (39°50'05.7″N 77°15'15.9″W)

24th Michigan Location Marker on Culp's Hill

The marker shows the location where the 99 survivors of the regiment dug in on the north side of Culp's Hill after their retreat from Seminary Ridge on the evening of July 1. The men would hold this position for the remainder of the battle.

From the marker at the foot of Culp's Hill:

Location of the position marker

The position marker for the 24th Michigan is at the foot of Culp's Hill. It is about 85 feet north of Slocum Avenue at its intersection with Williams Avenue. Both avenues are one-way west and north. (39°49'11.0″N 77°13'26.5″W)

See more on the history of the 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Civil War

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Monument to the 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Gettysburg

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The main monument to the 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment is west of Gettysburg on Meredith Avenue. ( Stone & Meredith Avenues tour map) A position marker is at the foot of Culp's Hill along Slocum Avenue showing the regiment's location on July 2 and 3.

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scene from "Saving Lincoln" movie

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Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address from the movie 'Saving Lincoln'

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Gettysburg Address video

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How Lincoln Changed the World in Two Minutes

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Siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi

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Vicksburg Campaign: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

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Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, 1865 (Presidential Inauguration Series)

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Lee's surrender at Appomattox

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Remembering Gen. Robert E. Lee's Civil War surrender at Appomattox

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Vicksburg siege video

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Grant: Massive Siege of Vicksburg Leads to Union Victory | History

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Civil War resources

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The Union included the states of Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon. Abraham Lincoln was their President.

The Confederacy included the states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia. Jefferson Davis was their President.

Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri were called Border States.

HOMEFRONT Finance
On the homefront, the Union had $234,000,000 in bank deposit and coined money or specie while the Confederacy had $74,000,000 and the Border States had $29,000,000.
Populations
The population of the Union was 18.5 million. In the Confederacy, the population was listed as 5.5 million free and 3.5 million enslaved. In the Border States there were 2.5 million free inhabitants and 500,000 enslaved people.
Agriculture
With the exception of rice and tobacco, the Union had a clear agricultural advantage. Particularly horses: the Union had twice that of the Confederacy, 3.4 million to the CSA's 1.7.

The Union led corn production with 400 million bushels compared to the 250 million bushels in the Confederacy and 150 million bushels in the Border States.

The Confederacy produced nearly all of the nation's rice which amounted to 225 million bushels.

The Confederacy led tobacco production with 225 million pounds compared to 110 million pounds produced in the Border States and 50 million pounds produced in the Union.

The Union led wheat production with 100 million bushels produced in comparison to 35 million bushels in the Confederacy and 20 million bushels in the Border States.

The Union was attributed with having 40 million heads of livestock compared to 35 million in the Confederacy and only 10 million in the Border States.
Industry
The Union had 101,000 factories, while the Confederacy had 21,000 and the Border States had 9,000.

The Union had 1.1 million factory workers, while the Confederacy had 111,000 and the Border States had 70,000.

The Union had 20,000 miles of railroad compared to 9,000 in the Confederacy and 1,700 in the Border States.
MILITARY Enlistment Strength
Enlistment strength for the Union Army is 2,672,341 which can be broken down as:

Enlistment strength for the Confederate Army ranges from 750,000 to 1,227,890. Soldier demographics for the Confederate Army are not available due to incomplete and destroyed enlistment records.
Civilian Occupations
Farmers comprised 48 percent of the civilian occupations in the Union. Others included mechanics, 24 percent; laborers, 16 percent; commercial, 5 percent; miscellaneous, 4 percent; and professional occupations, 3 percent.

Farmers comprised 69 percent of the civilian occupations in the Confederacy. Others included laborers, 9 percent; mechanics, 5.3 percent; commercial, 5 percent; professional occupations, 2.1 percent; and miscellaneous, 1.6 percent.
Bloodiest Battles
The bloodiest battles of the Civil War were:

Note: Antietam had the greatest number of casualties of any single-day battle.
Troop Strength
In July 1861, the two armies were nearly equal in strength with less than 200,000 soldiers on each side; however at the peak of troop strength in 1863, Union soldiers outnumbered Confederate soldiers by a ratio of 2 to 1. The size of Union forces in January 1863 totaled over 600,000. Two years later, that number had not changed dramatically for the Union Army but had dropped to about 200,000 for the Confederate Army.
Casualties
The 642,427 total Union casualties have been divided accordingly:

The 483,026 total Confederate casualties have been divided accordingly:
Prisoners
Of the 211,411 Union soldiers captured 16,668 were paroled on the field and 30,218 died in prison. Of the 462,634 Confederate soldiers captured 247,769 were paroled on the field and 25,976 died in prison. The mortality rate for prisoners of war was 15.5 percent for Union soldiers and 12 percent for Confederate soldiers.

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Facts - The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)

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The Union included the states of Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon. Abraham Lincoln was their President. The Confederacy included the states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia.

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Two turning point battles video

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Two Turning Points  The Battles of Vicksburg  Gettysburg

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Black Soldiers in the Civil War

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Black Soldiers (United States Colored Troops): The Civil War in Four Minutes

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History Channel video (some graphic parts)

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The Civil War Rages | America: The Story of Us (S1, E5) | Full Episode | History

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10 facts about the Battle of Appomattox Court House.

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Antietam

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Grant & Lee at Appomattox

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U.S Grant - Appomattox Lee surrender - History

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Sea battle video

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The Monitor, the Merrimack, and the Civil War Sea Battle that Changed History

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Historian and IRON DAWN author Richard Snow recounts the thrilling story of the naval battle that changed the Civil War. Like us on FB: http://ow.ly/gDT030bToeo CONNECT WITH HISTORY IN FIVE Web: http://ow.ly/V7Sw309A8Gx Twitter: https://twitter.com/HistoryInFive Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/history_in_five/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/HistoryInFive/ CONNECT WITH SIMON & SCHUSTER Web: http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Iron-Dawn/Richard-Snow/9781476794181 Twitter: https://twitter.com/ScribnerBooks Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/SCRIBNERBOOKS/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ScribnerBooks/ Simon & Schuster Studio 4: Twitter: https://twitter.com/SimonStudio4 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/simonschuster_studio4/ Want to stay connected with Simon & Schuster?

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Lincoln's assassination

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John Wilkes Booth's Final Days | History

Why this ad?

Review Pre-Vetted Speakers - Standing Ovation Speakers

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John Wilkes Booth's Final Days | History

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Comparison of the North & South
Newsela article

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Newsela | Civil War: Military background of the Union and Confederate forces

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A brief look at the military leaders, strategy of the Union and Confederate forces.

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Andersonville Prison virtual tour
Civil War POW camp

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border states map

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Newsela article

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Newsela | Black Soldiers in the Civil War

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"Civil War: A Defining Moment in U.S. History" Newsela article

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Newsela | La Guerra de Secesión: un momento decisivo en la historia de los Estados Unidos

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Sherman's March

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Sherman's march to the sea in Georgia

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Blood and Glory: The Civil War in Color: Sherman's March to Savannah | History

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Assassination of Lincoln video

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"War William Tecumseh Sherman Style" Newsela article

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Newsela | War, William Tecumseh Sherman-style

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Election of 1864: The Civil War in Four Minutes

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Election of 1864

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Union soldiers

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How Civil War Soldiers Fought in the Battle of Gettysburg

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During the Civil War, soldiers fought with their courage and character. But courage and character only got them so far. In the field, they relied heavily on their equipment. The Civil War was known as the first "modern" war, because of the guns and other weapons brought brought to the battlefield for the first time, though it might look a little old-fashioned today.

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Drummer Boys

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Patriotic Children

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Men of the 54th

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Civil War timeline

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Major events & battles Civil War timeline

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"Defining Battles of the Civil War"--Newsela article

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Newsela is an Instructional Content Platform that supercharges reading engagement and learning in every subject.

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Objective 6 --  The Civil War Begins: Comparing the North and South

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Civil War padlet assignments
(We will do these assignments over the next 2 weeks, not all at once.)

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The Civil War Drummer Boys At Soldiers Walk Memorial Park in Arcadia Wisconsin

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Women & children soldiers

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The Secret Lives of Some Civil War Soldiers

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Links to many topics, videos and articles

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Jefferson Davis--President of the Confederacy

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Jefferson Davis - First President of the Confederacy | Mini Bio | BIO

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View or download video on Vimeo.

Enjoy learning about the most famous battle in American history, with the Union and the Confederates trading blows over three hot summer days in July of 1863. Our collection of animated maps bring battles of the American Civil War to life, complete with troop movement animations, narratives, reenactment footage and more.

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View or download video on Vimeo. Enjoy learning about the most famous battle in American history, with the Union and the Confederates trading blows over three hot summer days in July of 1863. Our collection of animated maps bring battles of the American Civil War to life, complete with troop movement animations, narratives, reenactment footage and more.

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Comparison of the North and South

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The Union included the states of Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon. Abraham Lincoln was their President.

The Confederacy included the states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia. Jefferson Davis was their President.

Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri were called Border States.

HOMEFRONT Finance
On the homefront, the Union had $234,000,000 in bank deposit and coined money or specie while the Confederacy had $74,000,000 and the Border States had $29,000,000.
Populations
The population of the Union was 18.5 million. In the Confederacy, the population was listed as 5.5 million free and 3.5 million enslaved. In the Border States there were 2.5 million free inhabitants and 500,000 enslaved people.
Agriculture
With the exception of rice and tobacco, the Union had a clear agricultural advantage. Particularly horses: the Union had twice that of the Confederacy, 3.4 million to the CSA's 1.7.

The Union led corn production with 400 million bushels compared to the 250 million bushels in the Confederacy and 150 million bushels in the Border States.

The Confederacy produced nearly all of the nation's rice which amounted to 225 million bushels.

The Confederacy led tobacco production with 225 million pounds compared to 110 million pounds produced in the Border States and 50 million pounds produced in the Union.

The Union led wheat production with 100 million bushels produced in comparison to 35 million bushels in the Confederacy and 20 million bushels in the Border States.

The Union was attributed with having 40 million heads of livestock compared to 35 million in the Confederacy and only 10 million in the Border States.
Industry
The Union had 101,000 factories, while the Confederacy had 21,000 and the Border States had 9,000.

The Union had 1.1 million factory workers, while the Confederacy had 111,000 and the Border States had 70,000.

The Union had 20,000 miles of railroad compared to 9,000 in the Confederacy and 1,700 in the Border States.
MILITARY Enlistment Strength
Enlistment strength for the Union Army is 2,672,341 which can be broken down as:

Enlistment strength for the Confederate Army ranges from 750,000 to 1,227,890. Soldier demographics for the Confederate Army are not available due to incomplete and destroyed enlistment records.
Civilian Occupations
Farmers comprised 48 percent of the civilian occupations in the Union. Others included mechanics, 24 percent; laborers, 16 percent; commercial, 5 percent; miscellaneous, 4 percent; and professional occupations, 3 percent.

Farmers comprised 69 percent of the civilian occupations in the Confederacy. Others included laborers, 9 percent; mechanics, 5.3 percent; commercial, 5 percent; professional occupations, 2.1 percent; and miscellaneous, 1.6 percent.
Bloodiest Battles
The bloodiest battles of the Civil War were:

Note: Antietam had the greatest number of casualties of any single-day battle.
Troop Strength
In July 1861, the two armies were nearly equal in strength with less than 200,000 soldiers on each side; however at the peak of troop strength in 1863, Union soldiers outnumbered Confederate soldiers by a ratio of 2 to 1. The size of Union forces in January 1863 totaled over 600,000. Two years later, that number had not changed dramatically for the Union Army but had dropped to about 200,000 for the Confederate Army.
Casualties
The 642,427 total Union casualties have been divided accordingly:

The 483,026 total Confederate casualties have been divided accordingly:
Prisoners
Of the 211,411 Union soldiers captured 16,668 were paroled on the field and 30,218 died in prison. Of the 462,634 Confederate soldiers captured 247,769 were paroled on the field and 25,976 died in prison. The mortality rate for prisoners of war was 15.5 percent for Union soldiers and 12 percent for Confederate soldiers.

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Facts - The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)

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The Union included the states of Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon. Abraham Lincoln was their President. The Confederacy included the states of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia.

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All We Got Is Cotton, Slaves, and ARROGANCE!

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"Gone with the Wind". The beginning of the war

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The Tragic Story of Civil War Child Soldiers