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MackinVIA is a complete eResource management system providing easy access to eBooks and educational databases. With just one login, users can view, utilize, and manage all of their eResources.

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Newsela | Climate change may have made Louisiana floods more likely

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Newsela | Climate change could make blizzards more intense, scientists say

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More frequent and intense blizzards are forecast due to global climate change largely associated with higher carbon dioxide levels.

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Newsela | Hurricanes and typhoons are taking their cues from a changing global climate

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Scientists say global warming is beginning to affect the hurricane and typhoon seasons.

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Newsela | Australia's wildfire disaster worsens in record-shattering heat

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Newsela | Science Says: Why there's a big chill in a warmer world

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If the world is getting warmer, why is it so cold across the United States?

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Newsela | Cyclones and climate change: Connecting the dots

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Scientists did not keep detailed records of past hurricanes, so it is difficult for them to determine how much (or little) people affect the strength of hurricanes.

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NOAA - The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is an agency within our Federal Government. Their mission is to protect life and property and conserve and protect natural resources. In 2016 they have budgeted for wild weather/ natural disaster research. It is your job to research a type of severe weather or other natural disaster and present an argument as to why your topic should be the focus of their research. Your argument must be based on facts. Think about the causes and effects of your wild weather/natural disaster. Also incorporate a human story into your presentation.

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LibGuides: Twin Valley Elementary Center Library: Weather/Disasters - 4th Grade

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NOAA - The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is an agency within our Federal Government. Their mission is to protect life and property and conserve and protect natural resources. In 2016 they have budgeted for wild weather/ natural disaster research.

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Nearly every part of the U.S. experiences periods of reduced rainfall. Planning in advance for a drought can protect us in dry years.

Before a Drought

The best way to prepare for a drought is to conserve water. Make conserving water a part of your daily life.

Indoor Water Conservation Tips Before a Drought
GENERAL

Never pour water down the drain when there may be another use for it. For example, use it to water your indoor plants or garden.

Fix dripping faucets by replacing washers. One drop per second wastes 2,700 gallons of water a year.

Check all plumbing for leaks and have any leaks repaired by a plumber.

Retrofit all household faucets by installing aerators with flow restrictors.

Install an instant hot water heater on your sink.

Insulate your water pipes to reduce heat loss and prevent them from breaking.

Install a water-softening system only when the minerals in the water would damage your pipes. Turn the softener off while on vacation.

Choose appliances that are more energy and water efficient.

BATHROOM KITCHEN
Outdoor Water Conservation Tips Before a Drought
GENERAL

If you have a well pump, check it periodically. If the automatic pump turns on and off while water is not being used, you have a leak.

Plant native and/or drought-tolerant grasses, ground covers, shrubs and trees. Once established, your plants won't need as much watering. Group plants together based on similar water needs.

Don't install ornamental water features (such as fountains) unless they use re-circulated water.

Consider rainwater harvesting where practical.

Contact your local water provider for information and assistance.

LAWN CARE POOL
During a Drought

Always observe state and local restrictions on water use during a drought. Contact your state or local government for current information and suggestions.

Indoor Water Conservation Tips During a Drought
BATHROOM LAUNDRY KITCHEN
Outdoor Water Conservation Tips During a Drought
LAWN CARE

A heavy rain eliminates the need for watering for up to two weeks. Most of the year, lawns only need one inch of water per week.

Check the soil moisture levels with a soil probe, spade or large screwdriver. You don't need to water if the soil is still moist. If your grass springs back when you step on it, it doesn't need water yet.

If your lawn does require watering, do so early in the morning or later in the evening, when temperatures are cooler.

Water in several short sessions rather than one long one, in order for your lawn to better absorb moisture and avoid runoff.

Use a broom or blower instead of a hose to clean leaves and other debris from your driveway or sidewalk.

Avoid leaving sprinklers or hoses unattended. A garden hose can pour out 600 gallons or more in only a few hours.

In extreme drought, allow lawns to die in favor of preserving trees and large shrubs.

CAR WASHING

Use a commercial car wash that recycles water.

If you wash your own car, use a shut-off nozzle that can be adjusted down to a fine spray on your hose.

Associated Content

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Planning in advance for a drought can protect us in dry years. Learn what to do before, during, and after a drought. Before a Drought During a Drought Associated Content Nearly every part of the U.S. experiences periods of reduced rainfall. Planning in advance for a drought can protect us in dry years.

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Volcano Safety Tips, Preparation, and Readiness

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These fiery features can be as dangerous as they are mesmerizing. Here are a few things to keep in mind if you live near or plan to visit a volcano.

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Earthquakes regularly rattle our planet, striking somewhere in the world every hour of every day. Such events are the result of the slow-motion march of tectonic plates that build stresses in Earth's crust and upper mantle. Eventually the stress hits a breaking point and releases in a ground-shaking quake that can send blocks of the Earth careening out of place.

Most temblors are too small for humans to feel, but every so often a whopper will rock our planet. The majority of earthquakes occur near the boundaries of tectonic plates-like the mighty San Andreas fault that runs along the United State's west coast-but scientists still can't say precisely where and when the next big quake will strike. So if you're in a region prone to shaking, it's best to be prepared. Here are some tips to keep you safe.

Before the quake

One important way to prepare for a temblor is to try to make your home as safe as possible. For old homes, it's a good idea to investigate whether it complies with local building codes and identify potential weaknesses. FEMA has some handy guides to help steer you through the fundamentals of earthquake-resistant design and construction.

The stuff inside your home is just as important as the walls themselves. Take a tour of each room to look for things that could fall or break if the ground starts to wobble. Sometimes this can be solved with a little reorganization, moving large or heavy objects to lower shelves. Other times fixing issues takes a bit more handiwork, such as bolting bookcases to wall studs, installing latches on cupboards, and securing any large appliances like water heaters.

While inspecting your home, make sure you know how to shut off your utilities. And while you're at it, check out the connections of gas appliances; it's best if these are flexible rather than rigid so they can bend with the rolling ground.

Assemble an earthquake emergency kit that includes food, water, and other supplies for at least 72 hours. When preparing your kit, consider each member of your family and their needs- and don't forget your pets. The Department of Homeland Security has a detailed guide about putting together a kit for many different contingencies.

When the shaking starts

Protect yourself as quickly as possible. In many situations that means remembering three actions: drop, cover, and hold.

* Drop: Get down on your hands and knees to protect yourself from being knocked over. That also puts you in an ideal position to crawl for shelter.

* Cover: Place an arm and hand over your head and neck to shield them from debris. Head for any nearby tables to shelter under until the shaking stops. If a table isn't in sight, sidle up to one of your home's interior walls away from tall objects and furniture that might topple. A common misconception in seeking cover is that doorways offer the best protection during an earthquake. But according to the Earthquake Country Alliance, this is only true if you are in an "old, unreinforced adobe house." In modern homes, the rest of the house is just as strong.

* Hold: Stay put until the shaking stops. If you're under a shelter like a table, keep hold of it with one hand. If you're out in the open, continue to shield your head and neck with your arms.

When the ground starts to shake remember three things: drop, cover, hold.

If you use a wheelchair or walker, or cannot drop to the ground, there are other versions of the above protocol to follow that will help keep you safe. For example, if you are in a wheelchair, lock the wheels and then lean over to protect your vital organs, covering your head and neck with your arms.

When the ground starts to roll under your feet, resist the temptation to run outside. Instead, take cover in place. But if you are already outdoors, stay outside and move away from buildings and power lines. If you are driving, pull off the road. But do not stop under an overpass or other structure that could crash down.

Coastal quakes can be particularly dangerous since the shifting ground can disturb the water column and produce a tsunami. If you are on a coast when a strong earthquake strikes, get to higher ground as soon as you can.

While tsunami warning systems can help give some notice, it's often too risky to wait for the alert to get to high ground. For one, the time between the siren and the wave crashing onshore may be small. And if the tsunami is local, it might evade warning system detection entirely. For example, a surprise tsunami devastated parts of Indonesia in 2018, thanks in part to the particular geometry of the channel that funneled the water to land. What's more, as was the case in Indonesia's 2018 tsunami, cellphone towers toppled by the shaking can prevent transmission of potential alerts.

After the shaking subsides

Even after the ground grows still, the danger is not necessarily over. As the Earth settles from its trembling it can produce a series of smaller quakes known as aftershocks. On rare occasions, a second earthquake that's even bigger than the first might follow. When that happens, the first quake is called a foreshock, and the second temblor is called a main shock. This was the case for the two large earthquakes-a magnitude 6.4 followed by a magnitude 7.1 event- that rocked California in the summer of 2019.

Still, once the shaking subsides it's time to start getting yourself and others ready for more. First, check for injuries. Sometimes people won't initially feel pain because of the adrenaline that courses through the body during life-threatening events. Next, check the gas and electric lines, and turn them off if you can do so safely. And if you are inside a heavily damaged structure, get yourself and others out as soon as possible.

If you're trapped, stay calm. Protect your mouth, nose, and eyes from the dust and call or text for help. Make noise by whistling or shouting to get responders' attention. But if you are outside, keep an eye out for hazards like fallen electrical lines, ruptured gas pipes, or precarious structures.

Turn on the radio-perhaps one you stowed in your earthquake emergency kit-and listen for updates. Heed warnings and instructions from official organizations like the United States Geological Survey, and be careful about what you see shared on social media. Falsehoods spread like wildfire in emergency situations. To let your family and friends know all is well-or to check for the status of your own loved ones- head to the Red Cross' Safe and Well website.

The unpredictability of earthquakes is frightening, but with a little preparation, you can be ready if a big one strikes.

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Earthquake safety tips, preparation, and readiness

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Earthquakes regularly rattle our planet, striking somewhere in the world every hour of every day. Such events are the result of the slow-motion march of tectonic plates that build stresses in Earth's crust and upper mantle. Eventually the stress hits a breaking point and releases in a ground-shaking quake that can send blocks of the Earth careening out of place.

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Read National Geographic's latest stories about the environment.

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Informational video on all different kinds of severe weather!

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Reference

Flooding is one of the most destructive natural hazards. Learn how to minimize your risk.

Flash flooding is the most hazardous weather disaster in the United States. Floods cause power outages, damage infrastructure, trigger landslides, and can be deadly.

Heavy rainfall in a short period of time causes water to rise rapidly, elevating the risk of flooding. Flash floods occur with little warning, but flooding can also develop slowly after rain ceases.

Though most people associate hurricanes with wind damage, flooding poses one of the biggest threats from the storms. Hurricane Harvey in 2017 dropped 60 inches of rain in some parts of Texas, creating massive flooding hazards. In 2005, flooding from Hurricane Katrina caused a majority of the damage when old levees failed during the storm.

Here are some safety tips to help you prepare for rising water—and what to do once a flood has begun.

Before a flood

One of the biggest ways to protect yourself and your property is to prepare ahead of time. This includes:

Avoid building in a floodplain—an area especially prone to flooding during heavy rains.

If you do live in a floodplain, consider buying flood insurance to help with losses if, and when, a flood occurs.

Construct barriers (levees, beams, floodwalls) to stop floodwater from entering your home. Sandbags can provide a temporary levee in an emergency.

Seal walls in basements with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage.

Pay attention to weather forecasts. When heavy rain or storms are forecasted, listen to the radio or television for information on flooding risk.

What’s worse—a flood watch or warning? A watch means flooding is possible. A warning means flooding is occurring or will occur soon.

When a flood is imminent

Have an emergency plan and practice survival skills, like first aid and how to disinfect water.

Be prepared! Assemble an emergency kit in case you need to evacuate. Don't forget to include necessary prescription medications and a small first aid kit.

Charge cell phone batteries and any reusable batteries for flashlights. Buy extra batteries in case power isn’t restored immediately.

Heed evacuation warnings. If there is any possibility of a flash flood, move immediately to higher ground. Follow appropriate evacuation signs.

If possible, bring in outdoor furniture and move important items to an upper floor, above possible flood levels.

Turn off utilities at the main switches or valves if instructed. Disconnect electrical appliances.

During a flood

Avoid low spots, like ditches, basements, or underpasses. These become extremely dangerous during a flash flood.

Do not walk through flooded areas. It can be difficult to tell how deep the water is and what lies underneath the water that could hurt you. Even shallow, moving water can make you fall.

If you have to walk in water, wherever possible, walk where the water is not moving. Use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you.

Do not drive into flooded areas. Remember: “Turn around, don’t drown.” If floodwaters rise around your car, abandon the car and move to higher ground—only if you can do so safely.

Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.

<p>A supercell thunderstorm strikes in South Dakota. Among the most severe storms, supercells can bring strong winds, hail, and even tornadoes. (<a href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/04/150411-pictures-weather-storm-climate-change-hurricane-tornado-lightning/">See more extreme weather pictures</a>.)</p>

Lightning Strikes

A supercell thunderstorm strikes in South Dakota. Among the most severe storms, supercells can bring strong winds, hail, and even tornadoes. (See more extreme weather pictures.)

Photograph by Jim Reed, National Geographic

After a flood

Return home only when authorities say it is safe.

Listen for news reports to learn whether the water supply is safe to drink and where emergency shelters are located.

Avoid floodwaters; water may be contaminated by oil, gas, or raw sewage. Water may also be electrically charged from underground or downed power lines.

Still avoid moving water—the danger decreases only when water levels drop.

Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded. Roads may have weakened and could collapse under the weight of a car.

Stay away from downed power lines and report them to the power company.

Stay out of any building if it is surrounded by floodwaters.

Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits, and leaching systems as soon as possible. Damaged sewage systems are serious health hazards.

Only pump water out of a flooded building when water has receded outside.

Clean and disinfect everything that was stuck in flooded waters. Mud left from floodwater can contain sewage and chemicals.

Be wary of lingering water inside buildings after a flood. A dehumidifier will help remove excess water and minimize mold damage.

Be prepared, and stay safe.

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Flooding is one of the most destructive natural hazards. Learn how to minimize your risk.

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What is a Tornado? | Weather Science | SciShow Kids

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Volcano | The Dr. Binocs Show | Learn Videos For Kids

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HURRICANE SAFETY

Hurricane season officially starts June 1 st and lasts until November 30 th. Hurricanes can sometimes spawn tornadoes. If you live in a hurricane prone area, make sure you know where all of the evacuation routes are. Always listen to the radio and television for the latest information and instructions for your area.

A HURRICANE WATCH issued for your part of the coast indicates the possibility that you could experience hurricane conditions within 36 hours. This WATCH should trigger your family's disaster plan, and protective measures should be initiated. Especially, those actions that require extra time such as securing a boat and leaving a barrier island.

A HURRICANE WARNING issued for your part of the coast indicates that sustained winds of at least 74 mph are expected within 24 hours. Once this WARNING has been issued, your family should be in the process of completing protective actions and deciding the safest location to be during the storm.

BEFORE A HURRICANE:

Have a disaster plan.

Have a pet plan. Before a storm threatens, contact your veterinarian or local humane society for information on preparing your pets for an emergency.

Board up windows.

Bring in outdoor objects that could blow away.

Make sure you know which county or parish you live in.

Know where all the evacuation routes are.

Prepare a disaster supplies kit for your home and car. Have enough food and water for at least 3 days. Include a first aid kit, canned food and a can opener, bottled water, battery-operated radio, flashlight, protective clothing and written instructions on how to turn off electricity, gas, and water.

Have a NOAA weather radio handy with plenty of batteries, so you can listen to storm advisories.

Have some cash handy. Following a hurricane, banks and ATMs may be temporarily closed.

Make sure your car is filled with gasoline.

DURING A HURRICANE:

Stay away from low-lying and flood prone areas.

Always stay indoors during a hurricane, because strong winds will blow things around.

Leave mobile homes and to go to a shelter.

If your home isn't on higher ground, go to a shelter.

If emergency managers say to evacuate, then do so immediately.

AFTER A HURRICANE:

Stay indoors until it is safe to come out.

Check for injured or trapped people, without putting yourself in danger.

Watch out for flooding which can happen after a hurricane.

Do not attempt to drive in flooding water.

Stay away from standing water. It may be electrically charged from underground or downed power lines.

Don't drink tap water until officials say its safe to do so.

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Weather Wiz Kids weather information for kids

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Weather Wiz Kids is a fun and safe website for kids about all the weather info they need to know. It contains tools for weather education, including weather games, activities, experiments, photos, a glossary and educational teaching materials for the classroom.

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What is an Earthquake? | Dr. Binocs Show Video

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What is an Earthquake? | Dr. Binocs Show Video

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0:00 / 3:42•Watch full video

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What Is An Earthquake? | The Dr. Binocs Show | Educational Videos For Kids

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Enjoy this Easy Science for Kids Natural Disasters and Continents Quiz - you'll get your quiz score after completing this FREE online interactive quiz about Natural Disasters and Continents. You need to answer all the questions to be able to get your score. You can do this fun Natural Disasters and Continents quiz again, till you get the perfect score and become a quiz champion!
Tip: To get it right the first time, read the page with fun facts about Natural Disasters and Continents.

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Natural Disasters and Continents Quiz - FREE Quiz

Our easy Geography quizzes are a free kids quiz resource for teachers and educators of kids in elementary school, grammar school and preschool. This fun Natural Disasters and Continents Geography quiz helps your kids learn fun facts about Natural Disasters and Continents while enjoying this FREE quiz for kids.

If your kid is home-schooled by you, or is interested in learning about the world we live in, then this is a fun science activity, with reading comprehension benefits for 1st - 5th grade kids. Kids will enjoy competing against their classmates and friends, to see who scores highest, doing this fun and free Geography quiz on Natural Disasters and Continents.

As a reading comprehension training for your kids, you can set a timer to encourage kids to do the reading comprehension activity faster, or limit the number of times the kids can read about the Natural Disasters and Continents quiz topic, before they do the actual free online Geography quizzes we offer.

Younger kids who cannot yet read or write, such as Pre-K kids, Kindergarten kids or Preschool kids, will benefit from doing this Geography quiz for kids and our other fun quizzes, as a listening comprehension activity; you read out to them about the topic and then read the Natural Disasters and Continents quiz question and answers. You will select the Natural Disasters and Continents quiz answer they think is correct, and at the end you get the quiz score. Your child can try our geography kids quizzes many times, till gets the perfect score faster, as children learn to listen more carefully and develop a better memory and attention span!

Enjoyed doing this free online quiz about Natural Disasters and Continents? Check out all our other fun General Knowledge Quizzes for Kids and other Fun Geography facts for kids.Get lengthy info on Natural Disasters here and Earth's Continents here

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Natural Disasters and Continents Quiz - FREE Geography Kids Quizzes -

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Enjoy this Easy Science for Kids Natural Disasters and Continents Quiz - you'll get your quiz score after completing this FREE online interactive quiz about Natural Disasters and Continents. You need to answer all the questions to be able to get your score.

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Explore Volcanoes With Nat Geo Kids! | Nat Geo Kids Volcano Playlist

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No matter where you live in the world, weather is something that you are exposed to every single day. Even though weather occurs all around the world, the region you live in can have a different natural phenomenon than another geographical locations. For example, if you live in the Midwest of the United States, it isn't very likely that you'll get hurricanes but you may be very familiar with tornados.

Why is it sunny most of the year in some places and rainy in other places? What causes tsunamis and earthquakes? Learning more about what causes these forces of nature can help us to be better prepared when they happen. There is a lot of work around the world focused on early detection systems for storms, tsunamis and earthquakes. Learn how these are being developed, about educations that can teach you the skills you need to help and j obs that will put those skills to work!

Even though weather is different all around the world, our weather systems are all very interconnected. Throughout this Weather subject and its related subjects, you will learn about different kinds of weather systems and natural phenomena that have an impact on our lives. Check out a related subject to the right to learn more about a specific phenomenon!

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No matter where you live in the world, weather is something that you are exposed to every single day. Even though weather occurs all around the world, the region you live in can have a different natural phenomenon than another geographical locations.

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Wonder About Weather | Nat Geo Kids Weather Playlist

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Weather in United States of America - 365weather.us

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The Worlds Most Accurate Forecasts. With extreme weather to the rise. It so to receive the weather conditions in your current location

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Preparing During the Pandemic?

Please review our guidance on preparing for disaster while still protecting yourself from COVID-19. (Available in multiple languages.)

Preparing for Disaster During COVID-19

Floods are among the most frequent and costly natural disasters. Flooding often occurs following a hurricane, thawing snow, or several days of sustained rain. Flash floods occur suddenly, due to rapidly rising water along a stream or low-lying area. Learn what to do to keep your loved ones safe!

What's the Difference Between a Flood Watch and a Flood Warning?

A flood/flash flood WATCH means a flood or flash flood is possible.

A flood/flash flood WARNING means flooding or flash flooding is already occurring or will occur soon. TAKE IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONS!

How to Prepare Before a Flood

Talk with your family about what to do if a flood watch or warning is issued. Discussing floods ahead of time helps reduce fear, especially for younger children.

Ensure that every member of your family carries a Safe and Well wallet card.

Make sure you have access to NOAA radio broadcasts:

Find an online NOAA radio station

Search for a NOAA radio app in the Apple Store or Google Play

Purchase a battery-powered or hand-crank NOAA radio in the Red Cross Store

Find out if you are located in a floodplain, which is considered a Special Flood Hazard Area. If so, you are still eligible for flood insurance. Check with your city or county government (start with the Building or Planning Department) to review the Flood Insurance Rate Maps, published by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Find out if local streams or rivers flood easily.

Keep insurance policies, documents, and other valuables in a safe-deposit box. You may need quick, easy access to these documents. Keep them in a safe place less likely to be damaged during a flood. Take pictures on a phone and keep copies of important documents and files on a flashdrive that you can carry with you on your house or car keys.

Protecting Your Pets & Animals

Prepare a pet emergency kit for your companion animals.

Ensure that any outbuildings, pastures, or corrals are protected in the same way as your home.

If installing or changing fence lines, consider placing them in such a way that your animals are able to move to higher ground in the event of flooding.

If you live in a floodplain, elevate and reinforce your home to make damage less likely during a flood.

Check with a professional to:

Raise your furnace, water heater, and electric panel to floors that are less likely to be flooded. An undamaged water heater may be your best source of fresh water after a flood.

Install check valves in plumbing to prevent floodwater from backing up into the drains of your home. (As a last resort, when floods threaten, use large corks or stoppers to plug showers, tubs, or basins.)

Construct barriers such as levees, berms, and flood walls to stop floodwater from entering the building (if permitted by local building codes).

Seal walls in basements with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage through cracks.

Use sand bags when flooding is expected:

It takes two people about one hour to fill and place 100 sandbags, creating a wall one foot high and 20 feet long.

Make sure you have enough sand, burlap or plastic bags, shovels, strong helpers, and time to place them properly.

If a flood is expected, some communities will offer free sandbags to residents. Be sure to watch or listen to the news so you can access these resources.

Remember: standard homeowners insurance doesn’t cover flooding but flood insurance does. Get information at www.FloodSmart.gov.

FACT vs. FICTION

Fiction:

Fill your sinks and bathtubs for drinking water in case flooding water interrupts or contaminates the public water supply.

Fact:

Water stored in bathtubs and sinks should never be used for drinking or for bathing young children because lead can leak from the glaze in bathtubs and sinks into water stored in them. However, you can use water stored in bathtubs and sinks for flushing the toilet or washing the floor or clothing.

Right Before a Flood

Listen to local area radio, NOAA radio or TV stations for the latest information and updates.

Be prepared to evacuate quickly and know your routes and destinations. Find a local emergency shelter.

Check your emergency kit and replenish any items missing or in short supply, especially medications or other medical supplies. Keep it nearby.

Then, If You Can, Do This

Fill plastic bottles with clean water for drinking.

Fill bathtubs and sinks with water for flushing the toilet or washing the floor or clothing.

Fill your car's gas tank, in case you need to evacuate.

Bring outdoor belongings, such as patio furniture, indoors.

Turn off propane tanks to reduce the potential for fire.

If You Still Have Time, Do This

Move your furniture and valuables to higher floors of your home.

Turn off utilities if told to do so by authorities to prevent damage to your home or within the community. If you shut your gas off, a professional is required to turn it back on.

Unplug small appliances to reduce potential damage from power surges that may occur.

If You Have Pets or Livestock

Consider a precautionary evacuation of your animals, especially any large or numerous animals. Waiting until the last minute could be fatal for them and dangerous for you.

Where possible, move livestock to higher ground. If using a horse or other trailer to evacuate your animals, move sooner rather than later.

Bring your companion animals indoors and maintain direct control of them. Be sure that your pet emergency kit is ready to go in case of evacuation.

Download the Flood Safety Checklist

Red Cross checklists are available in multiple languages

Remember: Turn Around, Don't Drown!

How to Stay Safe Indoors

Turn off the power and water mains if instructed to do so by local authorities.

Boil tap water until water sources have been declared safe.

Avoid contact with floodwater. It may be contaminated with sewage or contain dangerous insects or animals.

Continue listening to local area radio, NOAA radio or TV stations for the latest information and updates.

Don’t use gas or electrical appliances that have been flooded.

Dispose of any food that comes into contact with flood water.

How to Stay Safe Outdoors

Don't walk, swim or drive through floodwater. Just six inches of fast-flowing water can knock you over and two feet will float a car.

If caught on a flooded road with rapidly rising waters, get out of the car quickly and move to higher ground.

Don't walk on beaches or riverbanks.

Don’t allow children to play in or near flood water.

Avoid contact with floodwater. It may be contaminated with sewage or contain dangerous insects or animals.

Stay out of areas subject to flooding. Underpasses, dips, low spots, canyons, washes, etc. can become filled with water.

How Does the Red Cross Help During a Flood?

When a flood occurs, the Red Cross provides shelter, food and comfort.

FACT vs. FICTION

Fiction:

If you have a truck or SUV, it’s okay to drive across rushing flood water.

Fact:

Just two feet of rushing water can carry away most vehicles, including SUVs and pickup trucks. Never try to drive across rushing flood water.

After a Flood:

Let friends and family know you’re safe. The American Red Cross can help you reconnect with family members.

If evacuated, return only when authorities say it is safe to do so.

Continue listening to local news or a NOAA Weather Radio for updated information and instructions.

Keep children and pets away from hazardous sites and floodwater.

Caring For Yourself & Loved Ones

Pay attention to how you and your loved ones are experiencing and handling stress. Promote emotional recovery by following these tips.

Do not use water that could be contaminated to wash dishes, brush teeth, prepare food, wash hands, make ice or make baby formula.

Watch pets closely and keep them under your direct control.

Help people who require special assistance—children, older adults, those without transportation, large families who may need additional help in an emergency situation, people with disabilities, and the people who care for them.

Beware of snakes, insects and other animals that may be in or around your home.

If power lines are down outside your home, do not step in puddles or standing water. Report them immediately to the power company.

Follow these tips for inspecting your home’s structure and utilities & systems after a flood.

If any gas or electrical appliances were flooded, don’t use them until they have been checked for safety.

Dispose of any food that has come into contact with flood water.

Take pictures of home damage, both of the buildings and its contents, for insurance purposes.

Cleaning and Repairing Your Home

Wear protective clothing, including rubber gloves and rubber boots, and be cautious when cleaning up.

Learn more about how to clean up after a flood, including the supplies you’ll need, how to sanitize food contact surfaces, and how to repair water damage.

Be careful when moving furnishings or debris, because they may be waterlogged and heavier.

Throw out items that absorb water and cannot be cleaned or disinfected. This includes mattresses, carpeting, cosmetics, stuffed animals and baby toys.

Throw out all food, beverages and medicine exposed to flood waters and mud. When in doubt, throw it out. This includes canned goods, plastic utensils, baby bottle nipples and containers with food or liquid that has been sealed shut.

Pump out flooded basements gradually (about one-third of the water per day) to avoid structural damage. If the water is pumped out completely in a short period of time, pressure from water-saturated soil on the outside could cause basement walls to collapse.

Service damaged septic tanks, cesspools, pits, and leaching systems as soon as possible. Damaged sewage systems are health hazards.

Raise your furnace, water heater, and electric panel to higher floors if they are in areas of your home that may be flooded. This will prevent damage. An undamaged water heater may be your best source of fresh water after a flood.

Install check valves in plumbing to prevent floodwater from backing up into the drains of your home.

Construct barriers such as levees, berms, and flood walls to stop floodwater from entering the building. Permission to construct such barriers may be required by local building codes.

Seal walls in basements with waterproofing compounds to avoid seepage through cracks.

FACT vs. FICTION

Fiction:

You will never be able to buy flood insurance if your property has been flooded in the past.

Fact:

You are still eligible to purchase flood insurance after your property has flooded, provided your community participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Check with your local emergency management office for more information.

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You'll be better prepared to withstand a flood if you have the following items available - packed and ready to go in case you need to evacuate your home.

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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At any point in time, somewhere in Australia a farmer is likely to be dealing with drought.

What is it like? How do you cope? And is government support for drought affected farmers helping?

We asked four farmers for their personal experiences of drought. They include:

Question 1: What is your experience with drought and how did you cope?

Angus Whyte: " We have experienced at least three reasonable droughts (2002, 06, 08) since we have been at Wyndham (bought in 1998).

"We had very good support through 2002 as we were involved with RCS (Now ProAdvice), they set up 'boards' of farming businesses, this network helped us make some tough destocking decisions and provided lots of support.

Farmers are tough and we adapted...we went without a lot personally, and the farm went without maintenance and growth. But we survived, just!

"Since then we have improved our destocking/management enabling us to match our stocking rate with our carrying capacity.

"We take the attitude that we cause droughts by overstocking, this empowers us to make destocking decisions and gives us control of our property, if it is overgrazed it is our fault."

Rob Warburton: " We have invested in both water and feed resources over the years and no longer have difficulties with handling drought.

"Drought is an annual condition here in WA, with six to eight months every year without rain, so we have always been prepared.

"The worst part of drought is coping with the people who don't prepare and having to listen to them complain in the media."

A paddock in drought(7:30 Report )

Dianne Bowles: "I married my husband in 2006 so in the midst of the drought, I didn't know any different so I coped with what was there.

"However as time went by things were harder and harder.

"My husband became quite depressed at one stage and was ready to give up but somehow, with faith, we got through.

"He would tell me stories of amazing times when we had 'sales' water and that there always used to be plenty of irrigation water to meet our needs, feed was plentiful, hay in good supply and at a reasonable cost and things weren't all that difficult.

"However farmers are tough and we adapted; reuse systems were put in so that not a drop of water was wasted, crops were changed to things like lucerne which is much more drought tolerant and we fed our cows a nutritionally sound diet in the dairy while they were being milked.

"We went without a lot personally, and the farm went without maintenance and growth wise.

"But we survived, just!"

Corey Blacksell: " Living in 312 millimetre rainfall country, some would argue we farm in drought constantly.

"Therefore our (and the district in general's) management practices are aimed at maximising moisture retention and minimising disease.

"All this is aimed at maximising WUE (Water-Use Efficiency).

"2012 was our forth driest growing season in the last 50 years.

"Our yields were close to average, despite a stem frost event pruning yields."

Question 2: What can be done to prepare your farm for drought?

Angus Whyte: "We are finding by grazing using a rotational grazing system, our land is staying greener for longer, this is helping us deal with long dry times.

"We use a grazing chart to keep track of our stocking rate and also our carrying capacity through our 12 month rolling rainfall.

A sheep lies stuck in a dam after coming in for water on a property near Wagin, around 225 km south-east of Perth, in 2011.(Glenys Ball: User submitted )

"This measures your water use efficiency which should improve over time if you are managing for the right goals (Landscape improvement)."

Rob Warburton: "Prior Preparation and Planning Prevents Piss Poor Performance (PPPPPPP).

"Act early, don't be sentimental.

"We have six months' feed and water on hand for our core stock.

"It has been a big investment over the years, but it has allowed our business to move ahead without the worry of drought."

Dianne Bowles: "We should prepare for events like this; but do we?

"My husband is a firm believer in always having the hay shed full of good quality hay and this really helped us during the drought.

"We bought when we could, conserved when we could and made do when we had to.
"This is something we continue to do.

"We have six months' feed and water on hand for our core stock. It has been a big investment over the years, but it has allowed our business to move ahead without the worry of drought.

"We would love to own more irrigation water entitlement and are working towards that, and we also need to plant more trees for shade for cattle.

"Preparation does help, but it doesn't negate the ongoing worry and feel of failure which happens even when things are outside your control."

Corey Blacksell: "We manage our business for a drought every year.

"Maximising soil moisture is key to our drought mitigation strategy.

"This includes a move to wider cropping rotations and an intensive summer weed control program.

"This has allowed for more timely planting as weed burden is reduced and our soils can germinate crops with less autumn/ early winter rainfall.
"This strategy appears to be working but a drought similar to that of 1982 will be the ultimate test."

Question 3: Do you think drought is becoming a more regular part of the farming environment?

Angus Whyte: "Yes, I reckon human induced climate change will increase droughts and it will also increase floods.

"If you can capture more of the flooding rains, you will reduce the impact of drought."

Rob Warburton: "No more than it ever was.

I reckon human induced climate change will increase droughts and it will also increase floods.

"What has changed is people's expectation that they don't occur and that it is someone else's problem.

"Drought has always been part of the Australian landscape and it will always be with us."

Dianne Bowles: " Unfortunately yes.

"We live in a changing environment and be it drought, or flood (and I've experienced both), or even fire, they are a fact of life.

"To ignore this would be stupid."

Corey Blacksell: " No. That said, any drought is having a magnified impact on a businesses bottom line due to increasing costs.

"Particularly fixed costs such as machinery are making farming returns more marginal.

Question 4: Describe your ideal drought policy

Angus Whyte: "One that encourages landholders to manage their production system in harmony with the natural landscape, that way we can improve the landscape and decrease the severity of droughts, leaving farmers in control of their own destiny.

"So I would like to see a dollar value placed on the health of the landscape, whether this is soil carbon, biodiversity, ground cover or better still a mix of all of the above."

Rob Warburton: "Natural attrition without government support will fix the problem."

The chance of above median rain for March to May.(Bureau of Meteorology )

Dianne Bowles: " I don't know if there is an 'ideal' drought policy as one size doesn't fit all.

"I do know that the exceptional circumstances money we received from the government was such a blessing to us; to us it was food on the table money and that is exactly what it did.

"All the farm income at the time went on feeding and looking after livestock; maintenance was put on the back burner, so without this extra income it would have been very tough indeed.

"However the forms and red tape that had to be negotiated to obtain this was very difficult, but worth the perseverance.

"The health care card that came with it was also gratefully received.
"I also think subsidies for fodder delivery are something that helps farmers, not subsidies on buying the fodder, as this just creates a market that inflates hay prices, but a subsidy on the transport of hay and fodder to the farm gate, so that this can be accessed without being an extra financial burden.

"Financial counselling, one-on-one at the kitchen table, is also a necessity as is rate subsidies"

Corey Blacksell: " The best drought policy is a financially strong and profitable industry.

"Key to this is education.

"Recent ABARES (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences) data highlighting the top 25 per cent of broad acre farms (irrespective of scale) are achieving returns equivalent to, or greater than alternative assets available to the wider public.

"It's arguable that a drought policy that would suit the 70 per cent of farm businesses (described by ABARES as being small in scale) and producing only 24 per cent of the nation's output would not suit the remaining 30 per cent of farm businesses who produce the bulk of Australia's agricultural output (70 per cent).

"Any future policy should include an investigation as to what drives the profitability of the nation's top 25 per cent."

Question 5: What four words best describe your experience of drought?

Angus Whyte: "A chance to reload. The opportunities are endless!"

Rob Warburton: "Prepare, act early, monitor, sell."

Dianne Bowles: "Dust, despair, worry, 'rainlessness' and adapting (Yes, that is five I know - I cheated!)"

Corey Blacksell: "Drought drives grain basis"

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Australian farmers on coping with drought

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At any point in time, somewhere in Australia a farmer is likely to be dealing with drought. What is it like? How do you cope? And is government support for drought affected farmers helping? We asked four farmers for their personal experiences of drought.

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The Red Cross provides drought preparedness tips by conserving water and limiting water use. Learn more about drought preparedness and water conservation today!

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INFOGRAPHIC: The 10 Deadliest Floods in History - Planet Experts

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This guest post comes to us courtesy of Nature’s Water. Some of the worst floods in history led to the loss of countless human lives and the destruction of entire infrastructure networks. The below infographic is a visual depiction of 10 of the worst floods in man’s history, going back as far as the…

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Desktop version has weather maps. Check out the Hurricane from October, 2015. Landed in Mexico

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As our team continues to deliver aid to families in need after Nepal's massive earthquake, they are meeting courageous people who survived the disaster and are now able to tell their harrowing stories.

Meet a few of the people we're helping below.

Hari, 65, was in her field when the earthquake hit. It threw her to the ground and left her family of 15 homeless. They are now living in a makeshift tent with a tarp Mercy Corps provided as part of an emergency kit.

"The earthquake happened right after lunch. We were in our fields. The young children were playing outside the house. We couldn't grab anything from our houses because we were already outside. We were shaken and couldn't stand up. Everything around us was shaking and there was dust everywhere."

Their house is still standing, but just barely, and they haven't changed their clothes since the earthquake. There's a little bit of clothing and food inside the house, but they won't go inside for fear another tremor will knock it down. "I'm just worried about how to survive day to day life," Hari says.

Paridhi, 5, is one of Hari's grandchildren. She's shy, but her grandmother explains how the children have been affected. "The kids ask us, what happened to our house? Why are we staying in a tent?," Hari says. "We explain to them the facts about the earthquake. We told them we are suffering because of this. But they are too young to understand."

When asked about what happened during the earthquake, Paridhi remembers, "My uncle took me and ran with me. I was scared and crying."

Ram, 26, and her mother were buried by rubble when the earthquake hit. Her father couldn't get them out, but finally, her brother was able to dig them free. She's shaken, but happy that all of her family is alive.

"The top two stories of our house collapsed after the very first tremor. My mother and I were instantly trapped. It was so fast I can't even describe it. I don't have many scratches on my body but it hurts. I have a lot of back pain."

A crew of neighbors dig through the rubble to try and salvage any of the family's valuable belongings. "I'm happy to be alive but so devastated our house is gone," Ram says. "At this moment I'm totally blind to the future. I'm just thinking about whether we can ever rebuild our house."

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Meet just a few of the brave earthquake survivors we're helping, and hear their harrowing stories of the disaster.

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Get American Red Cross preparedness tips that can help you survive a tsunami. We will help you understand warnings and how to prepare, respond and recover from them.

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Teachers! Check out Kids' Crossing in the Classroom, a resource for science education.

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Earth and Atmospheric Science Fun at NCAR Kids’ Crossing

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Teachers! Check out Kids’ Crossing in the Classroom, a resource for science education.

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Last summer, Larry Reinert and his sons David and Mike all fought flooding from the Little Sioux River in Cherokee, Iowa. Flooding at Larry and Mike's homes was limited to the sewer backing up in their basements. David's home was swamped by river water, and the family all worked to clean it up. Larry shared their experience of dealing with a flood and the resulting cleanup.

1. When were you flooded?

It was in June.

2. Had you ever been flooded before?

I'm used to the river sneaking up on me and floods. I'm used to those dudes.

3. How long did you have to prepare for the flood last summer?

We got that rain up north and that filled up the creeks and the river. Overnight you woke up and all of a sudden you looked up the street and had water marching after you. It was just like a marching band coming up the street.

4. What steps did you take to protect and save belongings at David's house before the water got there?

Anything in particular we loaded up on trailers on trucks and tractors to get it out of there. At Dave's we didn't have time to yank out the furnace and hot water heater.

5. How hard is the anticipation of a flood, when you know it's coming and all you can do is wait for the water to get there?

Very, very depressing and stressful.

6. How much of David's house was flooded?

7. How high did the water get around the house?

That house happens to sit higher down there. It got up on a couple (front) steps. It still had higher to go to get inside.

8. How long was the property under water?

It wasn't so terrible long. Let's say 24 hours.

9. What was your reaction when seeing the house and property covered and surrounded by water?

I've got pictures of my trailers and trucks and antiques just sitting there in the water like a duck. You know it's going to cost thousands of dollars when the water goes down.

10. What did the property look like once the flood receded?

The house was beautiful. The basement was mud and muck.

11. Did the flood do a lot of damage to David's home?

Not necessarily to the home. It was mostly the appliances we couldn't get out. The siding on the garage was under water and took a hit.

12. Where do you even start when beginning to clean up after a flood?

You just walk down to the basement and the first thing you find, you hand out.

13. How long did the cleanup take?

Probably a total of three to four days to clean it up and sanitize it.

14. What was the hardest part of the cleanup?

Just cleaning up the muck and hauling all that stuff to the landfill.

15. What all did you have to replace at David's house?

The hot water heater, furnace, washer and dryer, softeners. Anything you couldn't get out of the basement.

16. What surprised you the most about how the flood affects property?

The surprising factor, and they say it on TV all the time, with people driving on roads covered by water and messing around in the current, is water, that's bad stuff. It can take anything it wants to down the creek.

17. Is David's home back to normal now?

We haven't quite got the garage all built back.

18. Did you take any steps to minimize damage from future floods?

That house down there, I put a new wall up and basement floor after it flooded in 1993. I reinforced the walls so it wouldn't float away.

19. Do you find yourself paying more attention to the river now?

Oh, yeah, I do. I watch it continuously. I watch the weather to make sure if they're getting any heavy rains north of us.

20. What advice would you give to property owners affected by the Missouri River flooding right now?

Move on higher ground. I think they've covered their bases pretty well.

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Last summer, Larry Reinert and his sons David and Mike all fought flooding from the Little Sioux River in Cherokee, Iowa. Flooding at Larry and Mike's homes was limited to the sewer backing up in their basements. David's home was swamped by river water, and the family all worked to clean it up.

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Nearly every part of the U.S. experiences periods of reduced rainfall. Planning in advance for a drought can protect us in dry years.

Before a Drought

The best way to prepare for a drought is to conserve water. Make conserving water a part of your daily life.

Indoor Water Conservation Tips Before a Drought
GENERAL

Never pour water down the drain when there may be another use for it. For example, use it to water your indoor plants or garden.

Fix dripping faucets by replacing washers. One drop per second wastes 2,700 gallons of water a year.

Check all plumbing for leaks and have any leaks repaired by a plumber.

Retrofit all household faucets by installing aerators with flow restrictors.

Install an instant hot water heater on your sink.

Insulate your water pipes to reduce heat loss and prevent them from breaking.

Install a water-softening system only when the minerals in the water would damage your pipes. Turn the softener off while on vacation.

Choose appliances that are more energy and water efficient.

BATHROOM KITCHEN
Outdoor Water Conservation Tips Before a Drought
GENERAL

If you have a well pump, check it periodically. If the automatic pump turns on and off while water is not being used, you have a leak.

Plant native and/or drought-tolerant grasses, ground covers, shrubs and trees. Once established, your plants won't need as much watering. Group plants together based on similar water needs.

Don't install ornamental water features (such as fountains) unless they use re-circulated water.

Consider rainwater harvesting where practical.

Contact your local water provider for information and assistance.

LAWN CARE POOL
During a Drought

Always observe state and local restrictions on water use during a drought. Contact your state or local government for current information and suggestions.

Indoor Water Conservation Tips During a Drought
BATHROOM LAUNDRY KITCHEN
Outdoor Water Conservation Tips During a Drought
LAWN CARE

A heavy rain eliminates the need for watering for up to two weeks. Most of the year, lawns only need one inch of water per week.

Check the soil moisture levels with a soil probe, spade or large screwdriver. You don't need to water if the soil is still moist. If your grass springs back when you step on it, it doesn't need water yet.

If your lawn does require watering, do so early in the morning or later in the evening, when temperatures are cooler.

Water in several short sessions rather than one long one, in order for your lawn to better absorb moisture and avoid runoff.

Use a broom or blower instead of a hose to clean leaves and other debris from your driveway or sidewalk.

Avoid leaving sprinklers or hoses unattended. A garden hose can pour out 600 gallons or more in only a few hours.

In extreme drought, allow lawns to die in favor of preserving trees and large shrubs.

CAR WASHING

Use a commercial car wash that recycles water.

If you wash your own car, use a shut-off nozzle that can be adjusted down to a fine spray on your hose.

Associated Content

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Planning in advance for a drought can protect us in dry years. Learn what to do before, during, and after a drought. Before a Drought During a Drought Associated Content Nearly every part of the U.S. experiences periods of reduced rainfall. Planning in advance for a drought can protect us in dry years.

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Looking for access to a live stream of The Weather Channel? It's currently a work in progress! Check back here for updates, but in the meantime check out these other offerings you'll love: Local Now and Pattrn.

What's Local Now?

Staying connected to your community is more important than ever, so we've made it easier than ever! See what's happening in your area with Local Now, a constant stream of everything you care about, whenever and wherever you want it. If it's happening near you, it's happening on Local Now.

Download for free in your favorite app store today!

Looking for severe weather coverage from The Weather Channel? Just download the app and find a city in the path of the storm and you can stream The Weather Channel for free!

What's Pattrn?

Pattrn is a must-follow on Twitter for science lovers! Their content features weather & science phenomena around the world that invoke fascination, curiosity, and inspiration. Pattrn highlights stories science lovers care about, all told through a unique weather lens.

Follow Pattrn and you'll have a world of science and technology at your fingertips!

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Looking for access to a live stream of The Weather Channel? It's currently a work in progress! Check back here for updates, but in the meantime check out these other offerings you'll love: Local Now and Pattrn. Staying connected to your community is more important than ever, so we've made it easier than ever!

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In the months since flooding and high winds devastated the Gulf Coast one year ago, stories of loss, sacrifice and survival have emerged that help Americans understand what happened -- and to whom.

For residents who are still recovering from the ordeal, the stories can be haunting.
Douglas P. deSilvey
A native of the Gulf Coast, Douglas P. deSilvey, 59, lives in Gulfport, Miss. It's where he met his wife, and where they raised their daughter.

Beginning his recollection of the last days of August, 2005, deSilvey says, "The story I want to tell today is about my family." Speaking of his wife, daughter and mother-in-law, Nadine, deSilvey says, "The three women in my family have steered my life for the past 59 years, to the man that I am today."

Before Hurricane Katrina made landfall, the family retreated to deSilvey's mother-in law's house, as they had for many storms. But a look out into the bay behind the house convinced deSilvey that the water would rise too high.

As he tried to warn his family about the danger, the roof collapsed. DeSilvey's wife, Linda Allen deSilvey, 57, and daughter, Donna K. deSilvey, 35, died, as did Linda's mother, Nadine Allen Gifford, 79, and her husband, Edward "Ted" Gifford, 79.
David Duplantier
A 16-year veteran of the New Orleans Police Department, David Duplantier went on patrol at the Superdome on Sunday, Aug. 28, 2005. He was there for more than a week.

The Superdome was meant to be a refuge, a temporary shelter before those trapped in New Orleans could be evacuated. But instead of withstanding the storm, Duplantier says, "the roof literally looked like an eggshell. It started to peel. And you could hear the wind."

The floodwaters rose all around the Superdome, essentially trapping those who sought shelter there. But, Duplantier says, "The people never stopped coming in."

His wife, Melissa Eugene, had already fled inland as Katrina approached. And as he kept working -- and not sleeping, Duplantier says, "All I wanted to do was let you know I wasn't dead, I was alive."

"The whole thing felt like a really bad dream," Duplantier says.

When he was released from his duties at the Superdome, "I remember just feeling like I just escaped," Duplantier recalls. He immediately tracked his wife down.

"That was the happiest day of my life," Melissa says.

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Survivors' Stories: Living Through Katrina

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In the months since flooding and high winds devastated the Gulf Coast one year ago, stories of loss, sacrifice and survival have emerged that help Americans understand what happened -- and to whom. For residents who are still recovering from the ordeal, the stories can be haunting.

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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A History of Drought

(Image credit: Texas Parks and Wildlife)

Dry conditions are expected to become more common across central North America and the U.S. Southwest as the globe warms. But as much as climate change might exacerbate it, periods of drought have been common in American history. Here are some of the most devastating droughts this country has faced.

The Dust Bowl

(Image credit: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.)

Also known as the "Dirty Thirties," the Dust Bowl period was the most destructive drought the United States has ever faced. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), at least 50,000,000 acres of land were affected. Poor soil management practices made matters worse; without native prairie grasses or cover crops to keep soil in place, the Great Plains quite literally turned to dust and blew away in enormous dust storms dubbed "black rollers" or "black blizzards."

The Dry 1950s

From 1950 to 1956, drought plagued the Great Plains and Southwest. Temperatures were hot and rain was scarce. In Texas, rainfall decreased by 40 percent between 1949 and 1951, according to the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). In some places, crop yields fell by half.

Reed Eichelberger, the general manager of the San Jacinto River Authority in Texas, told the Texas Water Resources Institute (TWRI) about his recollections from that time, when he was a boy growing up on a Texas dairy farm.

"Probably the event that made the biggest impression on me was the need to haul water from a community well in [nearby] China Spring that was still producing water," Eichelberger told TWRI. "Graddad's dug well had gone dry, and we would go to town in his pickup with empty milk cans in the back and haul water back to the farm for not only cattle, but domestic use too. ... With water so precious, Mom would prepare a big wash tub with water for us kids to bathe in; all using the same bath water."

Northeastern Drought

Among the short-term droughts between the 1950s dry period and today was a widespread period of drought between 1962 and 1966 that hit much of the Northeastern United States. This Northeastern drought actually occurred in a period when temperatures were lower than average, but the rain disappeared. With precipitation at abnormal lows, water conservation kicked into gear in New York City, journalist Robert Cantwell reported in August 1965 in Sports Illustrated Magazine.

"[B]y this summer it was not surprising that a blimp bearing the ominous sign SAVE WATER was cruising over the otherwise cloudless skies about New York; that the city restaurants did not serve water unless patrons specifically asked for it; that fountains were turned off," Cantwell wrote.

Devastation in '88

The drought of 1987 to 1989 affected only 36 percent of the United States, but it managed to become the costliest drought in U.S. history. Estimates for the cost were pegged at $39 billion, according to the NCDC. The impact was worst in the northern Great Plains, though the West Coast and Northwest were also hit. Most memorably, perhaps, were the forest fires that accompanied the drought. In 1988, 793,880 acres of Yellowstone National Park burned, prompting the first complete closure of the park in history.

Today's Drought

(Image credit: USDA/National Drought Mitigation Center/Dept. of Commerce/NOAA)

Scientists and historians are calling the current dry spell the worst drought since the 1950s. More than 60 percent of the continental United States is in drought conditions, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture has declared a disaster area in more than 1,000 counties countrywide. The current drought is a " flash drought," so named because the time frame has been on the scale of weeks to months, rather than years. A relatively dry winter combined with record heat in June and July has made moisture a rare site in many parts of the country.

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Dry conditions are expected to become more common across central North America and the U.S. Southwest as the globe warms. But as much as climate change might exacerbate it, periods of drought have been common in American history. Here are some of the most devastating droughts this country has faced.

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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In Alaska in 1964, a magnitude 9.2 earthquake jarred the earth so strongly it caused fishing boats to sink in Louisiana. What causes the ground tremble like that? The answer is simple. The Earth's surface is on the move.

The surface of the earth, called the "crust," is not one solid piece. It's more like a 20 piece puzzle. Each puzzle piece is called a "plate." The plates constantly move. Fortunately for us, they don't move fast. Geologists estimate the fastest plate might shift 6 inches a year (15 centimeters). That's about as fast as your hair grows.

Earthquakes happen when a plate scrapes, bumps, or drags along another plate. When does this happen? Constantly. About a half-million quakes rock the Earth every day. That's millions a year. People don't feel most of them because the quake is too small, too far below the surface, or deep in the sea. Some, however, are so powerful they can be felt thousands of miles away.

A powerful earthquake can cause landslides, tsunamis, flooding, and other catastrophic events. Most damage and deaths happen in populated areas. That's because the shaking can cause windows to break, structures to collapse, fire, and other dangers.

Geologists cannot predict earthquakes. They hope they will in the future through continued research and improved technology.

Earthquakes can happen anytime or anywhere. But you can prepare for the unpredictable with a family safety plan, emergency kit, and supplies.

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In Alaska in 1964, a magnitude 9.2 earthquake jarred the earth so strongly it caused fishing boats to sink in Louisiana. What causes the ground tremble like that? The answer is simple. The Earth's surface is on the move. The surface of the earth, called the "crust," is not one solid piece.

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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Measuring the Severity of Drought

Many different indices have been developed over the past several decades to indicate the occurrence and severity of drought. The simplest index relates precipitation amounts during a specific period of time to the historical average during that same time period. For example, precipitation for the month of June 2014 was 15% below the historical average for Wenatchee, Washington. While this statement conveys some useful information, it is not possible to determine whether or not that 15% deficit qualifies for any of the definitions of drought. The number of days with no precipitation is another simple index, but again must be considered in the context of historical data or water demand, and there is no standard definition for what number of days without precipitation would necessarily qualify under any of the four types of drought. Also, if an area receives a very small amount of precipitation (< 0.1 cm) during an otherwise unusually dry time period, a strict interpretation of this index would 'reset the clock', but in reality, the severity of the water deficit remains essentially unchanged. Complex phenomena, such as drought, require somewhat complex metrics to be measured in a meaningful way.

The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a slightly more complex measure of precipitation deficit that compares measured precipitation to the median historical precipitation over multiple timescales, ranging from one month to 24 months. As dry or wet conditions become more severe, SPI becomes more negative or positive, respectively. Several different indices of varying complexity have been developed to assess drought based on both water supply and demand using multiple environmental criteria. The most common index used to define and monitor drought is the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), which attempts to measure the duration and intensity of long-term, spatially extensive drought, based on precipitation, temperature, and available water content data. PDSI ranges from values exceeding 4.0, which are considered extremely wet, to values below -4.0, which are considered extreme drought (see Figure 12). Weekly maps of PDSI for the entire US (current and historical) can be viewed on the web page maintained by the National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center.

Related indices are the Palmer Z Index, which attempts to measure short-term drought on a monthly timescale, the Palmer Crop Moisture Index, which attempts to measure short-term drought and quantify impacts on agricultural productivity, the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index, which attempts to estimate the long-term effects of drought on reservoir levels and groundwater levels. An immense compilation of current and historical drought information for the entire US is freely available on the US Drought Monitor web page, maintained by the University of Nebraska National Drought Mitigation Center.

Increasingly, government and industry groups are using 'cloud seeding' techniques to induce precipitation and reduce the severity of a drought. One of the potentially limiting steps in the formation of precipitation is the presence of tiny particles (nuclei) on which water can condense and coalesce to form raindrops or ice crystals large enough to begin falling through the air. Cloud seeding is the practice of injecting nucleating agents, such as silver iodide (AgI), into clouds in an attempt to form precipitation. The effectiveness of these approaches is questionable, but under the right conditions, cloud seeding may increase the probability of rain and therefore it is practiced in some semi-arid regions, including the western US. However, questions remain regarding environmental and human health impacts as well as concerns regarding 'stealing' atmospheric moisture from would-be recipients downwind.

Learning Checkpoint

1. What was the Palmer Drought Severity Index for the week ending on Aug 30, 2014, for the following locations (see Figure 12 above):

St. Louis, Missouri

Davis, California

Miami, Florida

2. Which of these three locations were likely experiencing socio-economic drought during this time, forcing them to actually change water use/management practices, at least temporarily?

St. Louis, Missouri

David, California

Miami, Florida

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Many different indices have been developed over the past several decades to indicate the occurrence and severity of drought. The simplest index relates precipitation amounts during a specific period of time to the historical average during that same time period. For example, precipitation for the month of June 2014 was 15% below the historical average for Wenatchee, Washington.

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Tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction and can have devastating consequences. They are most common in the Central Plains and southeastern US, but they have been reported in all 50 states, according to the National Weather Service. Tornadoes kill an average of 60 people a year in the United States, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Many of the deaths are caused by flying or falling debris.

Here are the 10 deadliest tornadoes to touch down in the United States, according to figures from NOAA:

1. The "Tri-State Tornado" killed 695 people and injured 2,027. It traveled more than 300 miles through Missouri, Illinois and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It was rated an F5 at the top of the old Fujita scale (with winds of more than 260 mph).

2. The "Natchez Tornado" killed 317 people and injured 109 on May 6, 1840, along the Mississippi River in Louisiana and Mississippi. The official death toll may not have included slaves, according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

3. The "St. Louis Tornado" killed 255 people and injured 1,000 on May 27, 1896, in Missouri and Illinois. It had winds of between 207 mph and 260 mph.

4. The "Tupelo Tornado" killed 216 people and injured 700 on April 5, 1936, in the northeastern Mississippi city.

5. The "Gainesville Tornado" was a pair of storms that converged April 6, 1936, in Gainesville, Georgia, killing 203 people and injuring 1,600. The tornado destroyed four blocks and 750 houses in the northern Georgia town.

6. The "Woodward Tornado" wreaked havoc across parts of Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas on April 9, 1947. The storm, which killed 181 people and injured 970, reportedly was more than a mile wide in places.

7. The tornado that struck Joplin, Missouri, on May 22, 2011, killed 158 people and injured more than a thousand. The storm packed winds in excess of 200 mph and was on the ground for more than 22 miles.

8. The "Amite/Pine/Purvis Tornado" killed 143 people and injured 770 on April 24, 1908. The storm left only seven houses intact in Purvis, Mississippi, and also caused damage in Amite, Louisiana.

9. The "New Richmond Tornado" killed 117 people and injured 200 on June 12, 1899, in New Richmond, Wisconsin.

10. The "Flint Tornado" killed 115 people and injured 844 on June 8, 1953, in Flint, Michigan. The tornado was the deadliest twister ever recorded in the state.

What you need to know about tornadoes

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The 10 deadliest US tornadoes on record | CNN

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Tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction and can have devastating consequences. They are most common in the Central Plains and southeastern US, but they have been reported in all 50 states, according to the National Weather Service. Tornadoes kill an average of 60 people a year in the United States, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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Learn how to prepare, respond and recover from tornadoes. Learn about using tornado shelters and other tornado safety tips.

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When the ocean floor moves enough, the surface finds out about it - in the resulting tsunami. A tsunami is a series of ocean waves generated by large movements or disturbances on the ocean's floor. The causes of these disturbances include volcanic eruptions, landslides, and underwater explosions, but earthquakes are the most common. Tsunamis can occur close to the shore or travel thousands of miles if the disturbance occurs in the deep ocean. Wherever they occur, though, they often have devastating consequences for the areas they hit.

For example, on March 11, 2011, Japan was struck by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake that was centered in the ocean 80 miles (130 km) east of the city of Sendai. The earthquake was so large that it triggered a massive tsunami that devastated Sendai and the surrounding area. The earthquake also caused smaller tsunamis to travel across much of the Pacific Ocean and cause damage in places like Hawaii and the west coast of the United States. Thousands were killed as a result of both the earthquake and tsunami and many more were displaced. Fortunately, it was not the world's deadliest. With a death toll of "only" 18,000 to 20,000 and Japan being particularly active for tsunamis throughout history, the most recent doesn't even make the top 10 deadliest.

Fortunately, warning systems are becoming better and more widespread, which can cut down on the loss of life. Also, more people understand the phenomena and heed the warnings to move to higher ground when a tsunami possibility exists. The 2004 Sumatran disaster spurred UNESCO to set a goal to establish a warning system for the Indian Ocean ​like exists in the Pacific and increase those defenses worldwide. ​​

The World's 10 Deadliest Tsunamis

Indian Ocean (Sumatra, Indonesia)
Estimated Number of Deaths: 300,000
Year: 2004

Ancient Greece (Islands of Crete and Santorini)
Estimated Number of Deaths: 100,000
Year: 1645 B.C.

(tie) Portugal, Morocco, Ireland, and the United Kingdom
Estimated Number of Deaths: 100,000 (with 60,000 in Lisbon alone)
Year: 1755

Messina, Italy
Estimated Number of Deaths: 80,000+
Year: 1908

Arica, Peru (now Chile)
Estimated Number of Deaths: 70,000 (in Peru and Chile)
Year: 1868

South China Sea (Taiwan)
Estimated Number of Deaths: 40,000
Year: 1782

Krakatoa, Indonesia
Estimated Number of Deaths: 36,000
Year: 1883

Nankaido, Japan
Estimated Number of Deaths: 31,000
Year: 1498

Tokaido-Nankaido, Japan
Estimated Number of Deaths: 30,000
Year: 1707

Hondo, Japan
Estimated Number of Deaths: 27,000
Year: 1826

Sanriku, Japan
Estimated Number of Deaths: 26,000
Year: 1896

A Word on the Numbers

Sources on death figures can vary widely (especially for those being estimated long after the fact), due to lack of data on populations in areas at the time of the event. Some sources may list the tsunami figures along with the earthquake or volcanic eruption death figures and not split out the amount killed just by the tsunami. Also, some numbers may be preliminary and are revised down when missing people are found or revised up when people die of diseases in coming days brought on by the floodwaters.

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These Are the World's 10 Deadliest Tsunamis of All Time

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Learn about the world's 10 deadliest tsunamis, including the event in the Indian Ocean in 2004, tsunamis in Japan and even one from ancient times.