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Possible East African Independent Agricultural Revolution

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Possible East African Independent Agricultural Revolution

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Possible South American Independent Agricultural Revolution

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Possible South American Independent Agricultural Revolution

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Women in Prehistory (reader pages 51-59,  packet 2)

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Women in Prehistory (reader pages 51-59,  packet 2)

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One of the passages in the second packet from Unit 2 is Women in Prehistory by Margaret Ehrenberg. The passage talks about how with the formation and popularization of agriculture came the formation of patriarchy. The passage says, "Women are mainly concerned with gathering plant food, which provides the bulk of the diet of nearly all foragers, while men spend much time hunting animals." (53) This can show how in hunter-gatherer societies, women and men both had equal roles of collecting food. However, with the creation of plow agriculture, agricultural societies started to form, along with patriarchy, as the female-dominated roles of agriculture were replaced by male-dominated plow farming. The passage says, "Both carts and plows first appear in depictions on clay tablets and cylinder seals in Mesopotamia, around the beginning of the fourth millennium BC, and both seem to have spread to Europe fairly rapidly over 500 years or so." (55) This can show how with the spread of plow farming, patriarchy started.

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Follow the Food (reader pages 45-50, packet 2)

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Follow the Food (reader pages 45-50, packet 2)

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One of the passages in packet 2 in Unit 2 was the chapter Follow the Food from the book An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage. The passage talks about why agriculture won over hunter-gatherers. The passage says, "In Egypt and Mesopotamia, tax was paid both directly in the form of food and indirectly in the form of agricultural labor. Most Egyptian farmers did not own their own land but rented it from landowners, who claimed a fraction of the resulting harvest." (46) This can show how the reason agricultural societies won over hunter-gatherer societies was that in agricultural societies, food could be used as a currency and could be profited off of. This eventually sprung into the creation of class and hierarchy based on food and money.

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To Farm or Not to Farm (reader pages 34-38, packet 2) 

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To Farm or Not to Farm (reader pages 34-38, packet 2) 

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The seventh passage of packet 2 in Unit 2 was the chapter To Farm or Not to Farm from the book Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond. The passage explains how in certain parts of the world, agricultural revolutions started. The passage says, "Given that they must have had some reason, why did they do so around 8500 BC in Mediterranean habitats of the Fertile Crescent, only 3000 years later int he climatically and structurally similar Mediterranean habitats of south-western Europe, and never indigenously in the similar Mediterranean habitats of California, southwestern Australia, and the Cape of South Africa?" (34) They are questioning as to why people started forming agricultural societies if hunter-gatherer societies had proven efficient for years before. The reasoning as to why is because of eurocentric points of view on the hunter-gatherer societies. The passage says, "Scientists used to quote a phrase of Thomas Hobbes's in order to characterize the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers as 'nasty, brutish, and short.'" (34) This shows how the hunter-gatherer societies of non-european areas were viewed, and how agricultural societies eventually overtook them.

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An Agricultural Mystery (reader pages 32-33, packet 2)

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An Agricultural Mystery (reader pages 32-33, packet 2)

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The sixth passage in packet 2 in Unit 2 is the chapter An Agricultural Mystery from the book An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage. The passage talks about how agricultural societies compare to hunter-gatherer societies. The passage reads, "Compared with farming, being a hunter-gatherer was much more fun. Modern anthropologists who have spent time with surviving hunter-gatherer groups report that even in the marginal areas where they are now forced to live, gathering food only accounts for a small proportion of their time, far less than would be required to produce the same quantity of food via farming. The Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari, for example, typically spend twelve to nineteen hours a week collecting food, and the Hadza nomads of Tanzania spend less than fourteen hours. That leaves a lot of time free for leisure activities, socializing, and so on." (32) This can show how the hunter-gatherers don't focus all of their time on food, and try to focus more on their personal health and needs. The hunter-gatherer societies have also proven to be very efficient compared to the agricultural societies. The passage reads, "Surely this effort was worthwhile if it meant that people no longer needed to worry about malnutrition or starvation? So you might think. Yet hunter-gatherers actually seem to have been much healthier than the earliest farmers."(32) This can show that hunter-gatherer societies are more efficient and better for the people within them than agricultural societies.

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Ancient Egalitarians (reader pages 22-24, packet 2)

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Ancient Egalitarians (reader pages 22-24, packet 2)

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The fourth passage from the second packet in Unit 2 was the chapter Ancient Egalitarians from the book An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage. The passage explains how hunter-gatherer societies worked, and how they functioned. The passage says, "The obligation to share also extended to food. Modern hunter-gatherers often have a rule that anyone who brings food back to the camp has to share it with anyone else who asks. This rule provides insurance against food shortages, for not everyone can be sure to find enough food on a given day, and even the best hunters can only expect to kill an animal every few days." (23) This shows how they had an efficient system of gathering and hunting for food, and because they had a method of sharing, nobody would be left hungry. They also explain how sharing enabled them to survive in extreme circumstances. The passage says, "Their culture insists that they share with each other, and it has never happened that a Bushman failed to share objects, food or water with other members of his band, for without very rigid co-operation Bushmen could not survive the famines and droughts that the Kalahari offers them." (23) This shows how they can survive under extreme, harsh conditions if they all share things with each other.

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A Day in the Life of Adam and Eve (reader pages 14-21, packet 2)

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A Day in the Life of Adam and Eve (reader pages 14-21, packet 2)

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The third passage from the second packet in Unit 2 was the chapter A Day in the Life of Adam and Eve from the book Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari. Harari explains what hunter-gatherer societies were in the chapter, and how they worked. The passage says, "Thirdly, the most notable characteristic of hunter-gatherer societies is how different they are one from the other. They differ not only from one part of the world to another but even in the same region." (16) This can show how each hunter-gatherer society was different, and spread out from one another. They also explain how hunter-gatherer societies could adapt to their locations. The passage says, "Societies that have adapted to the extreme conditions of places such as the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa may well provide a very misleading model for understanding ancient societies in fertile areas such as the Yangtze River Valley." (16)

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The Tree of Knowledge (reader pages 7-9, packet 2)

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The Tree of Knowledge (reader pages 7-9, packet 2)

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The second passage from the second packet in Unit 2 was the chapter The Tree of Knowledge from the book Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari. The passage explains the beginning of mankind. The passage says, "In the previous chapter we saw that although Sapiens had already populated East Africa 150,000 years ago, they began to overrun the rest of planet Earth and drive the other human species to extinction only about 70,000 years ago." (7) They also talk about rooted inequality in the beginning of the human race. The passage reads, "In fact, in the first recorded encounter between Sapiens and Neanderthals, the Neanderthals won." (7) This shows how because Sapiens weren't as biologically advanced as Neanderthals, they were inequal.

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Yali's Question (reader pages 1-6, packet 2)

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Yali's Question (reader pages 1-6, packet 2)

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The first reading from packet 2 in Unit 2 was an excerpt from Yali's Question, from Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs, and Steel. In the reading, the author meets a local politician named Yali. Yali talks about eurocentric views of New Guinea. The reading says, "Many of the white colonialists openly despised New Guineans as 'primitive.' Even the least able of New Guinea's white 'masters,' as they were still called in 1972, enjoyed a far higher standard of living than New Guineans, higher even than charismatic politicians like Yali." (2) This shows how eurocentric historians will view New Guineans as primitive, and less than them because they are not european.