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Runoff is the portion of precipitation falling on an area that is rapidly discharged from the area through stream channels. However, runoff generation is a complex process controlled by many factors. They are of two types, inflitration excess runoff and the saturation excess runoff.

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Evapotranspiration is the combined effect of evaporation and transpiration.
The intensity of ET varies seasonally, with higher rates corresponding to spring and summer months when plants are actively growing and lower rates during the fall and winter months when growth slows and plants become dormant.

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The hydrologic cycle is composed of two phases, the first of which is the atmospheric phase, which describes water movement as gas (water vapor) and liquid/solid (rain and snow) in the atmosphere.
The second phase is the terrestrial phase, which describes water movement in, over, and through the Earth. The terrestrial phase is often broken down into the surface water phase (runoff, streamflow) and the groundwater phase (infiltration, percolation, aquifer recharge).

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Precipitation is any type of condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity and includes rain, snow, sleet, hail, and fog.

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Once precipitation has reached the soil surface, some of it can infiltrate the soil. Infiltration is the downward entry of water into the soil. The amount of water that infiltrates and how quickly it infiltrates varies widely from place to place and depends on soil properties such as soil moisture content, texture, bulk density, organic matter content, permeability, porosity, and the presence of any restrictive layers in the soil.

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We can understand precipitation by using the following graphs. It depicts the monthly average values of precipitation of 5 different regions of Virginia.

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Several evapotranspiration estimates made by the government agencies are broadly used by the producers to schedule irrigation or harvesting operations.  Consequently, seasonal fluctuations in ET have a large impact on water availability in agricultural systems.

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Depending on which type of runoff is generated, there can be varying water quality and production consequences. For instance, sheet and rill erosion are more common during infiltration excess runoff,  while saturation excess type runoff is often responsible for gullying and stream bank failures.

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Interflow is the lateral movement of infiltrated water in the vadose zone and is influenced by soil, geologic, and terrain properties in the surrounding area. As water infiltrates, some of it may reach a layer of soil or rock material that restricts downward movement and causes a perched water table.

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Sound decisions about the use and protection of our water resources require a fundamental understanding of the basic processes of the hydrologic cycle and how water circulates in the land and atmosphere. Understanding the hydrologic cycle is critical because many of the significant environmental and societal problems we face today are related to hydrologic or water issues, including climate change, agricultural productivity and food security, energy, and human health.

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Soils with high permeability in hilly terrain, particularly those underlain by a restrictive layer, can conduct a significant amount of interflow through the profile  compared to low-permeability soils on low slopes, which are prone to generating more surface runoff.