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English

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Wasingtan D.C.

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Hamberger

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USA

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1)summer (approximately June-August), 2)autumn (approximately September-November),
3) winter (approximately December-February), 4)
spring.  (Around March - May

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ซาวด์แสบดาก STUDIO

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25 hours - ฤดูกาล | บันทึกการแสดงสด 25 hours

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2) The largest subways in the world are the Shanghai and Beijing subways.🚉

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•Peking Duck

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•Shanghai city

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•Standard Mandarin

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•It has a population of about 1400 million people.

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China is in Central asia

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canberra

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ฤดูกาลในประเทศออสเตรเลียแบ่งออกเป็น 4 ฤดูกาล คือ

ช่วงฤดูร้อน อยู่ในช่วงระหว่างเดือน ธันวาคม ถึง เดือนกุมภาพันธ์

ช่วงฤดูใบไม้ร่วง อยู่ในช่วงระหว่างเดือนมีนาคม ถึง เดือนพฤษภาคม

ช่วงฤดูใบไม้ร่วง อยู่ในช่วงระหว่างเดือนมิถุนายน ถึง เดือนสิงหาคม

ช่วงฤดูใบไม้ผลิ อยู่ในช่วงระหว่างเดือนกันยายน ถึง เดือนพฤศจิกายน

โดยสภาพอากาศจะแตกต่างกันตามแต่ละพื้นที่และภูมิประเทศ คือ ในเขตตะวันออกจะได้รับอิทธิพลจากภูมิประเทศที่เป็นภาคพื้นทวีป ทำให้มีปริมาณฝนน้อย ฤดูร้อนอากาศร้อน แต่ฤดูหนาวอากาศไม่หนาวมาก ส่วนเขตอัลไพน์ มีปริมาณฝนมาก ยกเว้น ใน แถบหุบเขาอัลไพน์ ใน เช่น ไฮอินน์ทาล ฤดูร้อนจะมีระยะเวลาสั้น แต่มีฤดูหนาวที่ยาวนาน นอกจากนี้ส่วนอื่นๆ ของประเทศ อากาศเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ง่ายเพราะได้รับอิทธิพลจากแอตแลนติก (ฝั่งตะวันตก) และภาคพื้นทวีปทางตะวันออกเฉียงใต้

ช้อปปิ้งที่ออสเตรเลีย
พูดคุย เกี่ยวกับบทความนี้

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ฤดูกาลของออสเตรเลีย

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ฤดูกาลในประเทศออสเตรเลียแบ่งออกเป็น 4 ฤดูกาล คือ ช่วงฤดูร้อน อยู่ในช่วงระหว่างเดือน ธันวาคม ถึง เดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ช่วงฤดูใบไม้ร่วง อยู่ในช่วงระหว่างเดือนมีนาคม ถึง เดือนพฤษภาคม ช่วงฤดูใบไม้ร่วง อยู่ในช่วงระหว่างเดือนมิถุนายน ถึง เดือนสิงหาคม ช่วงฤดูใบไม้ผลิ อยู่ในช่วงระหว่างเดือนกันยายน ถึง เดือนพฤศจิกายน โดยสภาพอากาศจะแตกต่างกันตามแต่ละพื้นที่และภูมิประเทศ คือ ในเขตตะวันออกจะได้รับอิทธิพลจากภูมิประเทศที่เป็นภาคพื้นทวีป ทำให้มีปริมาณฝนน้อย ฤดูร้อนอากาศร้อน แต่ฤดูหนาวอากาศไม่หนาวมาก ส่วนเขตอัลไพน์ มีปริมาณฝนมาก ยกเว้น ใน แถบหุบเขาอัลไพน์ ใน เช่น ไฮอินน์ทาล ฤดูร้อนจะมีระยะเวลาสั้น แต่มีฤดูหนาวที่ยาวนาน นอกจากนี้ส่วนอื่นๆ ของประเทศ อากาศเปลี่ยนแปลงได้ง่ายเพราะได้รับอิทธิพลจากแอตแลนติก (ฝั่งตะวันตก) และภาคพื้นทวีปทางตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ ช้อปปิ้งที่ออสเตรเลีย

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Skyr

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Iceland.

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northern lights.

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korean

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There are 4 seasons:
-Summer (June-August)
-Autumn (September-November)
-Winter (December-February)
- Spring (March-May)

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English  - London transport (A1-A2 - with subtitles)

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Sunday Roast It is a food that British people like to eat,and popular tourists come to try.

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The Best Sunday Roast In London | Best Of The Best

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capital is London .

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du Pré is now part of the SCG - Southern Communications Group

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Thank you for visiting our website, we are delighted to announce that du Pré is now part of the SCG - Southern Communications Group of companies. All products and services previous supplied by DuPre are now available directly from, and supported by, Southern Communications Ltd.

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official language is English.

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They used Union Jack

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Bus service in Akureyri.

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The population is estimated
56,286,961(2019)

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It is located off the northwest coast of mainland Europe.

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Therefore, there are two seasons in Singapore which are summer and rainy season .🏖️🌧️

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ภูมิอากาศ ฤดูในสิงคโปร์

ภูมิอากาศ - ฤดูกาลในสิงคโปร์

ประเทศสิงคโปร์ เป็นประเทศที่เป็นเกาะเล็กๆ และโอบล้อมไปด้วยทะเล ดังนั้นฤดูกาลในสิงคโปร์จะมี 2 ฤดูด้วยกันก็ คือ โดยอุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยของสิงคโปร์นั้น ในช่วงของฤดูร้อนจะอยู่ประมาณ 31 องศาเซลเซียส และในส่วนของฤดูฝน จะอยู่ประมาณ 19 องศาเซลเซียส

☼ ฤดูร้อน
จะเริ่มต้นตั้งแต่เดือนปลายเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ไปจนถึงเดือนตุลาคม แต่ฤดูร้อนที่สิงคโปร์ ก็แบ่งออกเป็น 2 แบบ ก็คือ ร้อนปกติ กับร้อนมาก เดือนที่เหมาะแก่การช็อปปิ้งมากที่สุด ก็จะเริ่มตั้งแต่ กุมภาพันธ์ - เมษายน ซึ่งเป็นช่วงที่อากาศกำลังดีไม่ร้อนเท่าไหร่ แต่ในบางช่วงก็จะมีฝนตกปรอยๆ ครับ

☃ ฤดูฝน
ในช่วงของฤดูฝน จะมีข้อดีอยู่ 1 อย่างนั้นก็คือ ไม่ร้อน และมีลมเย็นๆ น่าเดินเที่ยว (ถ้าฝนไม่ตกนะ) โดยหน้าฝนจะเริ่มตั้งแต่เดือนพฤศจิกายน ไปจนถึงเดือนมกราคม ซึ่งฤดูฝนที่สิงคโปร์ ก็แบ่งออกเป็น 2 แบบ เหมือนกับฤดูร้อน นั่นก็คือ ฝนตกปรอยๆ แต่ทั้งวัน กับฝนตกหนัก ใครที่จะไปเที่ยวช่วงนี้ แนะนำให้พกร่ม และยาแก้ไข้ไปด้วย จะช่วยได้เยอะเลยครับ ช่วงที่ฝนตกปรอยๆ ก็จะเริ่มตั้งแต่ ต้นเดือนมกราคม - ต้นเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ และในช่วงที่ฝนตกหนักๆ จะอยู่ในเดือนของเดือนพฤศจิกายน - ธันวาคมครับ

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ภูมิอากาศ ฤดูในสิงคโปร์

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ภูมิอากาศ ฤดูในสิงคโปร์ ประเทศสิงคโปร์ เป็นประเทศที่เป็นเกาะเล็กๆ และโอบล้อมไปด้วยทะเล ดังนั้นฤดูกาลในสิงคโปร์จะมี 2 ฤดูด้วยกันก็ คือ โดยอุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยของสิงคโปร์นั้น ในช่วงของฤดูร้อนจะอยู่ประมาณ 31 องศาเซลเซียส และในส่วนของฤดูฝน จะอยู่ประมาณ 19 องศาเซลเซียส ☼ ฤดูร้อน จะเริ่มต้นตั้งแต่เดือนปลายเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ไปจนถึงเดือนตุลาคม แต่ฤดูร้อนที่สิงคโปร์ ก็แบ่งออกเป็น 2 แบบ ก็คือ ร้อนปกติ กับร้อนมาก เดือนที่เหมาะแก่การช็อปปิ้งมากที่สุด ก็จะเริ่มตั้งแต่ กุมภาพันธ์ - เมษายน ซึ่งเป็นช่วงที่อากาศกำลังดีไม่ร้อนเท่าไหร่ แต่ในบางช่วงก็จะมีฝนตกปรอยๆ ครับ ☃ ฤดูฝน ในช่วงของฤดูฝน จะมีข้อดีอยู่ 1 อย่างนั้นก็คือ ไม่ร้อน และมีลมเย็นๆ น่าเดินเที่ยว (ถ้าฝนไม่ตกนะ) โดยหน้าฝนจะเริ่มตั้งแต่เดือนพฤศจิกายน ไปจนถึงเดือนมกราคม ซึ่งฤดูฝนที่สิงคโปร์ ก็แบ่งออกเป็น 2 แบบ เหมือนกับฤดูร้อน นั่นก็คือ ฝนตกปรอยๆ แต่ทั้งวัน กับฝนตกหนัก ใครที่จะไปเที่ยวช่วงนี้ แนะนำให้พกร่ม และยาแก้ไข้ไปด้วย จะช่วยได้เยอะเลยครับ ช่วงที่ฝนตกปรอยๆ ก็จะเริ่มตั้งแต่ ต้นเดือนมกราคม - ต้นเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ และในช่วงที่ฝนตกหนักๆ จะอยู่ในเดือนของเดือนพฤศจิกายน - ธันวาคมครับ

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The best way to get around Singapore is via its Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) subway system. This underground network has lines that stretch across the entire city. However, once you're in the desired neighborhood, walking is your best option. MRT also operates bus routes that can get you just about anywhere on the island. We recommend avoiding car rental, as parking is expensive and traffic can be painful. If you wish to be in a car, take a taxi. Most travelers arrive through Singapore Changi Airport (SIN), which is connected to the city by the MRT system.

On Foot
Singapore is a large city, which makes it difficult to explore entirely on foot. However, you'll want to walk through individual neighborhoods to absorb the local atmosphere and sights. Visitors centers, run by the Singapore Tourism Board, provide free street maps and suggested walking tours. The city's numerous parks are another place to stretch your legs.

Subway

The MRT subway system is extensive, clean, efficient, inexpensive, and easy to understand - everything you want from public transit. Maps are available at every station. Fares are based on the distance you travel and usually range from SG$1 to SG$2.50 (about $0.74 to $1.85). Instead of purchasing single fare tickets, consider purchasing an EZ-Link rechargeable card for SG$12 (about $9) to save some extra coin and avoid ticket lines if you're in Singapore for an extended period.

Car
Home to more than 5 million people, Singapore definitely has some traffic. Driving can be a huge hassle, and parking will cost you an arm and a leg in the city. Not to mention driving is done on the left in Singapore. However, if you really want a car, there are rental offices at the airport and throughout the city.

Taxi

If you want to get somewhere in a hurry, flag a cab. Taxis are reasonably priced: The meter starts between SG$3 to SG$5 (about $2.24 to $3.75) and around SG$0.22 (about $0.16) per kilometer thereafter. Most drivers will speak English, so be sure to chat with them for local tips.

Bus

Buses traverse the entire country and can take you everywhere you need to go. That is, if know which ones to take. The numerous bus routes may overwhelm or confuse first-time visitors. Fares are based off distance traveled, time of day as well as traveler type (adult, children and senior citizen fares are offered). Based on all those factors, you could end up spending the same amount that you would for a metro ride.

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The best way to get around Singapore is via its Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) subway system. This underground network has lines that stretch across the entire city. However, once you're in the desired neighborhood, walking is your best option. MRT also operates bus routes that can get you just about anywhere on the island.

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electric train🚝 car 🚘

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Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter

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Written by Adam Nowek

Find out everything you need to know about public transportation in Switzerland, from busy buses in Bern to floating on a ferry in Zürich.

Who needs a car in Switzerland when you have access to one of the best public transportation systems in the world? With effective transport planning and user-friendly services, it's easy to plan a journey in the gateway to the Alps. Hop on board and learn more about Switzerland's envy-inducing public transportation system, including topics such as:

Public transportation in Switzerland

Few countries are more enjoyable to traverse by public transportation than Switzerland is. With incredibly efficient services that sync with one another almost seamlessly, you'll find that taking the train or the bus is often the option with the least hassle. You won't be alone, either; the average Swiss resident takes the train about 70 times per year, more than any other European country.

Zürich HB is the busiest train station in Switzerland

The Federal Office of Transport (FOT) oversees all public transportation within Switzerland. FOT ensures that all the companies carrying passengers are safe and accessible for disabled travelers. They're also responsible for Switzerland's railway expansion plans, improving transportation connectivity with neighboring countries, and Switzerland's ambitious transportation energy strategy.

Public transportation in Switzerland takes many forms, including trains, buses, trams, boats, funiculars, and even cable cars. Most transportation modes are operated at a local or regional level, though; the fare rules in the next city over could be completely different from your own. Despite any regional variations, Switzerland is an exemplary case of how public transportation should work.

Swiss public transportation apps

SBB Mobile is the official app of the Swiss Federal Railways. The app allows users to search for itineraries, book tickets, and add public transportation subscription and discount cards for accurate pricing. The app also has a handy feature called EasyRide, which lets users check in and out of public transportation and charges the ticket amount after the trip is over. SBB Mobile is available for Android and iOS.

One alternative to using the Swiss Federal Railways app is FAIRTIQ. Instead of using a ticket machine or an app for a specific transport company, FAIRTIQ lets users travel on any mode of public transportation in Switzerland and Liechtenstein; just tap a button at the start and the end of your journey and FAIRTIQ calculates and charges the lowest price for the trip.

Some public transportation apps in Switzerland eliminate the need for a ticket machine, like this one in Geneva

Other local public transportation providers in Switzerland also have their own apps, including:

Trains in Switzerland

Most of Switzerland's trains are operated by Swiss Federal Railways. Being a multilingual country, the Swiss Federal Railways has a few different names depending on where you are:

German: Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB)

French: Chemins de fer fédéraux suisse (CFF)

Italian: Ferrovie Federali Svizzere (FFS)

All of the above: it's also common to see all three abbreviations (SBB CFF FFS)

As far as national stereotypes go, Switzerland's reputation for punctuality and quality is deserved, including at the train station. According to the 2017 European Railway Performance Index, Switzerland is home to Europe's safest, highest quality, and most intensely used rail network. While other European countries improved intercity travel times by investing heavily in high-speed lines, Switzerland put the focus on slower services by optimizing their timetables. Meticulous clock-face scheduling means that passengers can count on intercity services leaving at the top and bottom of the hour and regional connections by train or bus to coordinate with those, lowering wait times.

SBB is Switzerland's national train company

There are five classes of train service in Switzerland:

InterCity (IC): long-distance services that connect major cities and hubs. IC trains have restaurant carriages and trolleys with drinks and snacks. Passenger carriages usually have two decks or sometimes the tilting, single-deck variety. Some cars also have quiet zones.

InterRegio (IR): lines that connect a handful of adjacent cantons. IR trains don't have restaurant carriages. Passengers cannot reserve seats on InterRegio trains.

RegioExpress (RE): faster regional lines that don't stop at all stations.

S-Bahn (S): suburban lines that cover urban areas and their immediate surroundings. Switzerland has 12 S-Bahn networks.

Regio (R): local trains that call at all stations along a route.

Train geeks, rejoice: SBB has all the information you need about Swiss trains, including beautiful photos to gawk at and routing information.

Train ticket costs in Switzerland

Prices for Swiss train tickets differ slightly in comparison to other European countries in one crucial way: the price you first see on the SBB website or app is actually only half of the price. The reason for this is that most regular commuters have a Half Fare Travelcard, which reduces all ticket prices by 50%. Although it seems a bit odd, it's just an indication of how widespread the Half Fare Travelcard is. The card itself is CHF 185 per year (CHF 120 per year for those between ages 16 and 25). If the total amount of fares you pay is at least CHF 240 annually, the Half Fare Travelcard is a worthwhile investment.

You don't need to book domestic train tickets in Switzerland in advance. Fares are fixed between any two cities and tickets are valid for any service that day. Tickets are available from ticket machines at the station, on the Swiss Federal Railways website, or through the SBB Mobile app.

If the eye-watering prices of Swiss trains are causing a bit of panic, worry not: just look for the discounts. SBB offers supersaver tickets, which offer discounts up to 70% (or even more if you use your Half Fare Travelcard). Keep in mind, though, that supersaver tickets are for a specific train at a specific time; if you miss the train, then you need to buy a full-fare ticket. Supersaver tickets are available up to 60 days before departure. SBB makes it easy to find the supersaver fares; just keep an eye out for the '%' sign inside of a black triangle in the search results.

Urban and suburban trains in Switzerland

S-Bahn systems are urban/suburban railway networks that connect urban centers with their surrounding suburbs and commuter towns, similar to a metro network. Some S-Bahn networks in Switzerland (such as Zürich) are run by local public transportation authorities; others are run by Swiss Federal Railways.

Switzerland is home to 12 S-Bahn networks:

Lausanne is also home to Switzerland's only metro network. In fact, Lausanne is the smallest city in the world with a metro network.

The Lausanne Métro is a humble but effective means of transport

Three other transportation companies operate most of the rest of the regional trains in Switzerland:

BLS AG: runs the S-Bahn networks for Bern and Lucerne, as well as some regional and RegioExpress

Rhaetian Railway (Rhätische Bahn in German): runs most trains in canton of Graubünden, including popular tourist routes like the Bernina Express and the Glacier Express.

Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn: runs two services in the cantons of Graubünden, Uri, and Valais. The MGB routes are also popular among tourists.

Within Switzerland, eight cities use trams as part of their public transportation networks: Basel, Bern, Bex, Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchâtel, and Zürich. All Swiss tram networks are part of the local, municipally-run public transportation authorities.

International trains in Switzerland

Switzerland has international train connections to Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Liechtenstein. Major routes include:

Austria: RailJet trains from Vienna to Zürich.

France: TGV Lyria high-speed trains from Paris to Basel, Geneva, or Zürich.

Germany: ICE high-speed trains serve dozens of cities in both countries, connecting either through Zürich HB or Basel SBB.

Italy: EuroCity trains from Milan and Venice to Bern, Geneva, or Zürich.

Liechtenstein: Austrian-run ÖBB trains run a line connecting Buchs (St. Gallen) with Schaan-Vaduz, Forst Hilti, Nendeln, and Schaanwald.

The Netherlands: some ICE high-speed trains connect Basel with Arnhem, Utrecht, and Amsterdam.

ÖBB Nightjet also uses night trains to directly connect Zürich with Berlin, Frankfurt, Graz, Hamburg, Linz, Vienna, and Zagreb.

For those traveling internationally, you'll most likely connect through Basel SBB. Here, you can hop on a train to France, Germany, Italy, and even the Netherlands.

Swiss train timetables and maps

SBB offers timetables and network maps in plenty of formats. For instance, departure boards by station are available in PDF format, or you can create your own personal timetable for a specific route. Although there isn't a single master timetable available for download, users can search for any journey on SBB's online timetable.

A wide variety of maps are also available on the SBB website. Maps include a full national network map of Switzerland, validity areas for regional transportation travelcards, disability-accessible services, and bike-sharing services.

Train stations in Switzerland

There are over 1,700 train stations in Switzerland, ranging from the 13-platform Zürich Hauptbahnhof (which handles 471,000 passengers on a typical weekday, the busiest in the country) to the spartan Punt Muragl Staz station (which handles just 50 passengers on weekdays). As part of Switzerland's approach to making public transportation networks more efficient, train stations serve as hubs for all methods of transport. Buses and trams are timed in accordance with train schedules as a result.

Larger Swiss train stations have extensive services, including currency exchange, shopping, restaurants, banks, toilets, showers, luggage lockers, waiting rooms, free Wi-Fi, and bicycle parking. Smaller stations tend to have a more limited set of services available, though all of them at least have ticket machines.

Bus transportation in Switzerland

Switzerland is home to a number of authorities providing bus services. Bus routes fall into one of two categories: urban/suburban bus routes and regional/rural bus routes. In Switzerland, the former are generally run by a local municipal public transportation authority while the latter are run by PostBus, a subsidiary of Switzerland's federal postal service.

PostBus runs routes on many mountain roads in Switzerland, including this one through the Furka Pass

There are dozens of local public transportation authorities in Switzerland. The systems serving the largest Swiss cities include:

Regional public transportation by bus in Switzerland is mostly run by PostBus. PostBus operates over 800 routes within dozens of route networks in almost every last corner of Switzerland, including remote mountainous areas. On winding mountain roads with blue-and-yellow postal horn signs, PostBus vehicles have right of way, all the while sounding its' iconic three-tone Dreiklanghorn to warn oncoming drivers.

Ticket prices and fare zones differ across Switzerland. Most operators sell tickets at ticket machines or onboard the bus itself. Most bus companies also accept the SwissPass, which you can use if you have a valid subscription.

Bus timetables in Switzerland are available through the public transportation authority itself. In general, operators don't provide fully downloadable timetables; rather, you can simply search for your itinerary through their website. For regional or rural routes, PostBus publishes their route networks online.

Taxis and ride-sharing services in Switzerland

Public transportation in Switzerland is made all the more popular because the alternatives are staggeringly expensive. As a matter of fact, Swiss taxis are the most expensive in Europe, with per-kilometer costs more than twice as high as in other major European cities. Hailing a taxi from the street is relatively easy, as cabs are plentiful. You can also hail a taxi with a ride-hailing app like go!, Talixo, or taxi.eu.

Taxis come in all shapes and sizes, including this funky vehicle in the car-free ski town of Zermatt

Taxi fares in Switzerland are not regulated across the country, so the cost differs from city to city. Zürich is, inarguably, the most expensive city in Switzerland to take a taxi: here, base fares are CHF 8 and each kilometer is an additional CHF 5. Other cities are not much better, with Bern and Geneva starting at CHF 6-7 and each additional kilometer adding CHF 3-4 to your bill. Taxis accept cash and credit cards, but it's worth confirming payment methods before you get in the cab. Tips are not necessary.

If Swiss taxi fares are a bit rich for your budget, ride-sharing services are also available. Uber is available in four cities in Switzerland (Basel, Geneva, Lausanne, and Zürich) and tends to offer lower fares.

Other methods of public transportation in Switzerland

Although home to many airports, only a handful of Swiss airports have a significant amount of daily traffic. The busiest airports offering scheduled service in Switzerland are:

Zurich Airport

Geneva Airport

EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg

St. Gallen Airport

Despite Switzerland's fairly small size, one domestic route remains popular: Zürich-Geneva. Swiss International Air Lines is the only carrier running the 50-minute flight, which is popular amongst business travelers and those connecting further afield. Direct trains run between both airports, taking just over three hours.

Some cities in Switzerland also have small fleets of ferries working as public transportation. Zürichsee has a variety of lake and river cruises (some even have a restaurant and bar on them), all of which are accessible with a valid Zürich public transportation ticket. Over in Basel, Fähri-Verein has a small fleet of boats that crisscross the Rhine.

The Stoosbahn is a funicular with a fairly unique design

As an alpine country, Switzerland has no shortage of ways to scale a mountain. There are, in fact, dozens of funiculars in Switzerland. A few of the more notable funiculars are the Stoosbahn (the steepest funicular in Europe), the Niesen Funicular (whose service stairway is the world's longest), and the St. Moritz-Corviglia Funicular (which connects St. Moritz with a ski area)

Public transportation subscriptions in Switzerland

Besides the SBB Half Fare Travelcard, there are plenty of ways to lessen the burden of ticket costs. SBB offers the following subscriptions:

seven25 Travelcard: Travel free on SBB trains and public transportation networks between 19:00 and 5:00. Available to anyone younger than 25. CHF 39 per month or CHF 390 per year.

Half Fare Travelcard: Probably the most popular public transportation subscription in Switzerland, the Half Fare Travelcard reduces all ticket costs by 50%. CHF 185 per year.

Almost all public transportation subscriptions in Switzerland go onto a SwissPass. The SwissPass is a wallet-size card that you load subscriptions or tickets onto, as well as use for things like bike rental, car-sharing schemes, or ski passes (of course). At least 250 transport authorities use the SwissPass, so you're more likely than not to get one at some point.

If you don't have a SwissPass yet, just go to a ticketing office for a public transportation provider. You'll need an identity document and a recent passport-size photo.

The GA Travelcard

One public transportation subscription in Switzerland deserves special mention: the GA Travelcard. This subscription (whose name is short for Generalabonnement in German) allows unlimited travel on all SBB trains as well as other modes of public transportation in Switzerland. The GA Travelcard is available in a variety of categories with the billing period being either monthly or annual.

Second-class prices for the GA Travelcard are as follows:

Adults: CHF 340 (month) / CHF 3,860 (year)

Children (6-16): CHF 160 (month) / CHF 1,645 (year)

Young adults (16-25) and students (25-30 and studying at a Swiss university or college): CHF 245 (month) / CHF 2,650 (year)

25-year olds: CHF 300 (month) / CHF 3,360 (year)

Seniors (64+ [women] or 65+ [men]): CHF 260 (month) / CHF 2,880 (year)

Disabled: CHF 225 (month) / CHF 2,480 (year)

Dogs: CHF 805 (year)

GA Travelcard passes are expensive, but they're worth your (or, potentially, your employer's) money if you plan to take the train quite a bit. It's also an eco-friendly alternative to driving in Switzerland.

How disability-accessible is public transportation in Switzerland?

Accessible transportation is enshrined in Swiss law. Officially, the law is the Federal Act on the Elimination of Discrimination against People with Disabilities, often shortened to the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) or by its' legal number (151.3).

Tactile paving, such as this at a train station in Geneva, helps visually-impaired passengers find their way on the platform

Swiss Federal Railways has a comprehensive station accessibility map (make sure you zoom in to see more stations), including information on in-station support staff, available equipment, construction work schedules, contact information, and how the station complies with the DDA. The SBB aims to ensure all trains and 542 stations (and thus 86% of all passenger trips) meet DDA requirements by 2023. In reality, this means that an ever-increasing amount of Swiss train stations have step-free access from entering the station entrance all the way to boarding a train without the need for ramps or assistance. Trains in Switzerland all have wheelchair spaces and audiovisual passenger information; most have wheelchair-accessible toilets except for regional trains in the Seetal Valley.

Bus companies in Switzerland must also meet the requirements of the DDA to ensure accessible transportation for all. Swiss law requires all operators to roll out the necessary changes by 2023, although some cities fare better than others. Some commentators point towards Basel, Lucerne, Neuchâtel, and Zürich as good examples of cities changing bus stop heights and buying low-floor buses.

Beyond the rails, the SwissPass also has an accessibility feature. For instance, the SwissPass has a distinct groove in it, which helps those with a visual impairment identify the card more easily.

How environmentally friendly is public transportation in Switzerland?

Cities in Switzerland openly flout their sustainability records on the world stage, and it's no wonder why. Sustainable approaches to living pervade all aspects of life, ranging from recycling in Switzerland to industrial-scale carbon-capture plants. As a result of the country's all-hands-on-deck approach to reducing emissions and waste, Switzerland remains a country where taking the train is the logical choice.

Public transportation is one of the best ways for a society to approach sustainability, and Switzerland is no different in that regard. Swiss Federal Railways intends to use only renewable energy sources by 2025 and achieve climate neutrality by 2030. PostBus, Switzerland's largest bus transportation company, is increasing the amount of buses that run on batteries, fuel cells, or diesel hybrid engines. Cities like Zürich also impose tolls on cars and manage signal timings to make public transportation faster and to discourage vehicle use. For those that still drive, SBB works with companies that want to push their employees to complement their rail travel with an electric car.

Fines and public transportation complaints in Switzerland

Fines for traveling without a valid ticket in Switzerland are standardized across travel modes and transportation companies. Passengers that dodge fares and receive a fine are added to a national fare-dodger register ( Schwarzfahrerregister in German; Registre national des resquilleurs in French).

The national fines for traveling without a ticket are:

First offense: CHF 100

Second offense: CHF 140

Third offense: CHF 220

Traveling with the wrong ticket (such as one that only covers part of the journey) is also a fine-worthy offense in Switzerland. The fines for traveling with an incorrect ticket are:

First offense: CHF 75

Second offense: CHF 115

Third offense: CHF 195

There are some circumstances where fines may be reduced or be rescinded altogether, such as if you forgot your personal travelcard at home. In this case, you only need to present your travelcard within 10 days and pay a processing fee (CHF 5).

More information on public transportation fines in Switzerland is available on Ticket Control. Passengers can pay their fines or ask additional questions directly through Ticket Control, which PostBus manages on behalf of all transportation authorities in Switzerland.

Enquiries and complaints about other aspects of public transportation in Switzerland should be made directly to the provider. Customer service centers at SBB, PostBus, ZVV, and TPG regularly handle complaints in-person, through their website, or over the phone.

Useful resources

BERNMOBIL - Bern's public transportation operator

FAIRTIQ - a public transportation ticketing app that covers most of Switzerland

Stadtbus Winterthur - Winterthur's public transportation operator

Swiss Federal Railways - Switzerland's national railway operator

TB/TPB - Biel/Bienne's public transportation operator

TPG - Geneva's public transportation operator

TL - Lausanne's public transportation operator

TPL - Lugano's public transportation operator

VBL - Lucerne's public transportation operator

VBSG - St. Gallen's public transportation operator

ZVV - Zürich's public transportation operator

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Public transportation in Switzerland: a guide | Expatica

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Written by Adam Nowek Find out everything you need to know about public transportation in Switzerland, from busy buses in Bern to floating on a ferry in Zürich. Who needs a car in Switzerland when you have access to one of the best public transportation systems in the world?

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Car, Ferry, Train,Tram,Bus, Airplane

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Italian / German / French / Roma language

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Autumn  Spring  Summer  Winter

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Subway🚆  bicycle🚲

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ครบเครื่องเรื่องญี่ปุ่น

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รีวิวรถไฟฟ้าสุดหรู Hinotori ใหม่ล่าสุดจาก Kintetsu โอซาก้า-มิเอะ-นาโกย่า เที่ยวญี่ปุ่น

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Flag Switzerland

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There are four seasons in Japan: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.

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เนื่องจากไทยเราไม่มีฤดูกาลที่ต่างกันจนเห็นภาพแบบญี่ปุ่น หลายคนอาจไม่มั่นใจถึงความต่างของฤดูทั้งสี่ในญี่ปุ่นว่าแต่ละฤดูต่างกันอย่างไร มีกิจกรรมหรือเทศกาลที่น่าสนใจอย่างไรบ้าง เราจึงขอแนะนำคร่าวๆ เพื่อเป็นแนวทางให้เลือกเดินทางตามความพิเศษของแต่ละฤดูกาล

ฤดูใบไม้ผลิ (Spring) ระหว่างเดือนมีนาคม-พฤษภาคม

สภาพอากาศในฤดูนี้ให้ความรู้สึกอบอุ่นเย็นสบายไม่ร้อนหรือหนาวจนเกินไป หลังจากต้องอยู่กับความหนาวเหน็บของฤดูหนาวมายาวนานหลายเดือน อุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยประมาณ 10-20 องศา สำหรับชาวญี่ปุ่นถือเป็นช่วงเวลาแห่งความสดใสและการเริ่มต้นอะไรใหม่ๆ เช่นการเปิดเทอมของเด็กนักเรียน การย้ายบ้าน และการเริ่มทำงานของผู้ใหญ่วัยทำงานอีกด้วย

กิจกรรมและเทศกาลที่น่าสนใจ

สิ่งที่เป็นสัญลักษณ์ของฤดูใบไม้ผลิก็คือธรรมชาติที่มีสีสันแปลกตามากกว่าสีเขียว และการไปชมดอกไม้นานาชนิดรวมถึงซากุระบานที่บานสะพรั่งไปทั่วทั้งประเทศ ท่ามกลางอากาศแจ่มใสเหมาะกับการท่องเที่ยวและออกไปชมดอกซากุระของชาวญี่ปุ่นหรือที่เรียกว่า ฮานามิ (Hanami) รวมทั้งยังมีดอกไม้อื่นๆนอกจากซากุระให้ได้ชมมากมาย เช่น ดอกเนโมฟีเลียสีฟ้า (Nemophila) ช่วงเดือนเมษายน อุโมงค์ดอกวิสทีเรียสีม่วง (Wisteria) ช่วงต้นเดือนพฤษภาคม เป็นต้น

สถานที่เที่ยวแนะนำในฤดูใบไม้ผลิ

ช่วงฤดูนี้จะมีสถานที่ชมดอกซากุระที่สวยงามและมีชื่อเสียงหลายแห่งทั่วประเทศและโดยปกติซากุระจะเริ่มบานจากทางใต้ไล่ขึ้นไปทางเหนือ ซึ่งจุดชมซากุระที่จะแนะนำก็เช่น ปราสาทฮิโรซากิ (Hirosaki Castle) ในจังหวัดอาโอโมริ, ภูเขาโยชิโนะ (Mt.Yoshino) ในจังหวัดนารา และพื้นที่ทะเลสาบรอบๆภูเขาไฟฟูจิ และถ้าเป็นทุ่งดอกไม้อื่นๆ หลังจากซากุระร่วงโรยไปแล้วที่น่าสนใจก็เช่น ทุ่งดอกเนโมฟีเลียสีฟ้าสดที่สวนฮิตาชิ ซีไซต์ ปาร์ค (Hitachi Seaside Park) ในจังหวัดอิบารากิ หรือเทศกาลชมดอกทิวลิปที่ใหญ่ที่สุดในญี่ปุ่น ที่สวนสาธารณะโทนามิทิวลิป (Tonami Tulip) ในจังหวัดโทยามา

ฤดูร้อน (Summer) ระหว่างเดือนมิถุนายน-สิงหาคม

สภาพอากาศฤดูนี้ถือว่าเป็นช่วงเวลาที่ร้อนที่สุดในรอบปีโดยมีอุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยประมาณ 24-32 องศา แต่บางช่วงก็จะมีฝนตกบ่อย โดยเฉพาะช่วงเปลี่ยนผ่านระหว่งฤดูใบไม้ผลิกับฤดูร้อนในเดือนมิถุนายน ส่วนเดือนที่ร้อนที่สุดและมักจะมีมรสุมกับพายุไต้ฝุ่นคือสิงหาคม บางภูมิภาคและบางเมืองอากาศค่อนข้างร้อนมาก ในขณะที่บางพื้นที่ก็ไม่ร้อนมากอย่างที่คิด เช่นฮอกไกโด สถานที่ๆที่ชาวญี่ปุ่นเองก็ยังนิยมหลบร้อนไปเที่ยวกันเมื่อถึงฤดูร้อน

กิจกรรมและเทศกาลที่น่าสนใจ

ถึงแม้อากาศจะค่อนข้างร้อนแต่ก็มีข้อดีคือท้องฟ้าที่แจ่มใสเหมาะกับการถ่ายรูป และถ้าเป็นคนไทยเวลาไปเที่ยวก็ไม่ต้องขนเสื้อกันหนาวไปให้หนักเพราะสามารถแต่งตัวสบายๆเหมือนตอนอยู่ไทยได้เลย อีกทั้งยังเป็นฤดูแห่งงานเทศกาลหลากแนว ตั้งแต่ร้องเล่นเต้นรำไปจนถึงแห่ขบวนพาเหรด ที่ถูกจัดขึ้นมากมายทั่วประเทศ (โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในภูมิภาคโทโฮคุที่มีอากาศเย็นแม้ในหน้าร้อน จะมีเทศกาลเยอะเป็นพิเศษ) เช่นเทศกาลทานาบาตะที่เซนได เทศกาลหมวกดอกไม้ฮานากาสะ เทศกาลขบวนแห่เนบุตะ เทศกาลชมดอกไม้ไฟต่างๆมากมายทั่วประเทศ เทศกาลชมทุ่งดอกไม้หลากสีสัน เทศกาลดนตรี รวมถึงมหกรรมสินค้าลดราคาต่างๆตามเอาท์เลตหรือห้างสรรพสินค้า ที่มักจะ ลดราคาเยอะเป็นพิเศษในช่วงซัมเมอร์เซลล์

สถานที่ท่องเที่ยวแนะนำในฤดูร้อน

หน้าร้อนที่ญี่ปุ่นมีสถานที่อยากจะแนะนำมากมาย ส่วนใหญ่เป็นสถานที่ทางธรรมชาติที่สวยงามแต่อาจจะหนาวเกินไปในฤดูอื่น เช่นคามิโคจิ (Kamikochi) ในจังหวัดนากาโนะ ซึ่งเป็นสถานที่ที่มีทิวทัศน์สวยงามทุกฤดูกาล และอากาศในหน้าร้อนก็ถือว่าไม่ร้อนจนเกินไปด้วย หรือหากชอบสีสันของดอกไม้ก็มีหลายๆพื้นที่ในฮอกไกโดที่น่าสนใจ อย่างเมืองอาบาชิริ (Abashiri) หรือเมืองฟุราโนะ (Furano) ที่มีทั้งทุ่งดอกพิงค์มอส ทิวลิป ลาเวนเดอร์ ให้ได้เที่ยวชมกันอย่างน่าตื่นตาตื่นใจ หรือถ้าชอบงานเทศกาลก็ลองไปเที่ยวชมงานเทศกาลดอกไม้ไฟในเดือนสิงหาคมที่จัดขึ้นหลายแห่งทั่วประเทศ เช่น เทศกาลดอกไม้ไฟนากาโอกะ (Nagaoka) ในนีงาตะ เป็นต้น

ฤดูใบไม้ร่วง (Autumn) ระหว่างเดือนกันยายน-พฤศจิกายน

สภาพอากาศในช่วงนี้อากาศจะเริ่มเย็นขึ้นหลังจากฤดูร้อนผ่านพ้นไปและเตรียมจะเข้าสู่หน้าหนาว ฝนก็น้อยลง อุณหภูมิเฉลี่ยประมาณ 10-18 องศา และจะต่างกันมากระหว่างวันที่มีแดดกับไม่มีแดด เป็นฤดูที่เต็มไปด้วยสีสันของใบไม้เปลี่ยนสี ทั้งใบไม้แดง ส้ม เหลือง ที่แต่งแต้มบรรยากาศให้น่าท่องเที่ยวทั่วทั้งประเทศ โดยใบไม้จะเริ่มเปลี่ยนสีเริ่มจากทางเหนือไล่ลงมาทางตอนใต้ หากใครไปเร็วก็แนะนำให้ไปทางเหนือของญี่ปุ่น ถ้าไปช้าหน่อยก็ไปทางใต้

กิจกรรมและเทศกาลที่น่าสนใจ

กิจกรรมท่องเที่ยวอันดับหนึ่งของฤดูนี้ก็คือการออกไปชมใบไม้เปลี่ยนสีตามสถานที่ทางธรรมชาติ เช่นบนภูเขา น้ำตก รอบทะเลสาบ รวมทั้งในพื้นที่วัดและศาลเจ้าหรือสวนสาธารณะ ซึ่งมีทั้งใบไม้แดงและใบไม้สีเหลืองของใบแปะก๊วยที่สวยงามไม่แพ้กัน แล้วก็มีงานเทศกาลประดับไฟ (Light up) ชมใบไม้เปลี่ยนสีตอนกลางคืนที่บรรยากาศโรแมนติกมาก อีกทั้งยังมีกระเช้าไฟฟ้า (Ropeway) ชมความงามของใบไม้เปลี่ยนสีที่มีให้บริการตามภูเขาหลายแห่งทั่วประเทศ

สถานที่ท่องเที่ยวแนะนำในฤดูใบไม้ร่วง

สำหรับจุดชมใบไม้เปลี่ยนสีในฤดูใบไม้ร่วงในญี่ปุ่นนั้น มีสถานที่น่าสนใจหลายแห่งทั่วประเทศเลยทีเดียว เช่น ตามวัดหลายแห่งในภูมิภาคคันไซทั้งในเกียวโตและนารา ถ้าเป็นสถานที่ทางธรรมชาติก็เช่น อาราชิยามา (Arashiyama) ซึ่งจะมีงานประดับไฟตอนกลางคืนด้วย ถ้าเป็นภูมิภาคโทโฮคุก็มีเมืองออนเซ็นท่ามกลางวิวใบไม้แดงก็คือที่นิวโตะออนเซ็น (Nyuto Onsen) หรือหากสนใจชมใบแปะก๊วยสีเหลืองในโตเกียวก็มีหลายแห่ง เช่น มหาวิทยาลัยโตเกียว, ถนนสายแปะก๊วยที่สวนเมจิ จิงงู ไกเอ็น (Meiji Jingu Gaien Park) เป็นต้น

ฤดูหนาว (Winter) ระหว่างเดือนธันวาคม-กุมภาพันธ์

ฤดูที่มีสภาพอากาศหนาวเย็นมากที่สุด หนาวถึงขั้นอุณหภูมิติดลบและมีหิมะตกในหลายๆพื้นที่ทั่วประเทศ โดยเฉลี่ยอุณหภูมิจะไม่เกิน 10 องศาแม้ในตอนกลางวัน หลายพื้นที่ก็จะใกล้ศูนย์องศา อาจจะยกเว้นทางใต้อย่างโอกินาว่าที่อาจร้อนถึง 16-17 องศาในวันแดดแรง ต้นไม้ที่ผลัดใบก็เริ่มทิ้งใบจนเหลือแต่ต้นและกิ่งก้านแบบแห้งๆเท่านั้น สำหรับใครที่อยากสัมผัสหิมะสักครั้งในชีวิตก็ต้องไปช่วงฤดูนี้ และต้องเตรียมเสื้อผ้าเครื่องกันหนาวทั้งหลายแบบจัดเต็มเลยทีเดียว

กิจกรรมและเทศกาลที่น่าสนใจ

เป็นฤดูที่มีกิจกรรมและเทศกาลมากมายโดยเฉพาะเทศกาลหิมะในหลายๆพื้นที่ และกิจกรรมยอดนิยมอย่างการเล่นสกีหิมะกับสโนว์บอร์ด ตามสกีรีสอร์ททั้งหลาย อีกทั้งยังเป็นช่วงคาบเกี่ยวระหว่างปีใหม่ที่มีงานเฉลิมฉลองและงานประดับไฟ (Illumination) ตามถนนหนทางอย่างสวยงามทั่วประเทศ ที่ไม่ควรพลาดอีกอย่างหนึ่งก็คือการไปแช่ออนเซ็นท่ามกลางหิมะตามเมืองออนเซ็นทั่วประเทศ

สถานที่ท่องเที่ยวแนะนำในฤดูหนาว

ถ้าชอบกีฬาหน้าหนาวประเภทสกีหิมะ สโนว์บอร์ด ก็มีสกีรีสอร์ทหลายแห่งที่น่าสนใจ เช่นในเมืองคารุอิซาวา (Karuizawa) จังหวัดนากาโนะ, เมืองนิเซโกะ (Niseko) และฟุราโนะ (Furano) จังหวัดฮอกไกโด, ซาโอะออนเซ็น (Zao Onsen) จังหวัดยามากาตะเป็นต้น

แต่ถ้าอยากไปชมเทศกาลหิมะที่มีชื่อเสียง ทั้งภูมิภาคฮอกไกโดและโทโฮกุและบางพื้นที่ในภูมิภาคอื่นๆ ก็มีการจัดงานเทศกาลหิมะอย่างยิ่งใหญ่ เช่น เทศกาลหิมะซัปโปโร (Sapporo Snow Festival), เทศกาลหิมะโทคามาชิ (Tokamachi Snow Festival) จังหวัดนีงาตะ, เทศกาลบ้านหิมะโยโกเตะ (Yokote Kamakura Snow Festival) จังหวัดอาคิตะ

นอกจากนี้ยังมีงานเทศกาลประดับไฟ (Light up) ในฤดูหนาวที่จะแนะนำเช่น ชิราคาวาโกะ ไลท์อัพ (Shirakawago Winter Light Up) จังหวัดกิฟุ ที่จัดขึ้นในเดือนมกราคมของทุกปี ตลอดจนงานประดับไฟและงานเคาท์ดาวน์ปีใหม่ตามเมืองใหญ่ๆด้วย

ผู้เขียน: หนึ่ง
นักอ่านและนักเขียนที่ชอบการเดินทางไปในที่ต่างๆ โดยเฉพาะญี่ปุ่น รักการดูอนิเมะญี่ปุ่นเป็นชีวิตจิตใจ :)

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การท่องเที่ยว

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เทศกาลฤดูร้อน

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เที่ยวญี่ปุ่นเดือนห้า

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สี่ฤดูกาลของญี่ปุ่น | All About Japan

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เนื่องจากไทยเราไม่มีฤดูกาลที่ต่างกันจนเห็นภาพแบบญี่ปุ่น หลายคนอาจไม่มั่นใจถึงความต่างของฤดูทั้งสี่ในญี่ปุ่นว่าแต่ละฤดูต่างกันอย่างไร มีกิจกรรมหรือเทศกาลที่น่าสนใจอย่างไรบ้าง เราจึงขอแนะนำคร่าวๆ ...

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íslenska

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The population in 2560 is 9.776 million

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Winter, spring, summer, autumn

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Stockholm

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English
Standard Chinese
Malay and Tamil

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Languages of Singapore

Official

English, Singaporean Mandarin, Malay, Tamil

National
Malay

Main

English (de facto)
Malay (de jure)

Vernacular
Singapore English

Minority

Cantonese, Hokkien, Hainanese, Hakka, Teochew, Indonesian, Javanese, Japanese, Korean, Punjabi, Malayalam

Immigrant

Arabic, Farsi, Armenian, Bengali, Hebrew, Hindi, Telugu, Thai, Vietnamese, Yiddish

Foreign

Dutch, French, German, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Filipino

Signed
Singapore Sign Language

Keyboard layout

A multitude of languages are used in Singapore. They consist of several varieties of languages under the families of the Austronesian, Dravidian, Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan languages. The Constitution of Singapore states that the national language of Singapore is Malay. This plays a symbolic role, as Malays are constitutionally recognised as the indigenous peoples of Singapore, and it is the government's duty to protect their language and heritage. The constitution also states that the four commonly used languages of Singapore are English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil, with the lingua franca between Singaporeans of different races being English, the de facto main language. Singaporeans often speak Singlish among themselves, an English creole arising from centuries of contact between Singapore's internationalized society and the language of its former colonisers. Linguists define it as Singapore Colloquial English.

The three languages other than English were chosen to correspond with the major ethnic groups present in Singapore at the time: Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese-medium schools; Malay was deemed the "most obvious choice" for the Malay community; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore, in addition to being "the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore". In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting a rich linguistic diversity in the city. Singapore's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders, and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire.

In the early years, the lingua franca of the island was Bazaar Malay ( Melayu Pasar), a creole of Malay and Chinese, the language of trade in the Malay Archipelago. While it continues to be used among many on the island, especially Singaporean Malays, Malay has now been displaced by English. English became the lingua franca due to British rule of Singapore, and was made the main language upon Singaporean independence. Thus, English is the medium of instruction in schools, and is also the main language used in formal settings such as in government departments and the courts. According to Singaporean President Halimah Yacob during her 2018 speech, "Through the education system, we adopted a common working language in English."

Hokkien (Min Nan) briefly emerged as a lingua franca among the Chinese, but by the late 20th century it had been eclipsed by Mandarin. The Government promotes Mandarin among Singaporean Chinese people, since it views the language as a bridge between Singapore's diverse non-Mandarin speaking groups, and as a tool for forging a common Chinese cultural identity. China's economic rise in the 21st century has also encouraged a greater use of Mandarin. Other Chinese varieties such as Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka, Hainanese and Cantonese have been classified by the Government as " dialects", and language policies and language attitudes based on this classification and discouragement of usage in Non-Mandarin Chinese or "Chinese dialects" in official settings and television media have led to a decrease in the number of speakers of these varieties. In particular, Singapore has its own lect of Mandarin; Singaporean Mandarin, itself with two varieties, and Colloquial or spoken. While Tamil is one of Singapore's official and the most spoken Indian language, other Indian languages are also frequently used by minorities.

Almost all Singaporeans are bilingual since Singapore's bilingual language education policy promotes a dual-language learning system. Learning a second language has been compulsory in primary schools since 1960 and secondary schools since 1966. English is used as the main medium of instruction. On top of this, most children learn one of the three official languages (or, occasionally, another approved language) as a second language, according to their official registered ethnic group. Since 1 January 2011, if a person is of more than one ethnicity and their race is registered in the hyphenated format, the race chosen will be the one that precedes the hyphen in their registered race.

All directional signs in Singapore are written in English.

Although de jure Malay is the national language, Singapore English is regarded de facto as the main language in Singapore, and is officially the main language of instruction in all school subjects except for Mother Tongue lessons in Singapore's education system. It is also the common language of the administration and is promoted as an important language for international business. Spelling in Singapore largely follows British conventions, owing to the country's status as a former Crown Colony. English is the country's default lingua franca despite the fact that four languages have official status.

Under the British colonial government, English gained prestige as the language of administration, law and business in Singapore. As government administration increased, infrastructure and commerce developed, and access to education further catalysed the spread of English among Singaporeans.

When Singapore gained self-government in 1959 and independence in 1965, the local government decided to keep English as the main language to maximise economic benefits. Since English was rising as the global language for commerce, technology and science, promotion of its use in Singapore would expedite Singapore's development and integration into the global economy.

Furthermore, the switch to English as the only medium of instruction in schools aided in bridging the social distance between the various groups of ethnic language speakers in the country. Between the early 1960s to the late 1970s, the number of students registering for primarily English-medium schools leapt from 50% to 90% as more parents elected to send their children to English-medium schools. Attendance in Mandarin, Malay and Tamil-medium schools consequently dropped and schools began to close down. The Chinese-medium Nanyang University also made the switch to English as the medium of instruction despite meeting resistance, especially from the Chinese community.

There has been a steep increase in the use of the English language over the years. Singapore is currently one of the most proficient English-speaking countries in Asia. Then Education Minister, Ng Eng Hen, noted a rising number of Singaporeans using English as their home language in December 2009. Of children enrolled in primary school in 2009, 60% of the Chinese and Indian pupils and 35% of the Malay pupils spoke predominantly English at home.

Singlish is an English-based creole language with its own consistent rules and phonology widely used in Singapore. However, usage of this language is discouraged by the local government, which favours Standard English. The Media Development Authority does not support using Singlish in television and radio advertising.

According to a 2018 study by the Institute of Policy Studies (IPS), only 8% of Singaporeans identify with Singlish as their primary language, compared to the one-third that identify with English and another 2% with their official mother tongue. Both survey waves, in 2013 and 2018, conducted showed that about half of all respondents reported being able to speak Singlish "well" or "very well". Younger respondents (18-25 years old) reported greater proficiency than older respondents (65+ years old).

Over the years, the use of Singlish has become more widespread, with a greater number of people adopting the language both out of a sense of identity and cultural importance. Some, even view that it identifies them as uniquely Singaporean.

The Teochew Building houses a prominent Teochew clan association in Singapore, the Ngee Ann Kongsi.

According to the 2000 population census, Mandarin and other varieties of Chinese are the most common languages spoken at home. They are used by 51% of the population. The table below shows the change in distribution of Mandarin and other Chinese varieties, as well as English, as home languages of the resident Chinese population of Singapore in 1990, 2000 and 2010. It can be observed that the percentage of the population which speaks English and Mandarin has increased, while the percentage of those who speak other Chinese varieties has collapsed and is now limited mainly to the elderly. More recently, English is starting to displace Mandarin among the new generation of Singapore Chinese due to long term effects of the dominant usage of English in most official settings over Mandarin, the dominant usage of English as the medium of instruction in Singapore schools, colleges and universities, and the limited and lower standards of local mother education system over the years in Singapore.

Standard Mandarin is generally spoken as the lingua franca among the Chinese community in Singapore. Simply known as Chinese, it is the designated mother tongue or ' ethnic language' of Chinese Singaporeans, at the expense of the other Chinese varieties.

In 1979, the government heavily promoted Mandarin through its " Speak Mandarin" campaign. The Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew stated that Mandarin was chosen to unify the Chinese community with a single language. With the rising prominence of Mandarin in Singapore at that time, politicians such as Lee theorized that it might overtake English, despite strong evidence to the contrary. From the 1990s, with the perceived increase in commerce and trade possibilities with Mainland China, the Singaporean government promoted Mandarin as a language with high economic advantage and value. Today, Mandarin is generally seen as a way to maintain a link to Chinese culture.

Other Chinese varieties also have a presence in Singapore. Amongst them, Hokkien used to be an unofficial language of business until the 1980s. Hokkien was also used as a lingua franca among Chinese Singaporeans, and also among Malays and Indians to communicate with the Chinese majority. As of 2012, according to demographic figures, the five main Chinese linguistic groups in Singapore are Hokkien (41.1%), Teochew (21.0%), Cantonese (15.4%), Hakka (7.9%) and Hainanese (6.7%), while Hokchew/Hokchia ( Fuzhou dialect), Henghua ( Puxian Min), and Shanghainese have smaller speaker bases. Other than Mandarin, the two most commonly spoken varieties of Chinese are Hokkien which is the dominant dialect and Cantonese, both of which are mainly spoken among the older generation. Teochew, is being replaced by Hokkien, while other Chinese varieties are increasingly less commonly heard nowadays.

Traditional Chinese characters were used in Singapore until 1969, when the Ministry of Education promulgated the Table of Simplified Characters ( simplified Chinese: 简体字表; traditional Chinese: 簡體字表; pinyin: jiǎntǐzìbiǎo ), which while similar to the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme of the People's Republic of China had 40 differences. In 1974 a new Table was published, and this second table was revised in 1976 to remove all differences between simplified Chinese characters in Singapore and China. Although simplified characters are currently used in official documents, the government does not officially discourage or prohibit the use of traditional characters. Hence, traditional characters are still used in signs, advertisements and Chinese calligraphy, while books in both character sets are available in Singapore.

Malay is the national language of Singapore and one of its official languages. It is written using a version of the Roman script known as Rumi. It is the home language of 13% of the Singaporean population. Malay is also the ceremonial national language and used in the national anthem of Singapore, in citations for Singapore orders and decorations and military foot drill commands, mottos of several organisations, and is the variety taught in Singapore's language education system.[citation needed ] Linguistically, the vernacular Malay dialect of Singapore is similar to even derived from that of Johore, but with a possible Javanese substrate "much influenced by its proximity to Java", as well as having a flap rhotic consonant (/ ɾ/).

Historically Malay was written in the Jawi script, based on Arabic. Under the British and Dutch Malay began to be written in Rumi. Efforts to create a standardised spelling for Malaya and Singapore emerged in 1904 by colonial officer Richard Wilkinson. In 1910, the Malay of the Riau Islands was chosen by the Dutchman van Ophuijsen as the dialect for his book "Malay Grammar", intended for Dutch officials, standardising Rumi usage in Dutch territories. In 1933, grammarian Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad made further changes to Rumi as used in Malaya and Singapore. Many Chinese immigrants who spoke Malay were supporters of British rule, and purposely used Rumi when writing newspapers or translating Chinese literature. Printing presses used by colonial officials and Christian missionaries further spread Rumi, while Jawi was mostly written by hand. The transition to Rumi changed the Malay language due to the influence of English grammar. In 1972, Malaysia and Indonesia reached an agreement to standardise Rumi Malay spelling. Singaporean Malays still learn some Jawi as children alongside Rumi, and Jawi is considered an ethnic script for use on Singaporean Identity Cards.

Prior to independence, Singapore was a centre for Malay literature and Malay culture. However, after independence, this cultural role declined. Singapore is an observer to the Language Council for Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia which works to standardise Malay spelling, however it has not applied to be a member. It nonetheless applies standardisations agreed to in this forum, and follows the Malaysian standard when there are disagreements. Standards within the country are set by the Malay Language Council of Singapore. There are some differences between the official standard and colloquial usage. While the historical standard was the Johor-Riau dialect, a new standard known as sebutan baku (or bahasa melayu baku) was adopted in 1956 by the Third Malay language and Literary Congress. This variation was chosen to create consistency between the written word and the spoken pronunciation. However, implementation was slow, with Malaysia only fully adopting it in the educational system in 1988, with Singapore introducing it at the primary school level in 1993. Despite expanding use in formal education, it has not replaced the Johor-Riau pronunciation for most speakers. The artificial creation of the accent means there are no truly native speakers, and the pronunciation is closer to Indonesian than it is to Johor-Riau. There has also been cultural resistance, with accent differences between older and younger generations leading to questions surrounding Malay cultural identity. This question was further sharpened by Malaysia dropping sebutan baku in 2000, returning to the traditional use of Johor-Riau.

While the official Mandarin and Tamil mother tongues often do not reflect the actual language spoken at home for many, Malay is often the language spoken at home in Singaporean Malay households. Due to this, and strong links between the language and cultural identity, the Singaporean Malay community has retained stronger usage of their mother tongue than others in the country. Nonetheless, there has been some shift towards English, with use of Malay as the primary language at home dropping from 92% to 83% between 2000 and 2010. This reflects a broader shift in Singapore, with English replacing Malay as the lingua franca throughout the late 20th century.

Other varieties that are still spoken in Singapore include Bazaar Malay ( Melayu Pasar), a Malay-lexified pidgin, which was once an interethnic lingua franca when Singapore was under British rule. Another is Baba Malay, a variety of Malay Creole influenced by Hokkien and Bazaar Malay and the mother tongue of the Peranakans, which is still spoken today by approximately 10,000 Peranakans in Singapore. Other Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, Buginese, Minangkabau, Batak, Sundanese, Boyanese (which is a dialect of Madurese) and Banjarese, are also spoken in Singapore, but their use has declined. Orang Seletar, the language of the Orang Seletar, the first people of Singapore and closely related to Malay is also spoken near the Johor Strait, between Singapore and the state of Johor, Malaysia.

Tamil is one of the official languages of Singapore and written Tamil uses the Tamil script. According to the population census of 2010, 9.2% of the Singaporean population were of Indian origins, with approximately 36.7% who spoke Tamil most frequently as their home language. It is a drop from 2000, where Tamil-speaking homes comprised 42.9%. On the other hand, the percentage of Indian Singaporeans speaking languages categorised under "others" have increased from 9.7% in 2005 to 13.8% in 2010. Meanwhile, the percentage of the total population speaking Tamil at home has remained steady, or has even slightly risen over the years, to just above 4%, due to immigration from India and Sri Lanka.

There are a few reasons that contribute to Tamil's declining usage. Historically, Tamil immigrants came from different communities, such as Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Tamils which spoke very different dialects, dividing the potential community of Tamil speakers. The housing policy of Singapore, with ethnic quotas that reflect national demographics, has prevented the formation of large Tamil communities. The Tamil taught in education is a deliberately pure form, that does not reflect and therefore does not reinforce Tamil as it is used in everyday life. Tamil is usually replaced by English, which is seen as providing children with greater opportunities in Singapore and abroad. The top-down Tamil language purism as dictated by the Ministry of Education Curriculum Planning and Development Division restricts language development, disallowing loanwords. However, the language policy is supported by Tamils, likely due to contrast with that of neighbouring Malaysia where Tamil has no status.

Apart from Tamil, some of the other Indian languages spoken by minorities in Singapore include Malayalam, Telugu, Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi, and Gujarati.

Kristang is a creole spoken by Portuguese Eurasians in Singapore and Malaysia. It developed when Portuguese colonizers incorporated borrowings from Malay, Chinese, Indian and Arab languages. When the British took over Singapore, Kristang declined as the Portuguese Eurasians learned English instead. Today, it is largely spoken by the elderly.

While Singapore Sign Language (SgSL) has not been recognised as a national sign language, the local deaf community recognises it as Singapore's native sign language, developed over six decades since the setting up of the first school for local deaf in 1954. Singapore Sign Language is closely related to American Sign Language and is influenced by Shanghainese Sign Language (SSL), Signing Exact English (SEE-II), Pidgin Signed English (PSE).

In the 1824 census of Singapore, 18% of the population were identified as ethnic Bugis, speaking the Buginese language, counted separately from the Malays. Over the centuries, the Bugis community dwindled and became assimilated into the Malay demographic. In 1990, only 0.4% of Singaporeans were identified as Bugis. Today the term Malay is used in Singapore as an umbrella term for all peoples of the Malay Archipelago.

A warning sign in the four official languages of Singapore that is found in all Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations

The majority of Singaporeans are bilingual in English and one of the other three official languages. For instance, most Chinese Singaporeans can speak English and Mandarin. Some, especially the older generations, can speak Malay and additional Chinese varieties such as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka, and Hainanese.

Singapore has a bilingual education policy, where all students in government schools are taught English as their first language. Students in Primary and Secondary schools also learn a second language called their " Mother Tongue" by the Ministry of Education, where they are either taught Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil. English is the main language of instruction for most subjects, while Mother Tongue is used in Mother Tongue lessons and moral education classes. This is because Singapore's "bilingualism" policy of teaching and learning English and Mother Tongue in primary and secondary schools is viewed as a "cultural ballast" to safeguard Asian cultural identities and values against Western influence.

While "Mother Tongue" generally refers to the first language (L1) elsewhere, it is used to denote the "ethnic language" or the second language (L2) in Singapore. Prior to 1 January 2011, the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Singapore defined "Mother Tongue" not as the home language or the first language acquired by the student but by their father's ethnicity. For example, a child born to a Tamil-speaking Indian father and Hokkien-speaking Chinese mother would automatically be assigned to take Tamil as the Mother Tongue language.

Since 1 January 2011, Mother Tongue is defined solely by a person's official registered race. If a person is of more than one ethnicity and their race is registered in the hyphenated format, the race chosen will be the one that precedes the hyphen in their registered race.

The Lee Kuan Yew Fund for Bilingualism was set up on 28 November 2011. The Fund aims to promote bilingualism amongst young children in Singapore, is set up to supplement existing English and Mother Tongue language programmes in teaching and language learning. It is managed by a Board chaired by the Singapore's Minister of Education, Mr Heng Swee Keat and advised by an International Advisory Panel of Experts.

The impact of the bilingual policy differs amongst students from the various ethnic groups. For the Chinese, when the policy was first implemented, many students found themselves struggling with two foreign languages: English and Mandarin. Even though several different Chinese varieties were widely spoken at home, they were excluded from the classroom as it was felt that they would be an "impediment to learning Chinese". Today, although Mandarin is widely spoken, proficiency in second languages has declined. In response to these falling standards, several revisions have been made to the education system. These include the introduction of the Mother Tongue "B" syllabus and the now-defunct EM3 stream, in both of which Mother Tongue is taught at a level lower than the mainstream standard. In the case of Mandarin, Chinese students would study Chinese "B".

The Malay-speaking community also faced similar problems after the implementation of the policy. In Singapore, Malay, not its non-standard dialects, is valued as a means of transmitting familial and religious values. For instance, " Madrasahs", or religious schools, mosques and religious classes all employ the Malay language. However, Malay in turn is facing competition from the increased popularity of English.

In contrast to the language policy for Mandarin and Malay, Indian students are given a wider variety of Indian languages to choose from. For example, Indian students speaking Dravidian languages study Tamil as a Mother Tongue. However, schools with low numbers of Tamil students might not provide Tamil language classes. As a result, students from such schools will attend Tamil language classes at the Umar Pulavar Tamil Language Centre (UPTLC). On the other hand, Indian students who speak non-Dravidian languages can choose from Hindi, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati and Urdu. However, as with Tamil, only certain schools offer these non-Dravidian languages. Thus, students will attend their respective language classes at designated language centres, held by the Board for the Teaching and Testing of South Asian Languages (BTTSAL).

In 2007, in a bid to enhance the linguistic experience of students, the Ministry of Education strongly encouraged schools to offer Conversational Malay and Chinese to those who do not take either of these languages as their Mother Tongue. By providing the schools with the resources needed to implement the programme, the Ministry of Education has succeeded in significantly increasing the number of participating schools. More importantly, the programme was also well received by students.

The teaching of Mother Tongue (especially Mandarin) in schools has encountered challenges due to more Singaporeans speaking and using English at home. The declining standards and command of Mandarin amongst younger generations of Chinese Singaporeans continue to be of concern to the older generations of Chinese Singaporeans, as they perceive it to be an erosion of Chinese culture and heritage. This concern has led to the establishment of the Singapore Centre for Chinese Language (SCCL) by the government in November 2009. The SCCL's stated purpose is to enhance the effectiveness of teaching Mandarin as a second language in a bilingual environment as well as to meet the learning needs of students from non-Mandarin speaking homes.

Despite government efforts to promote Mandarin through the Speak Mandarin Campaign, the propagation of Mandarin and Chinese culture amongst Chinese Singaporeans continues to be a challenge because Mandarin faces stiff competition from the strong presence of English. However, this situation is not only limited to Mandarin, but also Malay and Tamil, where rising statistics show that English is progressively taking over as the home language of Singaporeans.

With the influx of foreigners, the population of non-English speaking foreigners in Singapore offers new challenges to the concept of language proficiency in the country. Foreigners in Singapore constitute 36% of the population and they dominate 50% of Singapore's service sectors. Thus, it is not uncommon to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English, especially those who do not use English regularly. In response to this situation, the Straits Times reported that from July 2010, foreigners working in service sectors would have to pass an English test before they can obtain their work permits.

Language plays an important role in Singapore's politics. Even until today, it is important for politicians in Singapore to be able to speak fluent English along with their Mother Tongue (including different varieties of Chinese) in order to reach out to the multilingual community in Singapore. This is evident in Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong's annual National Day Rally speech, which is communicated through the use of English, Malay and Mandarin.

Before the 1980s, it was common for politicians to broadcast their speech in Malay, English, Singaporean Hokkien, Singaporean Mandarin and other Chinese varieties. For instance, during the 1960s, Lee Kuan Yew learned and used Hokkien frequently in his political or rally speeches, as it was vital for him to secure votes in elections from the Hokkien-speaking community. Similarly, Lim Chin Siong, who was charismatic in the use of Hokkien, was able to secure opposition votes. Facing competition and difficulty in securing votes from the Chinese-educated, Lee Kuan Yew also had to learn Mandarin, in order to win the votes from the Mandarin-speaking community.

Although the use of other Chinese varieties among the Singaporean population has dwindled, they continue to be used in election rallies as of the 2011 parliamentary election. For instance, both Low Thia Khiang and Chan Chun Sing were noted for their usage of different Chinese varieties during election rallies.

There has been a continuous debate between the general Singaporean population and the Government with regard to the status of Singlish in local domains. While the government fears that the prevalence of Singlish would affect Singapore's overall image as a world class financial and business hub, most Singaporeans on the other hand have chosen to embrace Singlish as an identity marker and as a language of solidarity. In an attempt to eradicate the usage of Singlish, the government then began the Speak Good English Movement, encouraging people to use Standard Singaporean English in all contexts instead. Despite the success of the campaign, most Singaporeans surveyed still preferred the use of Singlish to communicate with fellow Singaporeans, and they also believed that they had the ability to code switch between Singlish and Standard Singaporean English, depending on the requirements of the particular situation.

Most recently, Singlish came into the limelight when Republic of Singapore Air Force pilots supposedly used the language to much effect to prevent their American counterparts from intercepting their communications during the 2014 Red Flag exercise, resulting in a boost in support for the usefulness of Singlish among Singaporean netizens.

Chinese varieties (classified as dialects by the Singapore government), with the exception of Mandarin, have been in steep decline since the independence of Singapore in 1965. This is in part due to the Speak Mandarin Campaign that was launched in 1979. As part of the campaign, all programmes on TV and radio using non-standard varieties were stopped. Speeches in Hokkien by the prime minister were discontinued to prevent giving conflicting signals to the people. By the late 1980s, Mandarin managed to some extent, to replace these varieties as the preferred language for communication in public places, such as restaurants and public transport.

The preservation of local varieties in Singapore has been of increasing concern in Singapore since the 2000s, especially among the younger generation of Chinese youths. This sudden revival of other varieties can mainly be attributed to a feeling of disconnection between the younger and the elder generations, as well as a sense of loss of identity from their own linguistic roots for many others. While more work has to be put in to revive these varieties, the recent 2014 Singapore Teochew Festival held in Ngee Ann City can be regarded as a positive sign that more people are becoming more actively involved in reconnecting with their linguistic roots.

In March 2009, a newspaper article was published in Singapore broadsheet daily The Straits Times on a Language and Diversity Symposium organised by the Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies at Nanyang Technological University. Ng Bee Chin, acting Head of the Division, was quoted in the article as saying, "Although Singaporeans are still multilingual, 40 years ago, we were even more multilingual. Young children are not speaking some of these languages at all any more. All it takes is one generation for a language to die."

The call to rethink the ban on dialects elicited a swift reply from Minister Mentor, Lee Kuan Yew. "I thought it was a daft call. My then-principal private secretary Chee Hong Tat issued a reply on my behalf: Using one language more frequently means less time for other languages. Hence, the more languages a person learns, the greater the difficulties of retaining them at a high level of fluency... It would be stupid for any Singapore agency or NTU to advocate the learning of dialects, which must be at the expense of English and Mandarin.'

A week later, Lee reiterated the point at the 30th anniversary launch of the Speak Mandarin Campaign. In his speech, he described his personal experience with "language loss".

"To keep a language alive, you have to speak and read it frequently. The more you use one language, the less you use other languages. So the more languages you learn, the greater the difficulties of retaining them at a high level of fluency. I have learned and used six languages - English, Malay, Latin, Japanese, Mandarin and Hokkien. English is my master language. My Hokkien has gone rusty, my Mandarin has improved. I have lost my Japanese and Latin, and can no longer make fluent speeches in Malay without preparation. This is called "language loss."

Since 2000, there has been a renewed interest in other Chinese varieties among Singaporean Chinese. In 2002, clan associations such as Hainanese Association of Singapore (Kheng Chiu Hwee Kuan) and Teochew Poit Ip Huay Kuan started classes to teach other Chinese varieties. This was in response to an increased desire among Singaporeans to reconnect with their Chinese heritage and culture through learning other Chinese varieties. In 2007, a group of 140 students from Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' Primary School learnt Hokkien-Taiwanese and Cantonese as an effort to communicate better with the elderly. The elderly themselves taught the students the varieties. The programme was organised in the hope of bridging the generational gap that was formed due to the suppression of these dialects in Singapore.

Likewise, third-year students from Dunman High can now take a module called "Pop Song Culture". This module lets them learn about pop culture in different dialect groups through pop songs from the 70s and 80s performed in different varieties. Besides this, students can also take an elective on different flavours and food cultures from various dialect groups.

Although the Singapore government appears to have relaxed its stance towards Chinese varieties in recent years, the fact is that they still did not actively support the widespread use of other Chinese varieties especially in the Singapore mainstream Television media. Recently, the Singapore Government allowed some local produced mini "chinese dialect" shows to be broadcast in Hokkien-Taiwanese and Cantonese dedicated to the Singapore Chinese elderly who speak Hokkien-Taiwanese or Cantonese but did not understand English or Mandarin Chinese. The aim of the local produced mini "chinese dialect" shows is to transmit important messages about social services and medical services and care to the Singapore Chinese Elderly. However, there are limited number of "Chinese Dialect" shows that could be broadcast on Singapore's Mainstream Television due to the Singapore's Government stringent language policy.

The multi-ethnic background of Singapore's society can be seen in its linguistic landscape. While English dominates as the working language of Singapore, the city does not possess a monolingual linguistic landscape. These can be seen from the variety of signs strewn around the city. Signs are colour-coded and categorised by their respective functions: for example, signs pointing to attractions are brown with white words, while road signs and street names are green with white words. Some of the most evident signs of multilingualism in Singapore's linguistic landscape include danger/warning signs at construction sites, as well as road signs for tourist attractions. By observing the variation in languages used in the different contexts, it is possible to obtain information on the ethnolinguistic vitality of the country.

Road signs to the Burmese Buddhist Temple and the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall. The non-English languages used on the signs appear to depend upon the expected visitors to each place (only English and Chinese for the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall sign, but those two plus Japanese and Burmese for the Burmese Buddhist Temple sign).

The majority of Singapore's tourist attractions provide information through English in the Roman script. In many cases, the entrances of the attraction is written in English (usually with no other accompanying languages) while the distinctive brown road signs seen along streets and expressways which direct tourists come in up to four or five languages, with English as the largest and most prominent language on the sign.

Some examples of the different ways in which popular tourist attractions in Singapore display ethnolinguistic diversity can be seen at tourist attractions such as Lau Pa Sat, where the words "Lau Pa Sat" on the directory boards consist of the Mandarin Chinese word lau for "old" (老; lǎo) and from the Hokkien words pa sat for "market" (巴刹; bā sha), written in roman script. The entrance sign of the attraction also includes a non-literal translation in English below its traditional name (Festival Market). It is also called the Telok Ayer Market, a name which makes reference to the location of the attraction and does not have anything to do with its cultural name.

The conversion and expression in Roman script of Mandarin and Hokkien into pīnyīn helps non-Mandarin and non-Hokkien speakers with the pronunciation of the name of a place whilst remaining in tandem with the use of English and Roman script in Singapore. The repackaging of the original names of Lau Pa Sat in Roman script, and inclusion of the appearance of an English translation as a secondary title can be seen as a way of heightening the sense of authenticity and heritage of the attraction as it is marketed as a culturally-rich area in Singapore, similar to Chinatown and Little India; both of which were formerly cultural enclaves of the distinctive races. Similarly in places that bear cultural significance, the signs are printed in the language associated with the culture, such as The Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall which has an entirely Chinese sign without any translations.

Some notable exceptions include the brown directional road signs for the Merlion Park which are written not only in the four national languages, but also in Japanese. Although many variations exist, this arrangement is widely applied to most places of interest as well as places of worship, such as the Burmese Buddhist Temple which has signs in Burmese and some mosques in Singapore which also have their names printed in the Jawi script even though the Malay language was standardized with the Roman alphabet in Singapore.

English signage at the Singapore Parliament

Despite the fact that Malay is the national language of Singapore, government buildings are often indicated by signs in English and not Malay. Comparing the relative occurrences of English and Malay in building signs, the use of the working language is far more common in Singapore's linguistic landscape than that of the national language, which is limited to ceremonial purposes. This can also be seen on the entrance sign to most Ministries and government buildings, which are expressed only in English, the working language.

Most of the foreign embassies in Singapore are able to use their own national or working languages as a representation of their respective embassies in Singapore, as long as their language can be expressed in the script of any of Singapore's official languages. For example, embassies representing non-English speaking countries such as the French Embassy are allowed to use their own languages because the language can be expressed in Roman script, thus explaining why the French embassy uses its French name. However, for the case of the Royal Thai Embassy, English was chosen to represent it in Singapore because the Thai script is not recognized as a script in any of Singapore's official languages, even though English is less widely used in Thailand than standard Thai.

Out of the eight general hospitals overseen by Singapore's Ministry of Health, only Singapore General Hospital has signages in the four official languages. Along Hospital Drive (where Singapore General Hospital is located) and various national medical centres, road directories are entirely in English. Within the hospital itself, signs for individual blocks, wards, Accident and Emergency department, Specialist Outpatient Clinics, National Heart Centre and National Cancer Centre have signs written in the four official languages. The English titles are still expressed with the largest font first, followed by Malay, Chinese and Tamil in smaller but equally-sized fonts, which is in accordance with order given by Singapore's constitution. Surprisingly, the Health Promotion Board, National Eye and Dental Centres, which are also in the same region, have English signs only. All of the other seven public hospitals have their "Accident and Emergency" sign in English only, with some highlighted in a red background.

An advisory poster found in Little India with information regarding the sale of alcohol

Messages and campaigns that have a very specific target audience and purpose are usually printed in the language of intended readers. For example, the "No Alcohol" signs put up along Little India after the Little India Riots are notably printed in only Tamil and English as a reflection of the racial demographics in the region.

During the 2003 SARS epidemic, the government relied heavily on the media to emphasise the importance of personal hygiene, and also to educate the general public on the symptoms of SARS, in which a Singlish rap video featuring Gurmit Singh as Phua Chu Kang was used as the main medium. Similarly in 2014, the Pioneer Generation Package (for senior citizens above 65 years of age in 2014 who obtained Singapore citizenship on or before 31 December 1986) made use of Chinese varieties commonly spoken in Singapore such as Hokkien, Cantonese and Teochew, and also Singlish in order to make the policies more relatable, and at the same time raise awareness about the benefits that this new scheme provides for them. These allowances of different language varieties is an exception to the four official languages. This exception is seen for campaigns that are deemed as highly important, and include the elderly, or those who are not as proficient in the English language as the target audience.

Different non-English languages appearing on directional road signs in Singapore

While the above examples show how the different languages are used on signs within Singapore, there is scant data on the motivations behind these variations seen, as exemplified by the advisory for "No Alcohol" sales in Little India, which showcased a rare variation from the usage of the four main languages that are commonly seen on most advisory signs. Similarly, the Ministry of Health, in a response to a feedback requesting all hospitals to have four languages on its entrances, has claimed that usage of pictorial signages was better in conveying messages, as opposed to using all four languages. Due to problems in the research methodology and lack of governmental statutes that explain these variations, the study on the linguistics landscape in Singapore remain as a controversial field. These problems include non-linearity, where the large numbers of variations seen in Singapore prevents the application of any trends to understand the landscape; and also the lack of any standard legislation that determines any fixed rules on usage of languages on signs.

Lau Pa Sat sign with incorrect translations

In a 2012 pilot program, SMRT trains began announcements of station names in both English and Mandarin Chinese so as to help Mandarin Chinese-speaking senior citizens cope better with the sudden increase in new stations. However, this received mixed reactions from the public. Some people pointed out that there were senior citizens who did not speak Mandarin, while others complained of feeling alienated. In reaction to this, SMRT claimed that the announcements were only recorded in English and Mandarin because the Malay and Tamil names of stations sounded very similar to the English names.[citation needed ]

In 2013, a group of Tamil speakers petitioned the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore to include Tamil instead of Japanese on all the signs in the Singapore Changi Airport. Even though only 5% of Singapore's population speaks Tamil, they argued that since Tamil is one of the four official languages of Singapore, it should be used to reflect Singapore's multi-racial background.[citation needed ]

In 2014, there were reports of erroneous translations on road signs of popular tourist attractions such as Lau Pa Sat and Gardens by the Bay made by the Singapore Tourism Board.

The free-to-air channels in Singapore are run by Mediacorp and each channel is aired in one of the four official languages of Singapore. For example, Channel U and Channel 8 are Mandarin-medium channels, Channel 5 and CNA are English-medium channels, Suria is a Malay-medium channel, and Vasantham is a predominantly Tamil-medium channel. However, these channels might also feature programmes in other languages. For example, apart from programmes in Mandarin, Channel U also broadcasts Korean television programmes at specific allotted times.

The use of Chinese varieties other than Mandarin in Singapore media is restricted by the Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts (MICA). The rationale given for the resistance towards nonstandard Chinese varieties was that their presence would hinder language learning of English and Mandarin. However, in order to cater to older Singaporeans who speak only non-standard Chinese varieties, videos, VCDs, DVDs, paid subscription radio services and paid TV channels are exempted from MICA's restrictions. Two free-to-air channels, Okto and Channel 8, are also allowed to show operas and arthouse movies with some non-standard variety content, respectively.

The use of Chinese varieties is not controlled tightly in traditional arts, such as Chinese opera. As such, they have managed to survive, and even flourish in these areas. In Singapore, various types of Chinese opera include Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese and Cantonese. In the past, this diversity encouraged the translation between varieties for scripts of popular stories. After the implementation of the bilingual policy and Speak Mandarin Campaign, Mandarin subtitles were introduced to help the audience understand the performances. Today, as usage of English rises, some opera troupes not only provide English subtitles but also English translations of their works. For these English-Chinese operas, subtitles may be provided in either Mandarin, other Chinese varieties, or both. In this way, Chinese opera will be able to reach out to a wider audience despite being variety-specific.

Similar to Chinese opera, there are no language restrictions on entries for film festivals. In recent years, more local film makers have incorporated non-standard Chinese varieties into their films. For example, the local movie revived the popularity of getai after it was released. Getai, which is mainly conducted in Hokkien and Teochew, became more popular with the younger generations since the release of the movie. On the effect triggered by the release of the movie , Professor Chua Beng Huat, Head of the Department of Sociology of the National University of Singapore, commented in the Straits Times that "putting Hokkien on the silver screen gives Hokkien a kind of rebellious effect. It's like the return of the repressed." The success of 881 is also reflected by album sales of 881 movie soundtrack, which became the first local film soundtrack to hit platinum in Singapore. In other instances, the movie Singapore Ga Ga, a tissue seller sings a Hokkien song while features a Singaporean taxi driver using Hokkien and Cantonese. Local directors have commented that non-standard Chinese varieties are vital as there are some expressions which just cannot be put across in Mandarin Chinese, and that the different Chinese varieties are an important part of Singapore that adds a sense of authenticity that locals will enjoy.

Indian languages besides Tamil are managed slightly differently from the Chinese varieties. Even though only Tamil has official language status, there have been no attempts to discourage the use of other Indian languages such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi, Telugu, and Urdu. For one, movies in these languages are shown in some local cinemas, such as Rex and Screens of Bombay Talkies. Furthermore, the local Indian TV channel Vasantham has also allocated specific programme timeslots to cater to the variety of Indian language speakers in Singapore.

Chinese clan associations play a role in maintaining the non-standard Chinese varieties. In the past, they provided support to migrant Chinese, based on the province they originated. Today, they provide a place for people who speak the same variety to gather and interact. For example, the Hokkien Huay Kuan holds classes for performing arts, calligraphy, and Hokkien Chinese. They also organize the biennial Hokkien Festival, which aims to promote Hokkien customs and culture. With such efforts, perhaps non-standard Chinese varieties in Singapore will be better equipped to resist erosion.

Apart from the efforts to maintain local Chinese varieties, the Eurasian Association holds Kristang classes for people who are interested in learning Kristang. In this way, it hopes to preserve what it perceives to be a unique part of the Eurasian heritage in Singapore.

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Languages of Singapore Official English, Singaporean Mandarin, Malay, Tamil National Malay Main English (de facto) Malay (de jure) Vernacular Singapore English Minority Cantonese, Hokkien, Hainanese, Hakka, Teochew, Indonesian, Javanese, Japanese, Korean, Punjabi, Malayalam Immigrant Arabic, Farsi, Armenian, Bengali, Hebrew, Hindi, Telugu, Thai, Vietnamese, Yiddish Foreign Dutch, French, German, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Filipino Signed Singapore Sign Language Keyboard layout A multitude of languages are used in Singapore.

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แนะนำร้าน อาหารญี่ปุ่น ยอดนิยม ดูรีวิว รูปภาพ จากผู้ที่ไปกินจริง พร้อมแผนที่ เบอร์โทร ราคา เมนู ที่จอดรถ และ เวลาเปิดปิด - Wongnai

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Finland,Meänkieli,Sami,Romani, Yiddish

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population 356,991 people

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Switzerland is in Europe

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Tteok bok ki

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Singapore

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10.,073,500 million

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2014 census : 5,469,700

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25.36 million

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Zilbular korintzes

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South Korea is in east asia

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ภาคผนวก:1000 คำภาษาญี่ปุ่นพื้นฐาน - วิกิพจนานุกรม

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、 - ฉัน, ตัวฉัน ( อะตะชิ, ส่วนมากใช้โดยผู้หญิง [ทำให้ฟังแล้วเสียงนุ่มนวล])

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Flag of Australia

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Iceland is in Europe.

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126.3million

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Singapore is in Asia.

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northeast asia

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Sweden is in Scandinavian ocean

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spring, summer, fall and winter.

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Toronto

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Pancake with ...

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Canada is in North America

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What is your dream country which you want to move ?

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What is your dream country which you want to move ?

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try to think about country which you like
find the information
- name
- where is the part of the world?
- how many population?
- flag
- language or languages they use
- capital
- famous food
- transportation
- seasons