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Do Picture Disc Vinyl Records Sound Worse? - Sound Matters

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A large part of vinyl's lasting appeal is the artwork. The larger physical canvas has long given musicians the chance to express their art beyond the music in a way that adds to the overall experience of collecting and listening to music. The whole product becomes a canvas, and that includes printing directly onto the vinyl disc.

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- Written on July 19, 2021
In this article, I have seen many artists from different art fields using their own creative methods and different materials to express the urgency of the climate crisis. What impresses me is the carving work "Melting Panthers" by American artist Bob Partington. It has a strong visual impact and is located in a public area. The work will melt into a dismembered black panther corpse over time and appeared "More heat, less wildlife". Most of these six works have taken into account their own communication, because the purpose of these works is to call more people to pay attention to the impact and harm caused by the climate crisis. I think this is a factor that must be considered in my creative projects.

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- Written on July 17, 2021
Before contacting this creative project, I actually paid very little attention to the global climate crisis. After research, it was discovered that people can actually start with the simplest things to gradually alleviate the harm caused by the climate crisis to the earth. For example, more choices of cycling can reduce carbon emissions and alleviate the problem of global warming, as well as eliminate the hunting of rare marine life and reduce the production of plastic waste, because they will eventually flow into the ocean and cause pollution because they are not degradable. I focus on using a certain form of art to call people to pay attention to the problem of marine debris. I need to choose a medium that is easy to spread. My choice is 'Record'. But the current state is: I chose a song describing marine garbage pollution for the record, can I extract keywords from the lyrics to create a record cover for it? Which graphic elements can be transformed from this song?

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6 Pieces of Climate ‘Artivism’ That Will Make You Stop and Stare

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6 Pieces of Climate ‘Artivism’ That Will Make You Stop and Stare

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These artists are using their creativity to inspire climate action.
Why Global Citizens Should Care Climate change affects people around the world, especially those who live in poverty. The United Nations' Global Goals call on countries to take urgent action to combat the climate crisis by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and protecting biodiversity. Join us and take on these issues here.
For decades, artists have used their talents to direct attention to the social and political issues of the moment. The 1970s saw South African artists creating confrontational murals and posters to protest against apartheid, and a decade later Keith Haring was using his bold, cartoonish art to raise awareness for the AIDS crisis.

Today, creative minds around the world are rallying around the issue of climate change, producing pieces that remind people of the dire environmental consequences if we don't take action now.

Here are six recent pieces of climate "artivism" that will make you stop, stare, think, and hopefully act.

1. Melting Panthers

American artist Bob Partington created a wax sculpture of a Florida panther and her cub to display at a nonprofit zoo in Tampa, Florida this September.

When it debuted, the sculpture looked like nothing special. But as the wax began to melt under the heat of the sun, the bodies of the endangered species started to disintegrate. Within a couple days, the mother panther's melting body revealed a simple message: "More heat, less wildlife."

Together with the message, the sight of the melting panther is jarring. Partington's work, created in partnership with the climate education nonprofit CLEO Institute, aimed to raise awareness about the impact of climate change on Florida's wildlife. One of the regions most vulnerable to the climate crisis, Florida has suffered from record hurricane seasons, coastal flooding, rising temperatures, and biodiversity loss in recent years.

2. Lines (57° 59'N, 7° 16'W)

Located off the west coast of Scotland are the Outer Hebrides, an island chain where Finnish artists Pekka Niittyvirta and Timo Aho decided to install their piece, Lines. The installation is composed of lines of light wrapped around buildings or hovering on a grass field. At high tide, the lights turn on, illuminating the serene landscape, and marking the height of future sea-level rise on the low-lying archipelago.

The simple yet striking installation reminds viewers of the catastrophic impact of rising sea levels, an issue particularly relevant to the Taigh Chearsabhagh Museum and Arts Centre, where the installation is situated. Due to predicted storm surge sea levels, the centre can no longer develop on its existing site.

3. Birds Watching

Created by environmental activist and artist Jenny Kendler, Birds Watching is a 40-foot-long sculpture featuring the eyes of 100 bird species that are threatened or endangered by climate change. The birds' stares ask us to consider our responsibility in the devastating impacts of climate change on other organisms and their habitats.

Kendler's work was inspired by a 2014 National Audubon Society report that was updated last year to reveal that 389 North America bird species are vulnerable to extinction due to climate change. Impacts such as rising sea levels, increasing wildfires, and debilitating heat waves are all reducing suitable habitat for these avian species. The good news is, if we take action now, three-quarters of the vulnerable species will have a better chance of survival.

4. Deep Seads

Hawaiian artist Sean Yoro is known for his poignant, fleeting murals painted onto the surfaces of nature. He has created works on melting icebergs in the Arctic circle, fire-damaged trees in remote forests, and more recently in underwater locations around Hawaii.

is Yoro's series of three underwater murals painted on concrete and metal structures, which serve as artificial reefs to jumpstart marine growth. Yoro free-dived to the ocean floor to create these pieces, and used only materials that are eco-friendly and safe for marine ecosystems. Through this project, he hopes to raise awareness around the world's coral reefs, which host 25% of all marine life, but are dying from coral bleaching events caused by marine heatwaves.

As hotter and drier climates strengthen the impact of wildfires around the world, Chinese artist and activist Ai Weiwei is using his creative brilliance to send the world a message. His installation, , is a series of iron sculptures cast from the giant roots of Brazil's endangered Pequi Vinagreiro tree.

In August 2019, the show opened in Rio de Janeiro, just as fires in Brazil's Amazon rainforest reached their annual peak.

Shown against the backdrop of devastating wildfires, the installation brings attention to the theme of "uprootedness", not only in the case of trees dwindling due to fire and deforestation, but also in the context of indigenous populations that rely on forests for habitat and sustenance. Speaking to the Art Newspaper in December, Ai said, "Roots are the last evidence of what we have: a sad eulogy for human stupidity."

6. Reduce Speed Now!

In celebration of Earth Day in 2019, American artist Justin Brice Guariglia stationed nine large solar-powered LED signs, typically seen on highways, in the courtyard of London's Somerset House.

The signs flashed the words of climate change writers, thinkers, and activists, including Indigenous elders from Botswana, Brazil, and Siberia to name a few, as well as Swedish youth activist Greta Thunberg, Marshall Islands poet Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner, and more.

Rather than using the words of political leaders, Guariglia chose to feature the true authority figures on this subject: the people who have dedicated their lives to thinking about and acting on these problems, and those who have been on the front lines of the climate crisis.

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6 Pieces of Climate 'Artivism' That Will Make You Stop and Stare

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These artists are using their creativity to inspire climate action. Why Global Citizens Should Care Climate change affects people around the world, especially those who live in poverty. The United Nations' Global Goals call on countries to take urgent action to combat the climate crisis by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and protecting biodiversity.

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"But did it fill your lungs with rage?

What's the matter, did catastrophe get your tongue tied in the fray?
When the band began to play
Daddy wiped the tears away, he said son

Please understand one thing
If and when you drink from this vast ocean
You can't control it'

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From American singer Jack Johnson - 'You Can't Control It' (You can click the play button in the picture below to listen to the song directly)

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This story is part of Planet or Plastic?-our multiyear effort to raise awareness about the global plastic waste crisis. Learn what you can do to reduce your own single-use plastics, and take your pledge.

Singer, songwriter, and musician Jack Johnson is known for his soothing melodies and go-with-the-flow personality. But when it comes to plastic pollution tainting the ocean, Johnson refuses to go with the flow.

As a surfer and someone who was born and raised on Hawaii, Johnson spends much of his time in the ocean. Over the years, he has seen the beaches near his home become more and more junked up with litter. So he has begun to speak out about the issue, and work on it through his foundation, Kokua Hawaii Foundation.

In June 2015, Johnson was invited to join an expedition to survey how much plastic is getting into the ocean. The trip-to the Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic-was led by Marcus Eriksen, an environmental scientist and co-founder of the nonprofit 5 Gyres. The group studies ocean plastics and works on solutions.

Johnson teamed up with filmmakers Ian Cheney and Kizzy O'Neal to produce " The Smog of the Sea," a short documentary about the group's experiences on the expedition. They say they saw firsthand how plastic pollution is impacting the ocean they all love so much.

Most of the songs off Johnson's most recent album, ( All The Light Above It Too), came to him on this expedition. Click here to listen to the album, which was released in September 2017.

We caught up with Johnson to find out more about his experience and passion:

What did you personally discover on the ocean plastic research expedition?

Once we got on the trip a lot of us were surprised that we couldn't necessarily see the effects [of plastic pollution] right away, because you couldn't see any bigger pieces of plastic in the water. We were out in this really pristine area, that was so blue, and yet the trawl would quickly get full. You'd get a handful of plastic every time. I kept waiting for that time when there would be none, but that never happened on the whole trip.

What did you learn about the ecological impacts of all that plastic pollution?

We learned that for every piece of plastic that is one foot by one foot, we'd find 16 pieces that are smaller. And then you take that smaller piece, and again, you're going to find 16 pieces that are smaller than that. So there are these ratios that they've found through their collections that describe this fragmentation.

At some point, it gets small enough for fish to ingest the plastic. When they took fish samples and cut them open they found plastic inside. It's entering birds as well. It's harming sea life and it's entering our food chain. So the real problem is the health of the planet and the health of the humans. ( Read: A whopping 91 percent of plastic isn't recycled.)

Can you say more about how micro-plastics may impact the food chain?

I don't know the complete science behind it, but what I'm learning is that the plastic can absorb toxins, and when that's in the fish the toxins can get into the fish itself. And then they can go up the food chain.

Can you tell us about the song you wrote called "Fragments," which appeared on the documentary?

Sure! That song was written on the trip. A lot of the ideas from my new album (All the Light Above it Too) were born on the trip. We also tried to include thoughts and ideas from the trip in the soundtrack to the film. That's mostly instrumental, but for "Fragments" I wanted the lyrics to bring in some of the issues, without making it feel like a public service announcement.

We were just talking about the rate of fragmentation, and that's where the idea of fragments came from. I wanted to let people know it's a problem.

One theme of the documentary is that it is tough to find striking visuals that demonstrate the scope of the micro-plastics problem. One of the lyrics in your song is "why can't we relate?" Is that where it came from?

Yeah that was the idea. And that applies to a deeper level than just plastics. It's about most environmental issues. For instance, most of us acknowledge now that we're contributing to climate change, yet it's hard in our day-to-day lives to make the changes that are necessary.

How do you feel about the future?

I feel hopeful. We've been touring and working with nonprofit groups for a long time and I feel like I've seen a shift in participation. More youth are getting involved. It's a hip thing and it's going in the right direction. (See: First of its kind map shows extent of plastic pollution.)

Going back to how people relate, why do you relate? What gives you your motivation?

It's a learning process for me like it is for everybody else. I always try to make sure I'm pointing the finger back at myself when I'm singing these songs. And why I'm interested in these things has a lot to do with being a surfer.

We surfers are sort of the canaries in the coal mine with ocean issues. We're out there every day and we see the difference. We see when friends get sick because of the runoff coming out of a river, which might tie to a farm upstream using pesticides.

We say we protect the things we love and I love the ocean and I love nature, so it's my turn. And I'm a dad. So that's how I relate.

How has being a father influenced how you perceive environmental threats?

I think being an uncle first did that for me. After that we started our Kokua Hawaii Foundation, in which we do environmental education in schools in Hawaii. We do farm-to-school programs, plastic-free programs, recycling, and field trips out into nature. I would look at [the next generation] and think about not only the world they're going to inherit, but also, what could I do with them that was fun?

That's what I like about environmental education. You get to work with kids in the garden, showing them how much fun it is to grow food, or have amazing moments out in nature discovering things. You don't feel like you're learning, but you're learning more than ever. Being a father has pushed me in that direction even more.

Did growing up in Hawaii influence the way you perceive the environment now? Did your parents recycle?

Hawaii was a different place back then. It's developed quite a bit since I was a kid. My dad would never have called himself an environmentalist, but he was the kind of guy who would never get new stuff, he would just always fix the old stuff. It was more about questioning your consumption. It was kind of a Zen life growing up. My favorite moments with my dad and mom were camping, out in nature with the family. You get older and you want to preserve that.

Do you think changes need to be driven from the bottom up or top down?

I think both bottom-up and top-down solutions are so important, and really have to happen at the same time. There's important work to be done on pushing for policy change. And then there is the side making sure people really want those changes.

Take the ban on plastic microbeads [ passed in the U.S. in 2015]. People had to educate the public on what microbeads are and why you don't want them in your face products. You need warriors everywhere.

What can people who are inspired by your music or documentary do to help?

On plastics, there are always little changes we can make in our lives. For food and other products, we can look for options that aren't packaged as heavily. This is becoming mainstream, but also think about taking plastic bags at stores. I made the commitment to never use a [single-use] bag.

Don't use single-use plastic water bottles, get a reusable one. Straws are kind of sneaky, you really have to be proactive on them. But that can make a bigger difference than people realize. Sometimes it's just a tipping point: if enough people ask a restaurant to stop giving them out then eventually they'll decide to drop straws all together, or at least only provide them upon request. Other restaurants will take notice.

It's cool to see how my 13-year-old is way more hip to this stuff than I am. He has his own reusable bamboo utensil set and reusable bottle that he uses at school every day. So when we travel he's better at using them, because it's always been his way of life. ( Read: To save the oceans, should you give up on glitter?)

Last question, what do you think people don't know about you that might surprise them?

Anything that they don't know I'm probably happy that they don't, and I'm not going to share it. (Laughter) I've been always trying to balance sharing enough of my life to keep this thing rolling, because I love to get to share music. All the things I put in a song are what I want to share. We just did this interview and I try to share a few more things, but I try to keep some things sacred. I'm trying my best.
This interview has been edited and condensed.

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Musician Jack Johnson Fights Ocean Plastic

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This story is part of Planet or Plastic?-our multiyear effort to raise awareness about the global plastic waste crisis. Learn what you can do to reduce your own single-use plastics, and take your pledge. Singer, songwriter, and musician Jack Johnson is known for his soothing melodies and go-with-the-flow personality.

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I want to do a vinyl disc design. My initial idea is to use some graphic elements of marine debris, combined with ocean-related color and transparency to design. I hope that through the dissemination of records, people are called to pay more attention to the ocean issues brought about by the climate crisis.

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One of them is: Marine litter problem ⚠️⚠️⚠️

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Composition and proportion of marine debris

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Composition and proportion of marine debris

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The UK's shelf seas cover some 500,000 km 2 and are estimated to store 205 million tonnes of carbon (C) Marine Conservation Society/Mark Kirkland

The Marine Conservation Society has released a new report in partnership with Rewilding Britain. Blue Carbon - Ocean-based solutions to fight the climate crisis outlines the importance of the UK's seas in helping the UK to reach its goal of net zero by 2050.

In order to reach net zero, the quantity of carbon dioxide taken from the atmosphere and stored in natural solutions must increase. By protecting and rewilding ecosystems in our ocean, blue carbon stores will have increased capacity and ability to store carbon.

The significant role of the world's forests in helping to reduce carbon emissions has been formally recognised through numerous initiatives and reforesting projects intended to keep carbon locked into the world's forests on land. Unfortunately, equivalent solutions in the ocean are often overlooked. In order to reach its goal of net zero by 2050, the UK must look to blue carbon solutions in tandem with those on land.

What is blue carbon?

Marine ecosystems like seagrass meadows, saltmarshes and mangroves absorb or ​'draw down' carbon from the water and atmosphere, just like plants and trees on land. The storage of carbon in marine habitats is called blue carbon. The storage of blue carbon can be in the plants themselves, like seaweed and seagrass; in the seafloor sediment where plants are rooted; or even in the animals which live in the water, including seabirds, fish and larger mammals. Blue carbon is simply carbon absorbed from the water and atmosphere stored in the world's blue spaces.

Dr Chris Tuckett, Director of Programmes at the Marine Conservation Society: ​"Carbon contained in marine and coastal ecosystems must be considered in the same way as our woodlands and peatbogs...critical to the UK's carbon strategy. Our report outlines how vital blue carbon solutions are to an effective strategy which reaches net zero by 2050.

"We're calling on the UK Government and devolved administrations to act with urgency to invest in, co-develop and implement a four nation Blue Carbon Strategy".

The suggested strategy focuses on three key action areas:

Scaling up marine rewilding for biodiversity and blue carbon benefits.

Integrating blue carbon protection and recovery into climate mitigation and environmental management policies.

Working with the private sector to develop and support sustainable and innovative lowcarbon commercial fisheries and aquaculture.

Globally, the rewilding of key blue carbon securing marine and coastal ecosystems such as seagrass beds, saltmarshes and mangroves could deliver carbon dioxide mitigation amounting to 1.83 billion tonnes. That is 5% of the emissions savings we need to make globally. This figure doesn't include the enormous quantities of carbon stored in fish and other marine life; in marine
ecosystems such as coral reefs, seaweeds and shellfish beds; or the vast stores of carbon in our
seabed sediments.

"We're calling for the rewilding and protection of at least 30% of Britain's seas by 2030"

Rewilding Britain's Chief Executive

"Allowing a rich rainbow of underwater habitats and their sealife to recover offers huge opportunities for tackling the nature and climate crises, and for benefiting people's livelihoods. From Dornoch Firth to Lyme Bay, inspiring projects are leading the way by restoring critically important seagrass meadows, kelp forests and oyster beds. Combined with the exclusion of bottom towed trawling and dredging, such initiatives offer hope and a blueprint for bringing our precious seas back to health."

Later this year, the UK will be hosting  - the UN Climate Change Conference - in Glasgow. The conference brings together world leaders to accelerate action towards the goals of the Paris Agreement and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The ocean and its blue carbon stores are a crucial part of the many urgent and varied solutions required to address the climate crisis.

The UK has committed to significantly increase its spending on nature-based solutions, including those offered by the ocean. The Marine Conservation Society and Rewilding Britain are calling on UK governments to adopt ocean-based solutions at pace and scale by 2030.
Press Contact

Notes to Editors
Victoria Riglen, Media Relations Manager (victoria.​[email protected] ​mcsuk.​org /​07421 994816)

The Blue Carbon - Ocean-based solutions to fight the climate crisis report can be found, alongside a media and parliamentary briefing, in this Dropbox folder. For more information, please visit the Marine Conservation Society's blue carbon pages.

The Marine Conservation Society campaigns for clean seas and beaches, sustainable fisheries, and protection of marine life. Through education, community involvement and collaboration, the Marine Conservation Society raises awareness of the many threats that face our seas and promotes individual, industry and government action to protect the marine environment. The Marine Conservation Society provides information and guidance on many aspects of marine conservation and produces the Good Fish Guide as well as involving thousands of volunteers in projects and surveys such as Beachwatch. www​.mcsuk​.org.

Rewilding Britain wants rewilding - the large-scale restoration of nature to the point it can take care of itself - to flourish to reconnect people with the natural world, sustain communities, and tackle the extinction and climate crises. See rewild​ing​bri​tain​.org​.uk.

More on marine rewilding

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The ocean's solution to the climate emergency: blue carbon and...

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The Marine Conservation Society has released a new report in partnership with Rewilding Britain. Blue Carbon - Ocean-based solutions to fight the climate crisis outlines the importance of the UK's seas in helping the UK to reach its goal of net zero by 2050.

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What are the elements in the ocean problems that need human attention?

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What are the elements in the ocean problems that need human attention?

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As we step into the United Nations Ocean Decade and we are now left with only 10 years to reverse the damage humans have inflicted on our blue planet. Alongside the destruction caused by deep-sea mining, unsustainable fishing and pollution; climate change is causing ocean temperatures and acidity levels to rise dramatically. The ocean is on fire.

But the ocean also has a crucial role to play in tackling the climate crisis. From seagrass meadows and kelp forests that lock carbon deep below the sea floor to ocean currents that regulating global temperatures, the ocean can provide vital solutions. We need governments around the world to recognise the ocean's pivotal role in the climate crisis.

So today, we have launched the Ocean and Climate Petition. We are calling on the UK Government to ensure the ocean is at the centre of climate conversations at the 26 th UN Climate Conference (COP26) in November; and we need you to join the call for action.

Our newly-released Ocean and Climate Report highlights that the extent of the ocean and climate crisis has not gone unnoticed by you, the British public. Our recent Ocean and Climate Survey revealed, that you do not think enough is being done to tackle the climate crisis, as 99% of respondents agreed more action needs to be taken and 96% believe the government must take-action urgently. Now is the time to make your voice heard!

The petition aims to highlight the importance of a thriving ocean, for the people and planet, and calls on the government to utilise the ocean's capacity as a solution to the climate crisis, through increased investment in ocean rewilding and implementation of Highly Protected Marine Areas (HPMAs). Targeted at the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, we aim to influence the direction of the COP26 talks by generating 80,000 signatures, from the general public and school pupils. Find out more about the petition here.

The global economic breakdown, caused by COVID-19, has provided governments with a unique opportunity to rebuild the economy with the environment and people at the forefront of its plans. As the Hosts of COP26, the spotlight will focus on the UK government to become climate leaders and showcase their commitment to restoring our blue planet.

As much as we depend on all blue spaces for our survival, including our mental and physical wellbeing, the ocean now depends on us; and we must come together to shout for the ocean, before it is too late.
SIGN THE PETITION AND JOIN THE FIGHT TO TACKLE THE #OCEANEMERGENCY. Hugo Tagholm, CEO, Surfers Against Sewage:

"Ocean ecosystems are not only on the front line of the accelerating impacts of climate change but also can become the front line of slowing and reversing runaway global heating. The ocean is the thermostat of the global climate system and must be urgently prioritised for action, as world leaders meet for COP26.

The ocean provides us with a unique opportunity to remove human pressures and let nature do the heavy-lifting to combat climate change. Carbon-absorbing ecosystems can re-establish themselves to allow biodiversity to flourish and draw down carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Business as usual has failed both people and planet, and we're now in a race against time to restore a thriving ocean, the life-support system we all depend on.

We are in an Ocean and Climate Emergency and we call on politicians to move from rhetoric to action, from statements to solutions. We don't have any time left to waste."

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WE ARE DECLARING AN OCEAN AND CLIMATE EMERGENCY! * Surfers Against Sewage

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As we step into the United Nations Ocean Decade and we are now left with only 10 years to reverse the damage humans have inflicted on our blue planet. Alongside the destruction caused by deep-sea mining, unsustainable fishing and pollution; climate change is causing ocean temperatures and acidity levels to rise dramatically.

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Their dramatic report on keeping that rise under 1.5 degrees C says the world is now completely off track, heading instead towards 3C.

Keeping to the preferred target of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels will mean "rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society".

It will be hugely expensive - but the window of opportunity remains open.

After three years of research and a week of haggling between scientists and government officials at a meeting in South Korea, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has issued a special report on the impact of global warming of 1.5C.

The critical 33-page Summary for Policymakers certainly bears the hallmarks of difficult negotiations between climate researchers determined to stick to what their studies have shown and political representatives more concerned with economies and living standards.

Despite the inevitable compromises, there are some key messages that come through loud and clear.

"The first is that limiting warming to 1.5C brings a lot of benefits compared with limiting it to two degrees. It really reduces the impacts of climate change in very important ways," said Prof Jim Skea, who co-chairs the IPCC.

"The second is the unprecedented nature of the changes that are required if we are to limit warming to 1.5C - changes to energy systems, changes to the way we manage land, changes to the way we move around with transportation."

What's the one big takeaway?

"Scientists might want to write in capital letters, 'ACT NOW, IDIOTS,' but they need to say that with facts and numbers," said Kaisa Kosonen, of Greenpeace, who was an observer at the negotiations. "And they have."

The researchers have used these facts and numbers to paint a picture of the world with a dangerous fever, caused by humans. We used to think if we could keep warming below two degrees this century, then the changes we would experience would be manageable.

Not any more. This new study says that going past 1.5C is dicing with the planet's liveability. And the 1.5C temperature "guard rail" could be exceeded in just 12 years, in 2030.

We can stay below it - but it will require urgent, large-scale changes from governments and individuals and we will have to invest a massive pile of cash every year, about 2.5% of global gross domestic product (GDP), the value of all goods and services produced, for two decades.

Even then, we will still need machines, trees and plants to capture carbon from the air that we can then store deep underground - forever.

What can I do?

The report says there must be rapid and significant changes in four big global systems:

energy * land use * cities * industry

But it adds that the world cannot meet its target without changes by individuals, urging people to:

buy less meat, milk, cheese and butter and more locally sourced seasonal food - and throw less of it away * drive electric cars but walk or cycle short distances * take trains and buses instead of planes * use videoconferencing instead of business travel * use a washing line instead of a tumble dryer * insulate homes * demand low carbon in every consumer product

Lifestyle changes can make a big difference, said Dr Debra Roberts, the IPCC's other co-chair.

"That's a very empowering message for the individual," she said. "This is not about remote science; it is about where we live and work, and it gives us a cue on how we might be able to contribute to that massive change, because everyone is going to have to be involved."

"You might say you don't have control over land use, but you do have control over what you eat and that determines land use.

"We can choose the way we move in cities and if we don't have access to public transport - make sure you are electing politicians who provide options around public transport."

Five steps to 1.5

1. Global emissions of CO2 need to decline by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030

2. Renewables are estimated to provide up to 85% of global electricity by 2050

3. Coal is expected to reduce to close to zero

4. Up to seven million sq km of land will be needed for energy crops (a bit less than the size of Australia)

5. Global net zero emissions by 2050

It won't come cheap. The report says to limit warming to 1.5C, will involve "annual average investment needs in the energy system of around $2.4 trillion" between 2016 and 2035.

Experts believe this number needs to be put in context.

"There are costs and benefits you have to weigh up," said Dr Stephen Cornelius, a former UK IPCC negotiator now with WWF. He says making big emissions cuts in the short term will cost money but be cheaper than paying for carbon dioxide removal later this century.

"The report also talks about the benefits as there is higher economic growth at 1.5 degrees than there is at 2C and you don't have the higher risk of catastrophic impacts at 1.5 that you do at two."

The researchers say that if we fail to keep temperature rises below 1.5C, we are in for some significant and dangerous changes to our world.

You can kiss coral reefs goodbye, as the report says they would be essentially 100% wiped out at two degrees of warming.

Global sea-level will rise about 10cm (4in) more if we let warming go to 2C. That may not sound like much but keeping to 1.5C means that 10 million fewer people would be exposed to the risks of flooding.

There are also significant impacts on ocean temperatures and acidity, and the ability to grow crops such as rice, maize and wheat.

"We are already in the danger zone at one degree of warming," said Kaisa Kosonen, from Greenpeace. "Both poles are melting at an accelerated rate; ancient trees that have been there for hundreds of years are suddenly dying; and the summer we've just experienced - basically, the whole world was on fire."

Analysis by David Shukman, BBC science editor

The countdown to the worst of global warming seems to have accelerated. Seriously damaging impacts are no longer on a distant horizon later this century but within a timeframe that appears uncomfortably close.

By the same token, the report's "pathways" for keeping a lid on temperatures all mean that hard decisions cannot be delayed:

a shift away from fossil fuels by mid-century

coal phased out far sooner than previously suggested

vast tracts of land given over to forests

It's mind-bending stuff and some will say it's hopelessly unrealistic, a climate scientists' fantasy. So is any of it plausible? On the one hand, the global economy relies on carbon and key activities depend on it. On the other, wind turbines and solar panels have tumbled in price and more and more countries and states such as California are setting ambitious green targets.

Ultimately, politicians will face a difficult choice: persuade their voters that the revolutionary change outlined in the report is urgently needed or ignore it and say the scientists have got it wrong.

The idea of keeping the global temperature rise to 1.5 is something very close to the hearts and minds of small island and low-lying states, which fear being inundated with flooding if temperatures go to two degrees.

But over the three years that the report was in preparation, more and more scientific evidence has been published showing the benefits of staying close to 1.5C are not just for island nations in the Pacific.

"If you save a small island country, then you save the world," said Dr Amjad Abdulla, an IPCC author, from the Maldives. "Because the report clearly states that no-one is going to be immune. It's about morality - it's about humanity."

How long have we got?

Not long at all. But that issue is now in the hands of political leaders. The report says hard decisions can no longer be kicked down the road. If the nations of the world don't act soon, they will have to rely even more on unproven technologies to take carbon out of the air - an expensive and uncertain road.

"They really need to start work immediately. The report is clear that if governments just fulfil the pledges they made in the Paris agreement for 2030, it is not good enough. It will make it very difficult to consider global warming of 1.5C," said Prof Jim Skea.

"If they read the report and decide to increase their ambitions and act more immediately, then 1.5C stays within reach - that's the nature of the choice they face."

Campaigners and environmentalists, who have welcomed the report, say there is simply no time left for debate.

"This is the moment where we need to decide" said Kaisa Kosonen. "We want to move to clean energy, sustainable lifestyles. We want to protect our forests and species. This is the moment that we will remember; this is the year when the turning point happened."

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Final call to save the world from 'climate catastrophe'

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Top scientists from around the world urge changes "in all aspects of society" to limit climate warming.

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The United Nations says we could have just 11 years left to limit a climate change catastrophe.

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EU should commit to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 at the UN Conference, says Parliament.

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Climate change: What is a climate emergency?

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Climate change: What is a climate emergency?

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In a statement to Newsbeat in March, the government's Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) said: "Climate change is one of the most urgent and pressing challenges we face today, and the UK is a world leader in tackling this problem.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Climate change: What is a climate emergency?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In a statement to Newsbeat in March, the government's Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) said: "Climate change is one of the most urgent and pressing challenges we face today, and the UK is a world leader in tackling this problem.