# data[].attributes.body
What are the main principles of the latest Culture White Paper (2016) in the UK? Is there anything corresponding in Ireland?
Everyone should enjoy culture, no matter their background, that culture can benefit everyone across the country by providing financial support and accessibility. Ireland has very similar strategies, it wants to create equality, make culture accessible and interesting for everyone, especially those less fortunate with money.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural regeneration = one of the techniques that has been used as a tool for urban development in recent years is cultural regeneration. This is seen as a means of restoring and improving the quality of urban life through the enhancement and development of the unique characteristics of a place and its people.

# data[].attributes.body
arm's length principle = a transaction between two independent parties in which both parties are acting in their own self-interest

# data[].attributes.body
acceptance in lieu (AiL) - Allows those who have a bill to Inheritance Tax or one of its earlier forms to pay the tax by transferring important cultural, scientific or historic objects and archives to the nation. Material accepted under the scheme is allocated to public museums, archives or libraries by the appropriate minister and is available for all.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural ecosystem = the non-material benefits people obtain from nature, including aesthetic enjoyment, physical and mental health benefits and well-being

# data[].attributes.body
cultural asset (assets) --> the arts, music, language, traditions, stories, and histories that make up a community's identity, character, and customs

# data[].attributes.body
discretionary funding = funding that is not fixed by rules but are decided on by people in authority, who consider each individual case

# data[].attributes.body
cultural consumption --> refers to the consumption of goods and services with primarily aesthetic functions and only secondarily instrumental uses.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural enterprise (enterprises) --> commercial ventures that connect creators and artists to markets and consumers. They operate in the following fields: performing arts, museums, music, literature, publishing, film, photography, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural organisation = organization with a primary mission and purpose that is cultural in nature

# data[].attributes.body
cultural expenditure --> the amount of money spent on culture

# data[].attributes.body
cultural experience (experiences) --> the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group or country,
e.g. a love of classical music, reading fine literature, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural sector (sectors) - is one that traditionally relies heavy on public funding for the core activities and institutions of the sector.

# data[].attributes.body
austerity - the condition of living without unnecessary things and without comfort, with limited money or goods, or a practice, habit, or experience ; a difficult economic situation caused by a government reducing the amount of money it spends.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural consumption -  the consumption of goods and services with primarily aesthetic functions and only secondarily instrumental uses.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural cooperation -  formalised collaborations that involve cultural actors across national boundaries, and aim at wide-spreading knowledge, culture, and artworks.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural practitioner - One who demonstrates and interprets cultural practices to people from other cultures, often as a means of cultural preservation.

# data[].attributes.body
copyright protection - protects original works of autorship

# data[].attributes.body
freedom of expression - it is freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers

# data[].attributes.body
tax deduction - lowers a person's tax liability by lowering their taxable income

# data[].attributes.body
soft power - works by shaping the preferences of others through appeal and attraction, a persuasive approach to international relations

# data[].attributes.body
cultural sustainability --> relates to sustainable development and maintaining cultural beliefs, cultural practices, heritage conservation, culture as its own entity

# data[].attributes.body
proliferation --> rapid increase in the number or amount of something.

# data[].attributes.body
cultural value --> a set of beliefs or ideas that a community or society upholds as being important

# data[].attributes.body
cultural hub (hubs) --> A clustering of cultural venues such as museums, galleries and performance spaces with secondary attractions including food and retail.

# data[].attributes.body
creative intensity --> the proportion of workers in any given creative industry that. are engaged in a creative occupation

# data[].attributes.body
grassroots music venue (venues)

# data[].attributes.body
How is the National Lottery tied to supporting culture in the UK?  Is there anything equivalent in Ireland?
It was introduced in the mid-90s and has brought is 20 million GB for good causes supporting the arts, heritage, sport and community work, health, education and the environment. It has been altered to be more accessible to communities and responsive to people's priorities.

# data[].attributes.body
How has performing changed in the UK due to Brexit? Has Brexit affected Ireland, too?
Performers require visas if they intend to live in the UK for longer. If they are coming for a shorter period of time, they need a sponsor, not a visa. Visas take a long time to make so people have to plan way in advance and spend a long time creating the visa. The new legislations limit the number of visas per year. Ireland is very closely connected to the EU, Irish life has improved because of the EU.

# data[].attributes.body
How much money have the Arts Council England versus [a similar organisation in Ireland] invested to encourage artists in the span of three years [or similar time period in Ireland]?

The Arts Council announced that it is awarding 20 artists and 163 arts organisations €12.8 million through Arts Grant Funding, a scheme under the agency’s 10- year strategy, Making Great Art Work.

# data[].attributes.body
When did support for the arts become a need in the UK? Is it the same or different in Ireland? - Public spending on the arts in Britain was first formalised in 1940 when the Government funded Committee for Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA) was set up to promote British Culture.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the main keywords characterizing the cultural policy of England and Wales versus Ireland?

Answer:
England: arm’s length; accessibility; white papers

Ireland: sustainability; protection, development and presentation of heritage, culture, Irish language and the arts; wellbeing of citizens; Creative Ireland; Culture Ireland

# data[].attributes.body
intellectual property -->  intangible property that is the result of creativity, such as patents, copyrights, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
How can partaking in cultural activities and engaging in culture benefit the public in the UK and Ireland?

Answer: Cultural activities will call attention to restrictions on freedom of speech. They also bring together different ethnic groups in order to develop the concept of cultural diversity. Increase people's interest in culture and education. These events achieved success in relation to the economic development of tourism through increased foreign visitors, while at the same time providing opportunities for creativity and community engagement.

# data[].attributes.body
What are three outcomes of ACE's (Art Council) Strategy 2020-2030 in the UK vs [a similar strategy for a similar time period in Ireland?

Answer:
ACE’s 3 outcomes (Eng): Creative People (everyone can develop and express creativity through their life); Cultural Communities (villages, towns and cities thrive through a collaborative approach to culture); A Creative & Cultural Country (England’s cultural sector is innovative, collaborative and international)

Culture 2025 (Ireland): Central to Culture 2025 is the recognition of the value of culture and creativity to the individual and society, the need to support creative practice and cultural participation and a commitment to Ireland’s cultural heritage. Culture 2025 will ensure a unified approach to cultural policies across Government and to planning and provision within the cultural sector.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the investment principles of the ACE's (Art Council) Strategy 2020-2030 in the UK vs [similar principles for a similar time period in Ireland] ?

Answer: The Sustainable Development Goals National Implementation Plan 2018-2020 also makes little mention of cultural sustainability. First Goal states that by 2030 the government will devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products. The second goal aims to monitor impacts of tourism development on culture. The emphasis on culture is mostly related to supporting economic development.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the current main issues associated with cultural policy in the UK and Ireland?
Answer:
Inequality - education, social status, income, ethnic group, age. Lack of specific legislation for specific culture sectors.

# data[].attributes.body
Historic England's project "Heritage Action Zones", seeks to unlock potential in uncelebrated heritage and historic places to benefit of residents in attracting tourists, business, etc. How much did the Government give in support of this cause (GB£  95million)?  Is there something similar in Ireland?
Ireland: Lack of funding is one of the biggest issues impeding the protection of Ireland's natural heritage

# data[].attributes.body
What are cultural clusters in the UK and is there something equivalent in Ireland?
UK: London and South East England.
Ireland: Overall, the cultural institution infrastructure is quite centralised with a majority based in the Dublin area.

# data[].attributes.body
What has been the biggest issue for visual arts and crafts in the UK and Ireland?
UK: income, employment, loss of studios and workplace
Ireland:the ability to sustain financially viable careers in visual arts.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the  two most common forms of vocational training in England and Wales vs Ireland?
England and Wales: apprenticeships and internships
Ireland: masterclasses or specialist training courses

# data[].attributes.body
What is the main issue for [haunting] the tangible cultural heritage of archives and libraries, and how are they being tackled in the UK and Ireland?
UK: Many public libraries are only kept open because of
volunteers.
Ireland:  The process for the procurement of library books for the libraries of Ireland has granted 60% of the EUR 6 million annual contract to a UK company. This has had a negative impact on Irish booksellers

# data[].attributes.body
How high is the job availability in the audiovisual and media sector in the UK and Ireland?
UK: In 2018 there were an estimated 245,000 jobs
Ireland: audiovisual sector comprises 11,960 jobs by way of direct, indirect and induced employment across the economy

# data[].attributes.body
white paper (papers) - an informational document to advocate that a certain solution or position is the best way to solve a particular problem

# data[].attributes.body
segmentation tool --> a marketing practice that divides customers into small groups of individuals who share similar characteristics such as gender, age, demographics, location, spending habits, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
subculture --> a group of people within a larger culture, who have something in common. They might share religious or political beliefs or be science fiction fans, for example.

# data[].attributes.body
Why is there no overall legislative framework for governing culture in the UK? Is there such a framework in Ireland?

Answer: There are only legislations related to governance and finance, and much of it is only sector specific, for example, Health and Safety at Work act that applies to everyone at a place of work, including theatres, museums and artists’ studios.

# data[].attributes.body
Is there a general legislation on culture in the UK and Ireland? There is no overall legislative framework governing culture. There is a range of legislation relating to governance and finance, much of it sector-specific.  There are statutory controls to protect historic buildings and monuments.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the challenges associated with actively being engaged with art in the UK and Ireland?

How to engage young people with arts and culture.
Funding for exhibitions, museums, and training artists.

# data[].attributes.body
What are the most important sources for data about cultural consumption and participation in the UK and Ireland?

Answer: the Taking Part Survey in England.

# data[].attributes.body
Who is mainly responsible for funding arts and culture in the UK and Irish governments?
UK:Mainly through the Department of Digital, Culture, Media and Sport and its Arm-Length-Bodies.
Ireland: The Arts Council