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Amnesty is a Non-Governmental Organization that works around the world on Human Rights Issues.

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Through our detailed research and determined campaigning, we help fight abuses of human rights worldwide. We bring torturers to justice. Change oppressive laws. And free people jailed just for voicing their opinion.

Our work

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We help fight human rights abuses worldwide

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We bring torturers to justice. Change oppressive laws. And free people jailed just for voicing their opinion.

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As more and more social and economic activities have place online, the importance of privacy and data protection is increasingly recognized.

Of equal concern is the collection, use and sharing of personal information to third parties without notice or consent of consumers. 137 out of 194 countries had put in place legislation to secure the protection of data and privacy.

Africa and Asia show different level of adoption with 61 and 57 per cent of countries having adopted such legislations. The share in the least developed countries in only 48 per cent.

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Please select a country or a region

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Data Protection and Privacy Legislation Worldwide

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What countries are best for retirement?  (Social Security)

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What countries are best for retirement?  (Social Security)

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The quality of pension systems available to workers varies greatly across the globe. The Netherlands has the best system, while the U.S. isn't even close to the top, according to the Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2020 (formerly the Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Index).﻿﻿

The Index is sponsored by CFA Institute and is published in collaboration with the Monash Centre for Financial Studies (MCFS) and global consultant Mercer. It compares 39 retirement income systems, covering a wide variety of pension policies and practices, in addition to suggesting ways that each system can be improved to provide more adequate retirement benefits.﻿﻿

Pensions are a unique and valuable type of retirement plan, in which an employer makes contributions to a pool of funds and invests it on the employee's behalf, with the earnings on said investments generating income to the worker upon retirement. In the U.S., more and more employers in the private sector have switched from traditional pension plans to 401(k)s.

Here, we analyze the results of the latest index, released in Oct. 2020, which ranked the pension systems of 39 countries representing more than two-thirds of the world's population.﻿﻿

The Top 3 Pension Systems

The index compares retirement income systems and rates each based on its adequacy, sustainability, and integrity. The index value for each country is represented by a value between zero and 100, with higher values signifying more favorable pension systems.﻿﻿

The top three countries with the highest overall index grade were:

1. Netherlands

With an index value of 82.6, the Netherlands received the highest score for 2020, ranking first for the third year in a row.

Its retirement income system uses a flat-rate public pension and a semi-mandatory occupational pension linked to earnings and industrial agreements. Most of the Netherlands' employees are members of these occupational plans, which are industry-wide defined-benefit plans. Earnings are based on a lifetime average. The index found that the overall index value could be improved by:

Increasing household savings and reducing household debt

Increasing workforce participation among older workers as life expectancy rises﻿﻿

Denmark came in a close second with an overall score of 81.4.

Denmark has a public basic pension scheme, a supplementary pension benefit tied to income, a fully funded defined-contribution plan, and mandatory occupational schemes. The index noted that Denmark's score could be improved by:

Increasing household savings and reducing household debt

Introducing measures to protect the interests of both spouses in a divorce

Increasing workforce participation among older workers as life expectancy rises﻿﻿

Israel ranked third with an overall index value of 74.7 in 2020. Israel's retirement income system is comprised of a universal state pension and private pensions with compulsory employee and employer contributions. In most cases, annuities are paid from the private pension system. Here's what Israel could do to improve its overall index value:

Increase the level of assets held in private pension arrangements, lowering the reliance on the public system

Reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP

Introduce protection for members of private pension plans in the event of mismanagement or fraud﻿﻿

How the U.S. Scored

The U.S. had a score of 60.3 in 2020, which is slightly worse than its score in 2019 (60.6). The U.S. retirement income system includes Social Security and has voluntary private pensions, which can be occupational or personal.﻿﻿

How All Countries Ranked

The following chart shows the 39 countries included in the index and how their pension systems scored and ranked in 2020:﻿﻿

Source: Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2020

Index Scoring Explained

The Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index is calculated using the weighted average of three sub-indices. The average sub-index scores for all 37 countries were 60.6 for adequacy, 69.7 for integrity, and 50.4 for sustainability.﻿﻿ This is what each sub-index takes into consideration:

Adequacy Sub-Index

The adequacy sub-index, which represents 40% of a country's overall index value, looks at how a country's pension system benefits the poor and a range of income earners. Additionally, the adequacy measure considers the system's efficacy and the country's household savings rate and rate of homeownership.﻿﻿

Sustainability Sub-Index

The sustainability index, which represents 35% of a country's overall index score, considers factors that can affect how sustainable a country's retirement fund system. Indicators include the level of coverage of private pension plans, government debt, and economic growth.﻿﻿

Integrity Sub-Index

The integrity sub-index makes up 25% of a country's overall index value. It examines the communication, costs, governance, regulation, and protection of pension plans within that country. It also considers the quality of the country's private sector pensions because, without them, the government becomes the only pension provider.﻿﻿

The Bottom Line

The Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index includes recommendations to improve each country's retirement-income systems, acknowledging that no universal solution exists because each system has evolved from unique economic, social, cultural, political, and historical circumstances.﻿﻿

Common challenges in pension systems around the world include the need to increase the average retirement age to reflect increasing life expectancy, encourage more savings, and increase access to private pensions for the self-employed.﻿﻿ Pension systems globally should also limit access to funds before retirement and improve transparency to improve participants' understanding and confidence.

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Best Countries for Pensions and Retirement

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The quality of pension systems available to workers varies greatly across the globe. The Netherlands has the best system, while the U.S. isn't even close to the top, according to the Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2020 (formerly the Melbourne Mercer Global Pension Index).﻿﻿ The Index is sponsored by CFA Institute and is published in collaboration with the Monash Centre for Financial Studies (MCFS) and global consultant Mercer.

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What countries provide social security around the world?

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What countries provide social security around the world?

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This is long! But, you can scroll through for statistics

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The current edition of this report analyzes available data on homelessness for 2022 and over time. Key facts and data points include:

Homelessness has been on the rise since 2017, experiencing an overall increase of 6 percent.

In 2022, counts of individuals (421,392 people) and chronically homeless individuals (127,768) reached record highs in the history of data collection.

Unsheltered rates are also trending upward, impacting most racial, ethnic, and gender subgroups.

Homeless services systems continued to expand the availability of both temporary and permanent beds in 2022, but these resources still fall short of reaching everyone in need.

Homelessness rose by a modest 0.3 percent from 2020 to 2022, a period marked by both pandemic-related economic disruptions and robust investments of federal resources into human services.

The State of Homelessness: 2023 Edition uses data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to provide an overview of the scope of homelessness in the U.S. on a given night in 2022, and illustrate emerging trends. Data in this report is pulled from HUD's 2022 Point-in-Time (PIT) Count data, as well as Housing Inventory Count data. Each section features interactive charts to display this data, with highlights discussed in the text of this report.

Homelessness in 2022

According to the January 2022 PIT Count, 582,462 people were experiencing homelessness across America. This amounts to roughly 18 out of every 10,000 people. The vast majority (72 percent) were individual adults, but a notable share (28 percent) were people living in families with children.

However, there is more to the story of homelessness in 2022. This section will delve deeper into questions of 1) who is experiencing homelessness, 2) where they are experiencing it, and 3) the degree to which people are living unsheltered.

Who is Experiencing Homelessness in 2022: Special Populations

For reasons rooted in practice and policy, the homeless services world focuses on specific special populations. Of people experiencing homeless:

22 percent are chronically homeless individuals (or people with disabilities who have experienced long-term or repeated incidents of homelessness)

6 percent are veterans (distinguished due to their service to the country), and

5 percent are unaccompanied youth under 25 (considered vulnerable due to their age)

Who is Experiencing Homelessness in 2022: By Race/Ethnicity

Available data demonstrates that race and ethnicity are key determinants that impact 1) who will become homeless and 2) the type and depth of rehousing barriers people will experience.

Within the 2022 PIT Count data, White people are numerically the largest racial group. They represent half (50 percent) of all people experiencing homelessness. However, issues of representation are more complicated than that data point would suggest.

Most groups of color have higher rates of homelessness than their White counterparts-and, in some cases, far higher. Within the White group, 11 out of every 10,000 people experience homelessness. For Black people, that number is more than four times as large-48 out of every 10,000 people. Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islanders particularly stand out as having the highest rates, with 121 out of every 10,000 people experiencing homelessness.

The racial and ethnic groups with the highest incidences of homelessness have extensive histories of experiencing oppression, including displacements from land and property and exclusions from housing opportunities. Effectively addressing homelessness will likely require invested partners to account for America's history, and that history's influence on current culture, policy, and practice.

Who is Experiencing Homelessness in 2022: By Gender

Gender also matters. Within the overall homeless population (which includes both adults and children), men, who are 68 percent of the individuals population, far outnumber women and are far more likely to experience homelessness. Serious systemic failures are occurring in relation to some of America's men, implicating holes in the social safety net, challenges within feeder systems, and barriers to rehousing.

Meanwhile, women (both those living as individuals and in families with children) and people who identify as transgender, nonbinary ("not singularly female or male," per HUD), and questioning are also notably represented within homelessness (see visualization below). They have unique barriers and needs that must also be addressed.

Who is Unsheltered in 2022

Throughout America, numerous dedicated workers use limited available resources to serve people experiencing homelessness. On a given night, the homeless services system provides shelter for 348,630 people. Despite these significant efforts, 40 percent of people experiencing homelessness live unsheltered, which means their primary nighttime residence is a place not suitable for human habitation (for example, a city sidewalk, vehicle, abandoned building, or park). Significantly, living unsheltered can impact a person's health and safety.

Individuals are particularly likely to be unsheltered. The majority of the group (51 percent) are sleeping in these settings. For the subset of individuals who are chronically homeless, the status quo is particularly dire-62 percent are unsheltered. Families with children, who are often prioritized for services, are least likely to live unsheltered-11 percent live in such situations.

Race- and gender-based inequalities are readily evident in unsheltered homelessness (see visualization below). When subgroups are not accessing or utilizing shelter, it suggests they may not be equally benefitting from government investments in solutions to homelessness.

Members of the LGBTQ community accounted for in current data collection (i.e., people who identified on HUD surveys within the categories of transgender, gender questioning, or nonbinary), have particularly high rates of unsheltered homelessness. Many other populations also stand out, having levels of unsheltered homelessness that surpass those of the overall population. This includes every racial, ethnic, and gender group except women and Black people, whose levels of unsheltered homelessness are less than the overall population. The reasons for these disparities are worthy of further research and analysis.

Locating Population Hot Spots in 2022

State and community stories of homelessness vary. Some are managing populations that are simply large; others have numbers that are larger than what would be expected given the size of their jurisdiction. Identifying locations with a disproportionately large homeless population is useful for at least two reasons: 1) it helps target resources to the places most in need of assistance, and 2) examining population variations across jurisdictions helps refine the field's understanding of homelessness causes and solutions. For example, jurisdictions with smaller-than-expected homeless populations may be implementing solutions worthy of replication in other parts of the country.

By Population Size. Among the states, homeless population sizes range from approximately 600 people to more than 170,000. Similar variations exist at the local level. For example, during the 2022 PIT Count, Salem County, New Jersey reported only 20 people experiencing homelessness, compared to more than 65,000 people identified in Los Angeles. Resource needs and system challenges can vary significantly according to these different homeless population sizes.

Homelessness is largely concentrated in certain areas of the country. Solving challenges in a few jurisdictions (those with the largest unhoused populations) would significantly advance the goal of ending homelessness. Just five states (California, New York, Florida, Washington, and Texas) account for 55 percent of people experiencing homelessness. And a mere 25 Continuums of Care (CoCs) account for 47 percent of all homelessness.

Many of these states and communities simply have a lot of residents and are generally populous. Thus, it is unsurprising that their subpopulations (including people experiencing homelessness) are also relatively large. To understand whether challenges exist beyond this dynamic, it is necessary to examine per capita experiences of homelessness.

By Per Capita Experiences of Homelessness. Population size is important. But another critical question is: how common is it to experience homelessness within a jurisdiction? Per capita data answers this question by highlighting the share of the general population falling into the group.

Per capita experiences of homelessness vary greatly. For example, at the state level, Mississippi represents a low rate of homelessness, with only 4 people out of every 10,000 experiencing homelessness. Californians have the highest likelihood of being unhoused, however-44 out of every 10,000 residents. Similar variation exists at the local level, with Humboldt County, California reporting the highest per capita experiences of homelessness (121 out of every 10,000 people) and the CoC serving Dearborn, Michigan having the lowest (2 out of every 10,000 people).

Several major cities with high housing costs top the list of CoCs with the highest likelihood of homelessness, including San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, Boston, Washington, D.C., Portland, and Seattle. Implementing solutions to the housing affordability crisis in those areas would tremendously advance the goal of ending homelessness.

While housing costs and population size play into per capita experiences of homelessness, there are likely other factors contributing to high per capita rates. Researchers, data experts, and others should continue efforts to identify and unpack them.

Homelessness Trends Over Time

Homelessness in 21 st century America has largely been defined by steady but modest progress since data collection began in 2007. Between 2007 and 2016, the population of people experiencing homelessness shrank most years. However, the overall reduction was only 17 percent during that nearly decade-long period.

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a new trend emerged: consistent annual increases in homelessness. And the unprecedented health crisis had the potential to further complicate matters. For people who were already unhoused, how would their health and economic security improvement efforts be impacted? And as businesses closed and unemployment rates rose, would new people seek help from shelters?

Tracking COVID-related population changes proved difficult. The pandemic disrupted data collection in 2021. By 2022, the full PIT Count resumed, and data showed that the homeless population had once again increased-but by only 0.3 percent. Given the unprecedented circumstances facing the nation, the shift could be characterized as being unexpectedly small. Federal policy likely impacted outcomes: COVID-19-related government interventions benefitted many people. Eviction moratoria and the federal Emergency Rental Assistance (ERA) program kept (and are still keeping) many people housed. Additional investments were made in homeless assistance and housing vouchers targeted to people impacted by homelessness.

Homelessness Trends: Household Types and Special Populations

Progress in ending homelessness has been uneven across subgroups since data collection began in 2007. And although the overall homeless population increased slightly between 2020 and 2022, the same was not true for all subgroups. Some actually got smaller over that time period-1) families with children, 2) youth, and 3) veterans (see visualization below).

Due to factors such as vulnerability and history of military service, these groups are often targeted by both government and non-governmental interventions. Notably, the nation's progress on veteran homelessness has been particularly robust. The size of the group was cut in half over a decade-long period (2010-2020), decreasing by 50 percent. A total of 83 communities and 3 states have functionally ended veteran homelessness. Veterans have been the focus of concerted strategies and efforts (including governmental investments) that have been successful. Similar attention and resources could be extended to other subgroups in an effort to attain similar success.

The trends related to individuals experiencing homelessness are alarming. The 2022 Point-in-Time Count reflected record highs in the history data collection. The overall subpopulation of individuals reached 421,392 people, surpassing the previous record that existed in 2007. The count of chronically homeless individuals also surpassed all previous years. These trends reflect a notable shift after a period of population declines.

Homelessness Trends: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

In 2015, HUD began publishing homelessness data disaggregated by race, ethnicity, and certain gender categories. Although this isn't a long history of data reporting, it overlaps with the recent period of rising homelessness.

Uneven progress is evident between 2015 and 2022 among various identity groups. The above chart ( Subgroup Trends, 2007-2022) illustrates that some subgroups have increased in size, while others have simply stagnated or gotten smaller. For example, the trend lines for White people and Hispanics/Latinos have been moving upward.

Digging a little deeper, the below chart ( Subgroup Population Shifts Since 2015) highlights the extent of the changes occurring within each subgroup. It is clear that increases in homelessness have been particularly pronounced among people who are transgender (178 percent increase), Asian (36 percent increase), American Indian (30 percent increase), and Latino (25 percent increase).

Homelessness Trends: Shelter Utilization

Shelters are key components of America's response to homelessness. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, certain trends have emerged in relation to this form of temporary housing:

Unsheltered Homelessness is On the Rise. The number of people living unsheltered decreased most years between 2007 and 2015. However, mirroring the pattern for individuals experiencing homelessness, that trend has recently made an about-face turn. The unsheltered population has grown yearly since 2015, amounting to a 35 percent increase over a seven-year span.

The impacts are not equal across groups. Since 2015, some populations have experienced growths in unsheltered homelessness that far surpass 35 percent. Of specific concern are people who are transgender (231 percent increase), Asian (83 percent increase), Latino (77 percent increase), and American Indian (61 percent increase). Challenges appear to be tied to western states (California, Oregon, Washington, and Hawaii) that are both diverse and highly immersed in affordable housing crises. Significant majorities of these homeless subgroup members live in these states.

Systems Add More Shelter Beds in Response. As illustrated in the visualization below, the nation's shelter bed numbers have increased by 7 percent since 2019, indicating a slight increase in system capacity. Potential explanations include systems responding to increases in unsheltered homelessness, and/or the availability of pandemic relief dollars to create additional shelter beds.

Prior to this momentum, shelter bed numbers had been slowly trending downward as the number of permanent housing beds was greatly expanding. Such movements reflect fidelity to Housing First, a strategy that emphasizes stabilizing people in permanent housing as quickly possible.

Despite More Beds, Fewer People Are In Shelter. Even with the addition of more shelter beds, fewer people are staying in these facilities. The shelter population has been trending downward for several years, including 2021 (a year uniquely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which necessitated a reduced congregate shelter capacity and consequent reduced inflow into shelter).

Homeless Assistance in America: Use of Resources and Capacity

Homeless services systems often don't have the resources to house everyone in need. Thus, they make a host of difficult decisions related to 1) who to help and 2) how to budget available funds among temporary shelter and permanent housing options. This section provides a window into how homeless service systems are currently making limited government investments work for a growing population of people experiencing homelessness.

Shelter Beds

As noted in the section above, the number of people living unsheltered has been on the rise since 2015. Systems may be responding to this trend by expanding shelter capacity: after a few years of decreasing the availability of shelter beds, they expanded the total number by 7 percent over the last four years.

Importantly, a major contributor to unsheltered homelessness has been consistent and overwhelming shelter bed shortages since data collection began in 2007. At the high-water mark, there were 225,000 more people experiencing homelessness in America than existing shelter beds. Today, the gap has narrowed but remains vast, largely impacting individual adults.

In 2022, an examination of national-level data reveals a shortage of a little less than 188,00 year-round shelter beds for individual adults. There are only enough to reach 55 percent of the population. National-level data points to a surplus of available accommodations for families with children and unaccompanied youth.

However, individual community circumstances vary. Thus, a specific town could have a shortage of available shelter units for families or a surplus of beds for individual adults.

Further, many communities set up temporary shelters during the winter months to prevent weather-related deaths. Thus, more people have spaces available to them than what is reflected by the year-round bed numbers.

Permanent Housing Beds

Homeless services system investments suggest a prioritization of permanent housing options over temporary shelter. This is in line with Housing First, an approach to ending homelessness that emphasizes stabilizing people in permanent housing as quickly as possible while also making services available.

Permanent housing makes up 60 percent of all beds connected to homeless services systems. The number of such slots has consistently trended upwards since data collection began, with a 26 percent growth over just the last five years. Despite these investments, homelessness (including unsheltered homelessness) is still on the rise. Available resources are simply not enough to ensure permanent housing for everyone who needs it.

Common Forms of Assistance

The top two forms of housing assistance are permanent supportive housing (37 percent of system beds) and emergency shelter (32 percent of system beds). The third most popular form of assistance (Rapid Re-Housing) is also the fastest growing: the number of beds in this category has grown by 60 percent over the last five years. Transitional housing is the only category on the decline. This model requires people to meet certain benchmarks before being awarded with permanent housing, and has fallen out of favor given growing adherence to the Housing First strategy, which is backed by research evidence.

Indicators of Risk

In the lead up to the pandemic, the nationwide poverty rate had decreased for five consecutive years. In 2020, that streak ended and the number of people living in poverty increased by approximately 3.3 million people. This trend continued into 2021 when nearly 41.4 million people, or 12.8 percent of the U.S. population, were counted in this group. Certain racial groups have even higher rates of poverty, including Black people (21.8 percent), American Indian and Alaska Native people (21.4 percent), and Hispanics/Latinos (17.5 percent). People living in poverty struggle to afford necessities such as housing, food, and medical care.

In 2021, an estimated 7.1 million American households experienced severe housing cost burden, which means that they spent more than 50 percent of their income on housing. The overall size of this group had been gradually decreasing since 2014, but rose again in 2021. The number of severely cost-burdened American households is now 25 percent higher than it was in 2007, the year the nation began monitoring homelessness data. And more troublesome patterns may exist for notable subpopulations, including people with the lowest incomes and female-headed households.

"Doubling up" (or sharing the housing of others for economic reasons) is another measure of housing hardship and risk of homelessness. Approximately 3.7 million people across the country were in these situations in 2021. Some doubled up individuals and families have fragile relationships with their hosts or face other challenges in the home, putting them at risk of literal homelessness. Similar to severely housing cost burdened households, the number of people living doubled up had been decreasing but ticked upwards again in 2021. Currently, the doubled up population is 25 percent smaller than it was in 2015, the year in which utilized data became available.

National data on households who are housing cost burdened and doubled up do not tell the whole story, as certain regions across the country face more dire challenges than can be seen for the U.S. as a whole. Severe housing cost burdened households grew at higher rates than the national average in several states and the District of Columbia. For example, since 2007, severe housing cost burdened households grew by 155 percent in Wyoming, 87 percent in Nevada, 72 percent in Maryland, and 65 percent in Hawaii. Similarly, from 2015 to 2021, the number of people doubled up increased by 59 percent in South Dakota and 36 percent in Maine.

For over a decade, the nation has not made any real progress in reducing the number of Americans at risk of literal homelessness. Despite decreasing trends in people living doubled up overall, the rise in severe housing cost numbers are concerning. Even more troubling are the risks that inflation rising to a 40-year high in 2022, expiring eviction moratoria, and fading Emergency Rental Assistance dollars pose to those at risk of experiencing homelessness.

Sources and Methodology

Data on homelessness are based on annual Point-in-Time (PIT) Counts conducted by Continuums of Care (CoCs) to estimate the number of people experiencing homelessness on a given night. The latest full counts (sheltered and unsheltered) are from January 2022. Point-in-Time data from 2007 to 2022 are available on HUD Exchange.

Rates of homelessness compare Point-in-Time Counts to state, county, and city population data from the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program (Population and Housing Unit Estimates data tables, 2021 version). Rates for racial, ethnic, and gender demographic groups are drawn from the same source.

Data on homeless assistance, or bed capacity of homeless services programs on a given night, are reported annually by CoCs along with Point-in-Time Counts. These data are compiled in the Housing Inventory Count (HIC), which is also available on HUD Exchange for 2007 through 2022.

Estimates of at-risk populations are from analyses by the National Alliance to End Homelessness using the Census Bureau's 2021 American Community Survey 1-year microdata. Poor renter households with a severe housing cost burden are households whose total income falls under the applicable poverty threshold and who are paying 50 percent or more of total household income to housing rent. For people living doubled up, the Alliance has adopted the methodology developed by Molly K. Richard, Julie Dworkin, Katherine Grace Rule, Suniya Farooqui, Zachary Glendening, and Sam Carlson (Molly K. Richard, Julie Dworkin, Katherine Grace Rule, Suniya Farooqui, Zachary Glendening & Sam Carlson (2022): Quantifying Doubled-Up Homelessness: Presenting a New Measure Using U.S. Census Microdata, Housing Policy Debate, DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1981976, Accessed from: https://nlihc.org/sites/default/files/Quantifying-Doubled-Up-Homelessness.pdf). Poverty is based on the composition and income of the entire household as compared to the poverty thresholds. A person is considered to be living doubled up based on their relationship to the household head and include: relatives for whom the household head does not take responsibility (based on their age and relationship) and nonrelatives who are not partners and not formally sharing responsibility for household costs (not roomers or roommates). Single adult children and relatives over 65 may be considered to be the householder's responsibility so they are included as doubling up only if the household is overcrowded. For more information, please consult the authors' study and methodology.

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The 2023 State of Homelessness provides a comprehensive analysis of homelessness in the U.S. in 2022 and reveals rising trends, disparities based on race, ethnicity, and gender, and the challenges faced in providing shelter and assistance to those in need.

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Scroll down for information about different regions and countries around the world!

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Introduction

Thirty-three countries, including the United States, have legalized same-sex marriage, and some others recognize same-sex civil unions. Yet same-sex marriage remains banned in many countries, and the expansion of broader LGBTQ+ rights has been uneven globally. International organizations, including the United Nations, have issued resolutions in support of LGBTQ+ rights, but human rights groups say these organizations have limited power to enforce them.

International Norms, Democracy, and LGBTQ+ Rights

Rights monitors find a strong correlation between LGBTQ+ rights and democratic societies; the research and advocacy group Freedom House lists nearly all the countries with marriage equality-when same-sex couples have the same legal right to marriage as different-sex couples-as "free." "Wherever you see restrictions on individuals-in terms of speech, expression, or freedom of assembly-you see a crackdown on LGBT rights," says Julie Dorf, senior advisor to the Council for Global Equality, a Washington-based group that promotes LGBTQ+ rights in U.S. foreign policy. "It's the canary in the coal mine," she says.

Javier Corrales, a professor at Amherst College who focuses on LGBTQ+ rights in Latin America, points to income levels and the influence of religion in politics, as well as the overall strength of democracy, to explain regional divergences [PDF].

The UN Human Rights Council, expressing "grave concern" over violence and discrimination against individuals based on sexual orientation and gender identity, commissioned the body's first study on the topic [PDF] in 2011. In 2014, the council passed a resolution to combat anti-LGBTQ+ violence and discrimination. Two years later, the United Nations appointed its first-ever independent expert on sexual orientation and gender identity. "What is important here is the gradual building of consensus," says Graeme Reid, director of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender rights program at Human Rights Watch. "There's an accumulation of moral pressure on member states to at least address the most overt forms of discrimination or violence."

Activists have focused on antiviolence and antidiscrimination campaigns rather than marriage equality. "There's no sensible diplomat who would think that pushing same-sex marriage on a country that's not ready for it is a good idea," says Dorf. She adds that not all countries with marriage equality allow same-sex couples to jointly adopt and cautions against equating the right to marry with freedom from discrimination. Still, antidiscrimination laws are gaining traction worldwide. In 2020, eighty-one countries and territories, including some that retain sodomy laws, had protections against employment discrimination [PDF] based on gender identity or sexual orientation.

United States

In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodgesthat the Constitution grants same-sex couples the right to marry. The 5-4 ruling effectively legalized same-sex marriage in the thirteen states where it remained banned and extended to U.S. territories. In 2022, amid fears that the Supreme Court could rule to let states deny the validity of same-sex marriages, Congress passed and President Joe Biden signed into law the Respect for Marriage Act, which recognizes such marriages at the federal level. That year, 71 percent of Americans polled approved of same-sex marriage, up from 27 percent in 1996.

Despite the increase in public support for same-sex marriage, debate continues between advocates of legal equality and individuals and institutions that object to marriage equality on the basis of religious belief. In 2018, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of a Colorado baker who refused to make a wedding cake for a same-sex couple because of his religious beliefs, violating the state's civil rights law. However, the court chose not to issue a broader ruling on whether businesses have a right to deny goods or services to LGBTQ+ people for religious reasons. In 2020, the court ruled that a 1964 civil rights law prohibiting sex discrimination in the workplace also applies to discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. The ruling protected LGBTQ+ employees from being fired in more than half of states where no such legal protections previously existed.

However, the Supreme Court's decision in 2022 to overturn Roe v. Wade, a case that used the fourteenth amendment to protect the right to have an abortion, sparked some concerns that it would similarly overturn its 2015 decision on marriage equality.In his concurring opinion on the 2022 ruling, Justice Clarence Thomas wrote that Obergefell v. Hodges was " demonstrably erroneous " and that the court had a duty to overrule this and other decisions.

Europe

More than half of the countries that have marriage equality are in Western Europe. Same-sex marriage has been legalized in the Netherlands (2001), Belgium (2003), Spain (2005), Norway (2009), Sweden (2009), Portugal (2010), Iceland (2010), Denmark (2012), France (2013), the United Kingdom (2013), Luxembourg (2015), Ireland (2015), Finland (2017), Malta (2017), Germany (2017), Austria (2019), and Switzerland (2021). In Italy, the parliament approved civil unions for same-sex couples in 2016, but same-sex marriage is not legal. Lawmakers in Andorra voted in 2022 to convert all same-sex civil unions to civil marriages and legalize same-sex marriage. The changes will take effect in early 2023. Meanwhile, Slovenia made history in 2022 as the first country of the former Yugoslavia to legalize marriage and adoption for same-sex couples.

"More than half of the countries that have marriage equality are in Western Europe."

The EU does not require its members to recognize same-sex marriage, though a 2018 ruling [PDF] by the EU's top court says they must uphold same-sex couples' rights to freedom of movement and residence. In 2021, the court ruled that all EU countries must recognize children of same-sex couples, even countries that do not have marriage equality. The ruling came after Bulgaria refused to grant identity documents to the daughter of a same-sex couple. A 2013 European Parliament report on human rights and democracy "encourages" EU institutions and member states to recognize same-sex marriage or civil unions as "a political, social and human and civil rights issue " [PDF]; however, the EU is not able to impose such policy changes on its members.

Americas

In 2005, Canada became the first country in the Western Hemisphere to legalize same-sex marriage. It was followed by Argentina in 2010, Brazil and Uruguay in 2013, Mexico in 2015, Colombia in 2016, Ecuador in 2019, Costa Rica in 2020, and Chile in 2021. The only Central American country to recognize same-sex couples is Costa Rica, though some others in the region have limited antidiscrimination protections.

Support for marriage equality varies across the region. According to a 2016 survey [PDF] by the International LGBTI Association (ILGA), 54 percent of Canadians, 48 percent of Chileans, and 57 percent of Argentines were in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage. In Central America, support was much lower: 33 percent of Costa Ricans, 28 percent of Nicaraguans, and 27 percent of Ecuadorians supported legalizing it. In 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled in favor of marriage equality, but the decision has not spurred much action among member states.

Support for legalizing same-sex marriage also remains low in the Caribbean, at just 16 percent in Jamaica and 23 percent in the Dominican Republic, according to the ILGA. Bermuda, a British territory, legalized domestic partnerships for same-sex couples in 2017, but the government fought to reissue a ban. Same-sex marriage remains illegal there. However, in 2022, Antigua and Barbuda, Bermuda, and St. Kitts and Nevis struck down laws criminalizing gay sex.

The governments of Bolivia, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Paraguay have enacted constitutional bans on same-sex marriage. Although Brazil has legalized same-sex marriage, in 2019, then-President Jair Bolsonaro removed the Human Rights Ministry's ability to consider LGBTQ+ concerns. He drew criticism from LGBTQ+ advocacy groups during his campaign over homophobic remarks.

Cuba, where homosexuality was once punished by internment in forced-labor camps, has changed markedly in recent years. The National Assembly passed an antidiscrimination law in 2013, and a new constitution in 2019 removed language defining marriage as between a man and a woman. In September 2022, voters approved a referendum legalizing same-sex marriage.

Pacific Rim

Australia and New Zealand are the only Pacific Rim countries in which same-sex marriage is legal. Same-sex marriage became legal in Taiwan in 2019, as the legislature implemented a ruling the top court issued two years earlier. In China, 43 percent of people supported legalizing same-sex marriage in 2021.

In 2022, a court in Seoul, South Korea, ruled against recognizing same-sex partnerships and rejected a same-sex couple's claim to spousal health insurance, even though public opinion supports antidiscrimination legislation. More than a third of people in South Korea supported legalizing same-sex marriage in 2021.

"Australia and New Zealand are the only Pacific Rim countries in which same-sex marriage is legal."

Lawmakers in Thailand and Vietnam have considered bills to legalize same-sex marriage or civil partnerships. However, in 2021, Thailand's Constitutional Court ruled that the nation's marriage law-which only recognizes marriage between a man and a woman-does not violate the constitution. The country's parliament is considering two proposals that will essentially give lawmakers a choice between permitting civil partnerships for same-sex couples and allowing them to marry. In the Philippines, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. has said that if there is popular support for same-sex unions, it is up to lawmakers to legalize it. However, he has maintained his own opposition to same-sex marriage.

South and Central Asia

There is little information on public attitudes toward homosexuality in South and Central Asia. ILGA found 35 percent of Indians and 30 percent of Pakistanis in 2016 thought same-sex marriage should be legal. Support in Kazakhstan stood at 12 percent.

Support for same-sex marriage has historically been low in Afghanistan. According to a 2022 Human Rights Watch report, the Taliban's takeover in 2021 "dramatically worsened" LGBTQ+ people's lives, with individuals reporting attacks, sexual assaults, and direct threats against them or their families.

Middle East and North Africa

In 2018, Lebanese courts set a potential precedent for the decriminalization of gay sex, but the country continued to crack down on peaceful LGBTQ+ gatherings in 2021 and banned them outright in 2022.

Israel recognizes same-sex marriages performed in other countries, but a bill that would have legalized same-sex marriages failed to pass in the Knesset, Israel's legislative assembly, in 2018. Same-sex couples enjoy civil benefits, including residency permits for the partners of Israeli citizens, and they were granted the right to use surrogates to have children in 2022.

Israel stands apart from its neighbors in public attitudes toward same-sex couples: according to the 2016 ILGA survey, 49 percent of Israelis said same-sex marriage should be legal, compared to 19 percent of respondents in the United Arab Emirates, 16 percent in Egypt, and 14 percent in both Jordan and Morocco.

Sub-Saharan Africa

South Africa is the only sub-Saharan African country where same-sex couples can marry. The parliament legalized same-sex marriage in 2006, less than a decade after the constitutional court struck down laws banning sex between men. The postapartheid constitution was the world's first to protect people on the basis of sexual orientation, though the 2016 ILGA poll found only 40 percent of South Africans were in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage, and human rights monitors have reported failures by security forces to uphold rights of lesbians and transgender men.

"South Africa is the only sub-Saharan African country where same-sex couples can marry."

Same-sex relations are illegal on much of the continent and are punishable by death in Mauritania and Sudan, as well as in parts of Nigeria and Somalia. Polling by Afrobarometer between 2016 and 2018 found that 78 percent [PDF] of Africans across thirty-four countries were intolerant of homosexuality. Although the African Union's human rights commission adopted a resolution condemning violence against LGBTQ+ people in 2014, a group of African nations attempted to suspend the appointment of a UN expert charged with investigating anti-LGBTQ+ discrimination in 2016. In Ghana, where same-sex relations are an imprisonable offense, draft legislation would make identifying as gay or an LGBTQ+ ally a felony.

However, there have been recent advances: the Afrobarometer poll found that majorities in three countries in addition to South Africa-Cape Verde, Mauritius, and Namibia-are tolerant of homosexuality. In 2015 Mozambique decriminalized same-sex relations, followed by the Seychelles in 2016, Angola and Botswana in 2019, and Gabon in 2020. And in recent years, courts in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia have ruled in favor of LGBTQ+ advocacy groups.

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A growing number of countries are legalizing same-sex marriage amid a steady advance in rights for LGBTQ+ people, but opposition remains strong in many others.

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Property Rights Index 2022 (ownership, copyright law)

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Property Rights Index 2022 (ownership, copyright law)

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How well are US states doing in giving rights to LGBTQ+ people?

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The State Equality Index is an annual comprehensive state-by-state report that provides a review of statewide laws and policies that affect LGBTQ+ people and their families. The scorecards below are...

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What countries are doing well by women? Which are doing poorly?

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This report measures the formal legal obstacles to women's economic participation around the world. While there is often a large gap between laws on the books and their implementation, formal legal equality is a critical first step to closing the gap between women and men in the economy. All the top-ranked countries score at least a 90 out of 100 on protecting women's access to institutions and their use of property. Many countries miss the mark on protecting women from violence, providing incentives to work, and eliminating barriers to jobs. No country gets a perfect score on women's workplace equality, but Australia comes closest, with a score of 94.9 out of 100.

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Top and Bottom Countries in Women's Workplace Equality

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Explore the global index that ranks countries on women's workforce equality. Although inequality for women in the workforce persists worldwide, governments are beginning to understand the costs-and take action.

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Scroll down for map showing hotspots around the world for places of concern.

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How does your country rank on women’s wellbeing? Explore the @giwps & @PRIOresearch 2023 Women, Peace & Security Index, which ranks 177 countries on the status of women. #WPSindex https://giwps.georgetown.edu/the-index/

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Scroll through the book - it's long, but there are great statistics and easy to read facts about countries of concern around the world.

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On 26 June, the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture, Amnesty International members and supporters in more than 55 countries will hold events to remind people that thousands are being tortured around the world.

Amnesty International launched the Stop Torture campaign on 13 May 2014 to expose a global crisis on torture. The campaign wants greater protection from torture through a wide range of measures - such as independent checks on detention centres, prompt access to lawyers and courts, and independent investigations into torture allegations - until torture is completely stamped out.

Torture - a global crisis

While many countries made significant strides in combating torture, governments around the world are still using torture to extract information, force confessions, silence dissent or simply as a cruel form of punishment.

157 - the number of countries that have ratified the United Nations Convention against Torture.
141 - the number of countries in which Amnesty has reported on torture or other ill-treatment in the past five years. In some countries it's a rarity, in others it's widespread. Even one case is unacceptable.

82% - torture or other ill-treatment was reported in four-fifths of the countries covered in Amnesty International's 2014 annual report.

Torture by numbers

Since launching its Stop Torture campaign in May 2014, Amnesty International has issued reports on torture in Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, the Philippines and Uzbekistan. The reports show that torture is a frequent event in these countries, while the perpetrators of torture continue to enjoy impunity for their crimes.

1,505 - The number of reported complaints of torture and other ill-treatment in Mexico in 2013, 600% more than in 2003.

50% of people in Nigeria would not feel safe from torture if they were held in custody.
21 - the number of survivors who were tortured as children in the Philippines who spoke to Amnesty International, out of a total of 55 torture survivors interviewed.

13 - the number of pending requests from UN human rights experts to visit Uzbekistan to assess the human rights situation in the country since 2002.
- the number of people prosecuted after complaining about or reporting torture in Morocco since May 2014 on charges including "slanderous denunciation", "false reporting", "public insult" and "defamation".

7 - the number of torture convictions achieved at federal level in Mexico since 1991, when torture was made a crime. Thousands of complaints are filed every year.

- the number of torture convictions secured under the Philippines ' Anti-Torture Act since it was adopted in 2009.

Torture methods around the world

The most common tools of torture are basic and brutal - the hand, the boot and the truncheon - anything that can cause wounds or break bones.
These are some of the more "advanced" methods Amnesty International's research has documented:

Mexico: " Tehuacanazo" - carbonated water is forced up the detainee's nostrils.

Morocco: " Roast chicken " - Upside-down suspension in the stress position where victims are hung from a bar by their knees and wrists in a crouching position, placing great strain on knees and shoulders.

Sketches of the "roast chicken" and other torture positions drawn under the guidance of detainee Ali Aarrass, who described being tortured in this way in 2010.

Nigeria: " Tabay " - when police officers tie detainees' elbows behind their backs and suspend them

The Philippines: " Wheel of Torture" - police spin a Wheel of Torture to decide how to torture detainees. Different sections on the wheel include: "30 seconds bat position" where the detainee is hung upside down (like a bat); and "20 second Manny Pacquaio" named after the country's famous boxer, where the detainee is punched non-stop for 20 seconds.

A "wheel of torture" in the Philippines allegedly used to pick a list of torture techniques meted out to prisoners.

Uzbekistan: Beatings while detainees are suspended from ceiling hooks by their hands, often with their arms fastened behind their back, or while handcuffed to radiators or to metal bars attached to walls.

A global campaign to Stop Torture

Amnesty International's Stop Torture campaign has mobilized millions of people into direct action since its launch in 2014 through a variety of tactics and activities targeting five specific governments.

- the number of times people took action as part of the Stop Torture campaign since May 2014, from writing letters to attending demonstrations.

340,000 - the number of people who signed a petition delivered to the Mexican Federal Attorney General asking for a full investigation to be opened into the case of Claudia Medina, who was tortured by marines in order to force her to incriminate herself and others in drug-related crimes.

300,000 - the number of people who signed a petition calling for the release of single mother Alfreda Disbarro, tortured by police in the Philippines after being accused of selling drugs, a charge she denies. She received so many letters from supporters around the world that prison guards complained they did nothing but scan her letters.

200,000 - the number of petitions delivered to Uzbekistani embassies in 12 European cities in October 2014 asking the government to release prisoner of conscience Dilorom Abdukadirova. Dilorom was arbitrarily arrested and subjected to torture in pre-trial detention when she returned to the country from exile to be reunited with her family.

1 - giant billboard in downtown Manila calling on the people in the Philippines to act against police torture in December 2014. The ad was funded by Amnesty International members and supporters and also placed in magazines.

Progress in the fight against torture

It is possible to stop torture. Countries that put safeguards in place can see considerable drops in cases and complaints. Amnesty International's Stop Torture campaign has seen tangible steps taken that will protect human rights:

21 May 2014 - Moroccan authorities reopen their investigation into the torture of Ali Aarrass and order a new medical examination, responding to calls from the UN Committee against Torture and Amnesty International. The examination was carried out in November 2014 over several days, without the presence an independent monitor. Ali Aarrass and his lawyers are yet to see the new report.
15 October 2014 - Mexico releases Honduran torture victim and prisoner of conscience, Ángel Amilcar Colón without charge after more than five years of pre-trial detention. 20,000 people signed petitions as part of an Amnesty International campaign calling for his release.

10 December 2014 - Nigerian police publish a Human Rights Practice Manual setting out standards expected of police officers. Amnesty International has campaigned since 2008 for the police to produce detailed guidelines on respecting human rights for officers.

29 May 2014 - Morocco's Ministry of Justice and Liberties instructs prosecutors and judges to order medical examinations when faced with reports of torture and other ill-treatment. Amnesty International has warned that despite existing safeguards, courts often fail to act when confronted with signs of torture.

4 December 2014 - a senate resolution in the Philippines calls for a senate inquiry based on Amnesty International's report on torture in the country. The inquiry took place on 14 January 2015.

3 June 2015 - Nigeria's National Assembly passes a new bill criminalizing torture, as called for by an Amnesty International report. It is now awaiting signature by the newly-elected President Buhari.

3 June 2015 - Nigeria frees Moses Akatugba, a Nigerian torture victim sentenced to death for armed robbery after stealing three mobile phones - a crime he says he didn't commit -based on a "confession" obtained under torture. More than 800,000 Amnesty International supporters called on Delta State Governor Emmanuel Uduaghan to commute the death sentence through letters and petitions. The Governor pardoned Moses on 28 May 2015 as one of his last acts before leaving office.

International Day in Support of Victims of Torture

Some of the cases that Amnesty International is highlighting on the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture include:

- Yecenia Armenta, a Mexican woman with two children, who has spent almost three years in prison awaiting trial on charges of murdering her husband. The prosecution based the charge on a "confession" she signed after 15 hours of police torture, including sexual violence and threats to rape her children.

- Wafae Charaf and Oussama Housne, Moroccan activists jailed for slander and "false reporting" after they said they had been tortured.

- Uzbekistani journalist Muhammad Bekzhanov, who has been in prison since 1999 after a conviction that relied on a "confession" elicited by torture including beatings, suffocation and electric shocks.

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Torture around the world: what you need to know

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On 26 June, the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture, Amnesty International members and supporters in more than 55 countries will hold events to remind people that thousands are being tortured around the world. Amnesty International launched the Stop Torture campaign on 13 May 2014 to expose a global crisis on torture.

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Where do people experience (or not) experience Democracy? (Scroll down for information)

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Democracy Index 2020 - Economist Intelligence Unit

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Democracy was dealt a major blow in 2020. Almost 70% of countries covered by The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index recorded a decline in their overall score, as country after country locked down to protect lives from a novel coronavirus. The global average score fell to its lowest level since the index began in 2006.

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What countries allow religious freedom? Which don't?

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The US Commission on International Religious Freedom monitors and reports on countries engaging in particularly severe violations of religious freedom.

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TEDxVancouver - Kevin Carroll - 11/21/09

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Essential John Locke: The Right to Property

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Geneva Office For Human Rights Education

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Freedom of Religion or Belief - Human Rights

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Expression, Association, and Public Assembly (UDHR 18-21, 27)

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Expression, Association, and Public Assembly (UDHR 18-21, 27)

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Freedom of expression, association and assembly

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Women's Rights (Marriage, Education, Jobs, Independence, Rights, etc)

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Women's Rights (Marriage, Education, Jobs, Independence, Rights, etc)

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Malala Yousafzai on the Power of Education | Glamour

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"Everyone has the right to a nationality!"

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What is an asylum seeker?  (UDHR 13, 14, 15)

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What is an asylum seeker?  (UDHR 13, 14, 15)

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Civil Rights and the Political System (UDHR 1, 2, 6-11)

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Civil Rights and the Political System (UDHR 1, 2, 6-11)

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Civil Rights & Liberties: Crash Course Government #23

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Right to Privacy - Quick Lessons - Episode # 2

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Homelessness and Human Rights (22, 23, 25)

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Homelessness and Human Rights (22, 23, 25)

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The Limits of Freedom of Expression (UDHR 18, 19, 27)

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The Limits of Freedom of Expression (UDHR 18, 19, 27)

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Understanding the Limits on Freedom of Expression

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Persecution of Muslims in China (UDHR 18, 19, 12, 14, etc...)

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Persecution of Muslims in China (UDHR 18, 19, 12, 14, etc...)

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Uyghur Families Separated From Their Children

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Amnesty International | Environmental Activist Jailed for Protecting a River (5-11)

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Amnesty International | Environmental Activist Jailed for Protecting a River (5-11)

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Gender Based Violence (UDHR 1, 2, 3, 5, 17...)

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Gender Based Violence (UDHR 1, 2, 3, 5, 17...)

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Gender-based Violence: A Structural Issue

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Amnesty International / Torture (UDHR 6, 12-14)

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Amnesty International / Torture (UDHR 6, 12-14)

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Human Trafficking, Migrants, and Refugees (13, 14, 15)

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Human Trafficking, Migrants, and Refugees (13, 14, 15)

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Migrants and Human Trafficking - Interview with Amnesty International Representative

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Beyond Borders - an Experiment (UDHR 12, 13, 14)

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Beyond Borders - an Experiment (UDHR 12, 13, 14)

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Look Beyond Borders - 4 minutes experiment

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Working Conditions and the 2022 World Cup (23, 24, 25)

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Working Conditions and the 2022 World Cup (23, 24, 25)

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Working Conditions in Qatar Ahead of the FIFA World Cup 2022