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only used the lecture

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only used the lecture

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used the lecture and gov website

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/notifiable-diseases-and-causative-organisms-how-to-report

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The UK Health Security Agency ( UKHSA, formerly Public Health England) aims to detect possible outbreaks of disease and epidemics as rapidly as possible. Accuracy of diagnosis is secondary, and since 1968 clinical suspicion of a notifiable infection is all that's required.

'Notification of infectious diseases' is the term used to refer to the statutory duties for reporting notifiable diseases in the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010.

Registered medical practitioners: report notifiable diseases

Registered medical practitioners ( RMPs) have a statutory duty to notify the 'proper officer' at their local council or local health protection team ( HPT) of suspected cases of certain infectious diseases.

Complete a notification form immediately on diagnosis of a suspected notifiable disease. Don't wait for laboratory confirmation of a suspected infection or contamination before notification. Consult the for further information.

Send the form to the proper officer within 3 days, or notify them verbally within 24 hours if the case is urgent by phone, letter, encrypted email or secure fax machine.

If you need help, contact your local HPT using the postcode lookup.

For more detail on reporting responsibilities of RMPs, see page 14 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010.

All proper officers must pass the entire notification to UKHSA within 3 days of a case being notified, or within 24 hours for urgent cases.

List of notifiable diseases

Diseases notifiable to local authority proper officers under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010:

Acute encephalitis

Acute infectious hepatitis

Acute meningitis

Acute poliomyelitis

Anthrax

Botulism

Brucellosis

Cholera

COVID-19

Diphtheria

Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever)

Food poisoning

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

Infectious bloody diarrhoea

Invasive group A streptococcal disease

Legionnaires' disease

Leprosy

Malaria

Measles

Meningococcal septicaemia

Monkeypox

Mumps

Plague

Rabies

Rubella

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Scarlet fever

Smallpox

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Typhus

Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF)

Whooping cough

Yellow fever

Report other diseases that may present significant risk to human health under the category 'other significant disease'.

Laboratories: report notifiable organisms (causative agents)

All laboratories in England performing a primary diagnostic role must notify UKHSA on the confirmation of a notifiable organism.

Read the guidance for diagnostic laboratories on .

For more details on the responsibilities of laboratories, see page 28 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010.

List of notifiable organisms (causative agents)

Causative agents notifiable to UKHSA under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010:

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus (only if associated with food poisoning)

Bordetella pertussis

Borrelia spp

Brucella spp

Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Campylobacter spp

Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria

Chikungunya virus

Chlamydophila psittaci

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium perfringens (only if associated with food poisoning)

Clostridium tetani

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium ulcerans

Coxiella burnetii

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

Cryptosporidium spp

Dengue virus

Ebola virus

Entamoeba histolytica

Francisella tularensis

Giardia lamblia

Guanarito virus

Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)

Hanta virus

Hepatitis A, B, C, delta, and E viruses

Influenza virus

Junin virus

Kyasanur Forest disease virus

Lassa virus

Legionella spp

Leptospira interrogans

Listeria monocytogenes

Machupo virus

Marburg virus

Measles virus

Monkeypox virus

Mumps virus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Neisseria meningitidis

Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi

Polio virus (wild or vaccine types)

Rabies virus (classical rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses)

Rickettsia spp

Rift Valley fever virus

Rubella virus

Sabia virus

Salmonella spp

Shigella spp

Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)

Streptococcus pyogenes (invasive)

Varicella zoster virus

Variola virus

Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (including E.coli O157)

Vibrio cholerae

West Nile Virus

Yellow fever virus

Yersinia pestis

Reporting of SARS-CoV-2 test results to UKHSA

Background

All laboratories in England performing a primary diagnostic role must notify UKHSA of specified causative agents (organisms), in accordance with the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. SARS-CoV-2 is the notifiable causative agent for COVID-19. All registered medical practitioners in England must notify the proper officer of the relevant local authority or the local UKHSA health protection team of specified infectious diseases, in accordance with the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. All proper officers must disclose the entire notification to UKHSA. COVID-19 is a notifiable infectious disease.

UKHSA is an executive agency, sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). It fulfils the Secretary of State's statutory duties to protect health and address health inequalities and executes the Secretary of State's power to promote the health and wellbeing of the nation. UKHSA 's annual remit letter from the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Prevention, Public Health and Primary Care sets out its responsibility to protect the public's health from infectious diseases and other public health hazards.

UKHSA has approval from the Secretary of State to process confidential information associated with notifiable causative agents and notifiable infectious diseases without patient consent under Regulation 3 of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002.

Specification for new data feeds

To support the reporting of the required infectious diseases, UKHSA has developed the Second-Generation Surveillance System (SGSS). This is the national surveillance system that holds all test results. To enable receipt of the data, the following fields are required:

first name

surname

date of birth

gender

postcode

contact telephone number (preferably mobile)

contact email

ethnicity

sample taken date

sample number

sample type

test method (for example PCR)

result (such as COVID-19 +ve/-ve)

result date

name of laboratory

other - please detail if other fields are available.

Transfer method

The preferred method of receiving the data is as a CSV file via sftp. In order to set up a sftp account, UKHSA needs to have a named contact and a public ssh key.

To establish a new reporting feed to UKHSA, contact SGSS.Helpdesk@phe.gov.uk

Subscribe to reports

UKHSA publishes reports on the numbers of laboratory notifications received. UKHSA's Information management section collates the returns of registered medical practitioner ( RMP) notifications and laboratory causative agents nationally and publishes analyses of local and national trends weekly.

Subscribe to reports by email.

See notifications of infectious diseases and causative agents report.

References

For data older than 1 year see the NOIDs collection.

Health protection legislation in England gives public authorities powers and duties to prevent and control risks to human health from infection or contamination, including by chemicals and radiation.

See the revised measures within the amended Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and its accompanying regulations.

The legislation adopts an all hazards approach, and, in addition to the specified list of infectious diseases, there is a requirement to notify cases of other infections or contamination which could present a significant risk to human health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Notifiable diseases and causative organisms: how to report

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Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs) and reportable causative organisms: legal duties of laboratories and medical practitioners.

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https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199661756.001.0001/med-9780199661756-chapter-238 quite a long article with a lot of detail but gives lots of info, worth at least a skim read

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Beran, G.W. and Steele, J.H. (eds.) (1994). Handbook Series of Zoonoses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Find this resource:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1994). Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats: A Prevention Strategy for the United States. Atlanta, GA: CDC.Find this resource:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1995). Prevention Effectiveness: Making Prevention a Practical Reality. Atlanta, GA: CDC.Find this resource:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(53), 1-100.Find this resource:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012a). Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States. Atlanta, GA: CDC. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/index.html.Find this resource:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012b). Feature: Raw (Unpasteurized) Milk. Atlanta, GA. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/Features/RawMilk.Find this resource:

Christopher, G.W., Cieslak, T.J., Pavlin, J.A, et al. (1997). Biological warfare: a historical perspective. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 412-17.Find this resource:

Committee on Infectious Diseases (2012). American Academy of Pediatrics: Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases (29th ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.Find this resource:

Feigin, R.D., Cherry, J., Demmler-Harrison, G.J., and Kaplan, S.L. (ed.) (2009). Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.Find this resource:

Fenner, F., Henderson, D.A., Arita, I., Jecek, Z., and Ladnyi, I.D. (1988). Smallpox and its Eradication. Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

Fine, P.E. (1993). Herd immunity: history, theory, practice. Epidemiologic Reviews, 15, 265-302.Find this resource:

Gellert, G.A. (1993). International migration and control of communicable diseases. Social Science & Medicine, 37, 1489-99.Find this resource:

Gorbach, S.L., Bartlett, J.G., and Blacklow, N.R. (eds.) (2004). Infectious Diseases (3rd ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Find this resource:

Guerrant, R.L., Walker, D.H., and Weller, P.F. (eds.) (2011). Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, and Practice (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.Find this resource:

Heymann, D.L. (ed.) (2008). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual (19th ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.Find this resource:

Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (2006). General recommendations on immunization. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, RR 15.Find this resource:

Insel, R.A., Amstey, M., Woodin, K., and Pichichero, M. (1994). Maternal immunization to prevent infectious diseases in the neonate or infant. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 10, 143-53.Find this resource:

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2011). UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report. Geneva: UNAIDS.Find this resource:

Kiple, K.F. (ed.) (1993). The Cambridge World History of Human Disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Find this resource:

Krause, R.M. (ed.) (1998). Emerging Infections: Biomedical Research Reports. New York: Academic Press.Find this resource:

Lederberg, J., Shope, R.E., and Oaks, S.C. Jr. (eds.) (1992). Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Find this resource:

Mandell, G.L., Bennett J.E., and Dolin, R. (eds.) (2009). Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (7th ed.). New York: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.Find this resource:

McKibben, L., Horan, T., Tokars, J.I., et al. (2005). Guidance on public reporting of healthcare-associated infections: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. American Journal of Infection Control, 33, 217-26.Find this resource:

McNeill, W.H. (1976). Plagues and Peoples. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.Find this resource:

Murphy, F.A. (1994). New, emerging, and reemerging infectious diseases. Advances in Virus Research, 43, 1-52.Find this resource:

Osterholm, M.T. and Hedberg C.W. (2005). Epidemiolologic principles. In G.L. Mandell, J.E. Bennett, and R. Dolin (eds.) Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (6th ed.), pp. 158-68. New York: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.Find this resource:

Plotkin, S.A., Orenstein, W.A., and Offit P.A. (ed.) (2008). Vaccines (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W.B Saunders.Find this resource:

Scott, R.D., II (2009). The Direct Medical Costs of Healthcare-Associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals. Atlanta, GA: Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, CDC.Find this resource:

Siegel, J.D., Rhinehart, E., Jackson, M., Chiarello, L., and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (2007). 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. [Online] Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-219/0219-010107-siegel.pdf.

Slaven, E.M., Stone, S.C., and Lopez, F.A. (ed.) (2006). Infectious Diseases: Emergency Department Diagnosis & Management. Red and White Emergency Medicine Series. New York: McGraw-Hill.Find this resource:

Solomon, S.L., Fraser, D.W., and Kaplan, S.L. (2009). Public health considerations. In R.D. Feigin, J.D. Cherry, G.J. Demmler-Harrison, and S.L. Kaplan (eds.) Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (5th ed.), pp. 3221-44. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.Find this resource:

Wertheim, H.F.L., Horby, P., and Woodall, J. (ed.) (2012). Atlas of Human Infectious Diseases. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (1995). Communicable Disease Prevention and Control: New, Emerging, and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases. No. A48/15. Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (2002). Global Public Health Response to Natural Occurrence, Accidental Release or Deliberate Use of Biological and Chemical Agents or Radionuclear Material That Affect Health. World Health Assembly Resolution, WHA55.16, Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (2003). Communicable Disease 2002: Global Defence Against the Infectious Disease Threat. WHO/CDS/2003.15. Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (2004). Public Health Response to Biological and Chemical Weapons. Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (2005). International Health Regulations (2005). Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (2008). The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (2012a). Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (2012b). International Travel and Health. Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

World Health Organization (2012c). Poliomyelitis. Fact Sheet No. 114. Geneva: WHO. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en.Find this resource:

World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund (2012). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation 2012 Update. Geneva: WHO.Find this resource:

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Principles of infectious disease control

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Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. Lower respiratory infections are the third leading causes of death worldwide and their control is a constant challenge that faces health workers and public health officials in both industrialized and developing countries.

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I thought the lecture gave sufficient information on this and this book gives extra info on the mechanisms
https://clinicalkeymeded.elsevier.com/reader/books/9780702068010/epubcfi/6/78[%3Bvnd.vst.idref%3Did_chp0025]!/4/2/22/2[s0035]/24/2[s0060]/10[t0015]/8/4/4/4/1:3[Mod%2Cern]

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I thought the lecture had sufficient info on the pathogens involved but not a lot about the management, I used these websites to understand what to do with the injury and who to report it too
https://www.cnwl.nhs.uk/cnwl-occupational-health-service/your-health-work-information-and-advice-employees/sharps-needlestick-injuries

https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/accidents-first-aid-and-treatments/what-should-i-do-if-i-injure-myself-with-a-used-needle/

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https://www.clinicalkey.com/student/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780702073373000067#hl0002827
this explains the mechanism of viruses nicely as I feel like it wasn't covered in the lecture

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ClinicalKey Student is an interactive education platform that supports students and faculty with tools to develop and assess the medical knowledge of aspiring professionals.

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I also used the lecture for this LO, this youtube video is a good quick summary of how vaccines work and the different types

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How Vaccines Work, Herd Immunity, Types of Vaccines, Animation

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfuOljRU1nk

https://www.healthline.com/health/thermoregulation#process

Both links clearly explain the process of homeostasis and the changes it makes to the body based on temperature change

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-herpes/symptoms-causes/syc-20356161
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y62TCz3reZc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g1ijpBI6Dk

These links clearly state what Herpes, HIV and RSV are, the symptoms shown and management of each

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUgkWYeRsJk

I feel like this youTube video nicely explained economic evaluation, cost effectiveness, utility and benefit.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qn45Ekp5twE&t=78s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiEIdTt97mo&t=448s

These two links provide good information on human papilloma virus and herpes. I found these very helpful.

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Protocol for the Management of Needle Stick Injuries

This text provided all the relevant information needed to understand how to control the risk of needle stick injuries and the procedures taken if one does happen.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JWku3Kjpq0

This YouTube gives all the basic control principles of infectious disease.

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I found that this video was a nice overview of the mechanism of viral pathogenesis as the lecture didn't touch upon it in any detail
6 Viral pathogenesis step by step process - YouTube

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6  Viral pathogenesis step by step process

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Virus Life Cycle for Different Viral Genomes (dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA, + sense, - sense) MCAT

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mechanism by which viruses cause infection

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I can't remember where i got this from but it's nice an visual and simple to follow.

this link is also good as it gives more detail on viral pathogenesis- 1st paragraph
tbh the NCBI website in general is a good resource
Viral Pathogenesis - Medical Microbiology - NCBI Bookshelf (nih.gov)

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I also agree, the gov website was the best resouce as it is clear and obviously correct
Notifiable diseases and causative organisms: how to report - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

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The UK Health Security Agency ( UKHSA, formerly Public Health England) aims to detect possible outbreaks of disease and epidemics as rapidly as possible. Accuracy of diagnosis is secondary, and since 1968 clinical suspicion of a notifiable infection is all that's required.

'Notification of infectious diseases' is the term used to refer to the statutory duties for reporting notifiable diseases in the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010.

Registered medical practitioners: report notifiable diseases

Registered medical practitioners ( RMPs) have a statutory duty to notify the 'proper officer' at their local council or local health protection team ( HPT) of suspected cases of certain infectious diseases.

Complete a notification form immediately on diagnosis of a suspected notifiable disease. Don't wait for laboratory confirmation of a suspected infection or contamination before notification. Consult the for further information.

Send the form to the proper officer within 3 days, or notify them verbally within 24 hours if the case is urgent by phone, letter, encrypted email or secure fax machine.

If you need help, contact your local HPT using the postcode lookup.

For more detail on reporting responsibilities of RMPs, see page 14 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010.

All proper officers must pass the entire notification to UKHSA within 3 days of a case being notified, or within 24 hours for urgent cases.

List of notifiable diseases

Diseases notifiable to local authority proper officers under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010:

Acute encephalitis

Acute infectious hepatitis

Acute meningitis

Acute poliomyelitis

Anthrax

Botulism

Brucellosis

Cholera

COVID-19

Diphtheria

Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever)

Food poisoning

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

Infectious bloody diarrhoea

Invasive group A streptococcal disease

Legionnaires' disease

Leprosy

Malaria

Measles

Meningococcal septicaemia

Monkeypox

Mumps

Plague

Rabies

Rubella

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Scarlet fever

Smallpox

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Typhus

Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF)

Whooping cough

Yellow fever

Report other diseases that may present significant risk to human health under the category 'other significant disease'.

Laboratories: report notifiable organisms (causative agents)

All laboratories in England performing a primary diagnostic role must notify UKHSA on the confirmation of a notifiable organism.

Read the guidance for diagnostic laboratories on .

For more details on the responsibilities of laboratories, see page 28 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010.

List of notifiable organisms (causative agents)

Causative agents notifiable to UKHSA under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010:

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus (only if associated with food poisoning)

Bordetella pertussis

Borrelia spp

Brucella spp

Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Campylobacter spp

Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria

Chikungunya virus

Chlamydophila psittaci

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium perfringens (only if associated with food poisoning)

Clostridium tetani

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium ulcerans

Coxiella burnetii

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

Cryptosporidium spp

Dengue virus

Ebola virus

Entamoeba histolytica

Francisella tularensis

Giardia lamblia

Guanarito virus

Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)

Hanta virus

Hepatitis A, B, C, delta, and E viruses

Influenza virus

Junin virus

Kyasanur Forest disease virus

Lassa virus

Legionella spp

Leptospira interrogans

Listeria monocytogenes

Machupo virus

Marburg virus

Measles virus

Monkeypox virus

Mumps virus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Neisseria meningitidis

Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi

Polio virus (wild or vaccine types)

Rabies virus (classical rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses)

Rickettsia spp

Rift Valley fever virus

Rubella virus

Sabia virus

Salmonella spp

Shigella spp

Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)

Streptococcus pyogenes (invasive)

Varicella zoster virus

Variola virus

Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (including E.coli O157)

Vibrio cholerae

West Nile Virus

Yellow fever virus

Yersinia pestis

Reporting of SARS-CoV-2 test results to UKHSA

Background

All laboratories in England performing a primary diagnostic role must notify UKHSA of specified causative agents (organisms), in accordance with the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. SARS-CoV-2 is the notifiable causative agent for COVID-19. All registered medical practitioners in England must notify the proper officer of the relevant local authority or the local UKHSA health protection team of specified infectious diseases, in accordance with the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. All proper officers must disclose the entire notification to UKHSA. COVID-19 is a notifiable infectious disease.

UKHSA is an executive agency, sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). It fulfils the Secretary of State's statutory duties to protect health and address health inequalities and executes the Secretary of State's power to promote the health and wellbeing of the nation. UKHSA 's annual remit letter from the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Prevention, Public Health and Primary Care sets out its responsibility to protect the public's health from infectious diseases and other public health hazards.

UKHSA has approval from the Secretary of State to process confidential information associated with notifiable causative agents and notifiable infectious diseases without patient consent under Regulation 3 of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002.

Specification for new data feeds

To support the reporting of the required infectious diseases, UKHSA has developed the Second-Generation Surveillance System (SGSS). This is the national surveillance system that holds all test results. To enable receipt of the data, the following fields are required:

first name

surname

date of birth

gender

postcode

contact telephone number (preferably mobile)

contact email

ethnicity

sample taken date

sample number

sample type

test method (for example PCR)

result (such as COVID-19 +ve/-ve)

result date

name of laboratory

other - please detail if other fields are available.

Transfer method

The preferred method of receiving the data is as a CSV file via sftp. In order to set up a sftp account, UKHSA needs to have a named contact and a public ssh key.

To establish a new reporting feed to UKHSA, contact SGSS.Helpdesk@phe.gov.uk

Subscribe to reports

UKHSA publishes reports on the numbers of laboratory notifications received. UKHSA's Information management section collates the returns of registered medical practitioner ( RMP) notifications and laboratory causative agents nationally and publishes analyses of local and national trends weekly.

Subscribe to reports by email.

See notifications of infectious diseases and causative agents report.

References

For data older than 1 year see the NOIDs collection.

Health protection legislation in England gives public authorities powers and duties to prevent and control risks to human health from infection or contamination, including by chemicals and radiation.

See the revised measures within the amended Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and its accompanying regulations.

The legislation adopts an all hazards approach, and, in addition to the specified list of infectious diseases, there is a requirement to notify cases of other infections or contamination which could present a significant risk to human health.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Notifiable diseases and causative organisms: how to report

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs) and reportable causative organisms: legal duties of laboratories and medical practitioners.

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I think that the lecture was sufficient for this LO but was a bit waffly,
I used the same video as Aydie and found it clear and consise- very good resource.

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these 2 images taken from the lecture really made me understand how the Cost-effectiveness analysis is used to decide if a treatment is available on the HNS and why it's impotant

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i found that the lecture was quite good at covering this LO and was more than enough for information
this image I liked because it just showed the difference in age groups when it comes to recieving the flu vaccine
(it also links in with our immunology lecture on the different types of vaccines)

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I only used the lecture as i thought that the powerpoint was good- although the narrated powerpoint had more on respiratory infections and the other powerpoint had extra on measles- I used them both
learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com.pptx (live.com)

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I used the lecture and crash course on sofia

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I also used the Government website to go over all the diseases and picked out the key ones that stood out, and how to report them

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4 important steps to remember and follow in a needlestick injury - Bleed it, Wash it, Cover it, Report it

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Principles of control of communicable diseases dr.wah (slideshare.net)

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1. 1. Principles of Control of Communicable Diseases Dr. Win Aye Hlaing Lecturer Department of Epidemiology University of Public Health, Yangon Monday, June 26, 2017 1

2. 2. 1. Notification 2. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment 3. Reporting 4. Isolation 5. Quarantine 6. Disinfection 7. Disinfestations 8. Immunoprophylaxis 9. Chemoprophylaxis 10. Health education 11. Environmental sanitation 12. Surveillance Monday, June 26, 2017 2

3. 3. 1. Notification * Once an infectious disease has been detected for even suspected, it should be notified to the local health authority, whose responsibility is to put into operation control measures including the provision of medical care to patients * Diseases required to be informed to the health department are termed "Notifiable disease" * They include (4) Principle epidemic diseases (PED) * The head of the family or any adult member of the family or doctor often makes notification to the administrative authorities of the community who in turn shall pass on the information to the nearest health authorities Monday, June 26, 2017 3

4. 4. 2. Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment * Without EDPT, the infection will rapidly spread to the community * Clinical diagnosis with epidemiological support is sufficient enough to warrant treatment and appropriate control measures * Treatment is targeted to the reservoir or source of infection. Proper and adequate treatment should be given in order to kill the infectious agents or to reduce the number of infectious agents in the reservoir or source * Inadequate and improper treatment will reveal chronic cases, carrier state and drug resistant problems * Clinically diagnosed causes muse be confirmed by laboratory investigations and are reported Monday, June 26, 2017 4

5. 5. 3. Reporting * Reporting must be started from the area of an epidemic outbreak to WHO within 24 hours [HA-SMO-TMO-DHO- Director (Disease control)-DG-Minister of Health-WHO] * There is definite detail procedure for reporting with specific forms * Clinically suspects will provide for provisional reports and instituting control measures without waiting for laboratory confirmation * Reporting may be in anyways: Telephone, Telegrams, Fax and E-mail etc. * Confirmed cases: Clinically diagnosed with laboratory support and epidemiological background are reported in special forms Monday, June 26, 2017 5

6. 6. 4. Isolation * It is the separation of patient from other person for the communicable period of a particular disease * Separation should be done in such places and under such conditions as will prevent direct spread of infection from an infected person to the healthy persons * For the sake of isolation, it should be necessary to know the communicable period * It is the period during which an infection agent be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an infected man to animal or from an * infected animal to man * It is necessary to serve strictest precautions Monday, June 26, 2017 6

7. 7. 5. Quarantine * It is the prohibition of movement of persons who have been exposed to communicable disease in order to prevent them from coming into contact with those not so exposed * In this period, any members of the family are not allowed to move outside of their house, the whole village, a block of town or a sea vessel a. Inner quarantine- imposed on the infected house b. Outer quarantine- placed on the infected village or ward * The period for quarantine is the longest incubation period plus 2 days * It should be counted from the date of the 1st exposure to infection * E.g. the persons who are in contact with cholera case from 1st to 3rd October should be quarantine for 7 days beginning from 3rd October Monday, June 26, 2017 7

8. 8. 6. Disinfections * It means killing of infectious agents outside the body by means of physical or chemical disinfectants * There are 2 types of disinfection: (a) Concurrent Disinfection and (b) Terminal Disinfection * Disinfection should not be satisfactory with single application * It should be repeated (Daily or alternate day) for a period not less than longest incubation period of a disease counting from the day on which the control measure is started Monday, June 26, 2017 8

9. 9. 7. Disinfestations * To destroy or remove undesired small animal forms arthropods or rodents present upon the person, the clothing, in the environment, or domestic animals by using Insecticides, Rodenticides, Larvicides, Repellants and Gassing Monday, June 26, 2017 9

10. 10. 8. Immunoprophylaxis * To prevent disease by giving immunizing agents * The main objective of immunization is to raise the Herd Immunity of the risk population * It include: a. Passive immunization- administration of prepared antibodies b. Active immunization administration of antigen in the forms of vaccines and toxoids Monday, June 26, 2017 10

11. 11. 9. Chemoprophylaxis * To prevent from the development of an infection or the progressive of an infection to actively manifest disease, some drugs can be administered * It is differ from chemotherapy, which refers to the use of a drug to cure a recognizable infectious disease or to limit the further progress Monday, June 26, 2017 11

12. 12. 10. Health Education * The essential duty of every health workers is to educate the community about disease causation, clinical features, mode of transmission, prevention, importance of notification, immunization, personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, etc. Monday, June 26, 2017 12

13. 13. 11. Environmental Sanitation * It is one of the important control measures in control of an outbreak Monday, June 26, 2017 13

14. 14. 12. Surveillance * It is defined as "the exercise of continuous scrutiny of and watchfulness over the distribution and spread of infections and factors related there to" for effective control * It includes: a. Prompt investigation of all suspected as well as suspected cases b. Laboratory confirmation of presumptive diagnosis c. Finding out the source of infection, routes of transmission and identification of all others to whom the infection may have already passed d. The systematic collection of morbidity and mortality data e. The orderly consolidation and evaluation of these data f. Special field investigations and g. Rapid dissemination of this information to those responsible for control or prevention Monday, June 26, 2017 14

15. 15. Monday, June 26, 2017 15 THANK YOU!!

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Principles of control of communicable diseases dr.wah

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What to Upload to SlideShare Download Now Download to read offline and view in fullscreen. Principles of control of communicable diseases dr.wah Read more 1. Principles of Control of Communicable Diseases Dr. Win Aye Hlaing Lecturer Department of Epidemiology University of Public Health, Yangon Monday, June 26, 2017 1 2.

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I feel like the lecture covered this LO well

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I used the lecture for this LO

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHDC-eKaDSU

This video clearly explains the body's response to a vaccine

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Maureen Richards Immunology & Microbiology

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I used aydies video and the ones attached here to give more info on the disease mentioned in the lecture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JsJFXKpzCo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOUnXeqNyMs

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Varicella zoster virus - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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I only used the lecture as I thought it had sufficient information

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I really like this diagram as it encapsulates everything we need to know for the 2nd half of this LO.

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https://media.springernature.com/m685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnri3247/MediaObjects/41577_2012_Article_BFnri3247_Fig1_HTML.jpg

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Aside from the microbiology lecture, I would recommend using the "Medical Sciences" green textbook which gives a detailed yet concise and easy to follow explanation of how viruses infect cells.

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Aside from the microbiology lecture, this link has all the info on the plan of action, PEP etc in the case of needlestick injuries:
https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/needlestick-injury/#1603089553338-faa58b75-92ed

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Physiology Lecture

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Health economics lecture

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Public health lecture

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Public health + microbiology lectures

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Crash course has some good information on how effectiveness is compared for different interventions https://www.clinicalkey.com/student/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780702073786000210#hl0000512

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https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/accidents-first-aid-and-treatments/what-should-i-do-if-i-injure-myself-with-a-used-needle/ This link was useful for the management of needlestick injuries

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If you pierce or puncture your skin with a used needle, follow this first aid advice immediately:

encourage the wound to bleed, ideally by holding it under running water

wash the wound using running water and plenty of soap

do not scrub the wound while you're washing it

do not suck the wound

dry the wound and cover it with a waterproof plaster or dressing

You should also seek urgent medical advice as you may need treatment to reduce the risk of getting an infection:

Needle-stick injuries

Injuries from needles used in medical procedures are sometimes called needle-stick or sharps injuries.

Sharps can include other medical supplies, such as syringes, scalpels and lancets, and glass from broken equipment.

Once someone has used a needle, viruses in their blood, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C or HIV, may contaminate it. This includes needles used to inject illegal drugs. Blood can also contaminate sharps.

Assessing your injury

The healthcare professional treating you will assess the risks to your health and ask about your injury - for example, how and when it happened, or who had used the needle.

Samples of your blood may need to be tested for hepatitis B and C or HIV.

Although rare, there's also a small risk of other infections being transmitted through contaminated blood, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus, which causes glandular fever.

Your healthcare professional may also arrange to test samples of the other person's blood if they give their consent.

Will I need any treatment?

If your healthcare professional thinks you're at low risk of infection, you may not need any treatment.

If there's a higher risk of infection, you may need:

antibiotic treatment - for example, if you have cellulitis (infection of the skin)

vaccination against hepatitis B

treatment to prevent HIV

If there's a high risk of infection with HIV, your healthcare professional may consider treatment called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

Getting support

Your healthcare professional may recommend that you get:

support from your employer's occupational health service - they can also advise about sick leave

psychological support - such as counselling to help with any stress the injury has caused

If you injure yourself with a used needle at work, report the incident immediately to your supervisor or manager.

Read the answers to more questions about accidents, first aid and treatments.

Further information

Page last reviewed: 8 July 2021
Next review due: 8 July 2024

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What should I do if I injure myself with a used needle?

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If you pierce or puncture your skin with a used needle, follow this first aid advice immediately: encourage the wound to bleed, ideally by holding it under running water wash the wound using running water and plenty of soap do not scrub the wound while you're washing it do not suck the wound dry the wound and cover it with a waterproof plaster or dressing You should also seek urgent medical advice as you may need treatment to reduce the risk of getting an infection: Injuries from needles used in medical procedures are sometimes called needle-stick or sharps injuries.

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https://www.gov.uk/guidance/notifiable-diseases-and-causative-organisms-how-to-report i also used this website

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The UK Health Security Agency ( UKHSA, formerly Public Health England) aims to detect possible outbreaks of disease and epidemics as rapidly as possible. Accuracy of diagnosis is secondary, and since 1968 clinical suspicion of a notifiable infection is all that's required.

'Notification of infectious diseases' is the term used to refer to the statutory duties for reporting notifiable diseases in the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010.

Registered medical practitioners: report notifiable diseases

Registered medical practitioners ( RMPs) have a statutory duty to notify the 'proper officer' at their local council or local health protection team ( HPT) of suspected cases of certain infectious diseases.

Complete a notification form immediately on diagnosis of a suspected notifiable disease. Don't wait for laboratory confirmation of a suspected infection or contamination before notification. Consult the for further information.

Send the form to the proper officer within 3 days, or notify them verbally within 24 hours if the case is urgent by phone, letter, encrypted email or secure fax machine.

If you need help, contact your local HPT using the postcode lookup.

For more detail on reporting responsibilities of RMPs, see page 14 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010.

All proper officers must pass the entire notification to UKHSA within 3 days of a case being notified, or within 24 hours for urgent cases.

List of notifiable diseases

Diseases notifiable to local authority proper officers under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010:

Acute encephalitis

Acute infectious hepatitis

Acute meningitis

Acute poliomyelitis

Anthrax

Botulism

Brucellosis

Cholera

COVID-19

Diphtheria

Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever)

Food poisoning

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

Infectious bloody diarrhoea

Invasive group A streptococcal disease

Legionnaires' disease

Leprosy

Malaria

Measles

Meningococcal septicaemia

Monkeypox

Mumps

Plague

Rabies

Rubella

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Scarlet fever

Smallpox

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Typhus

Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF)

Whooping cough

Yellow fever

Report other diseases that may present significant risk to human health under the category 'other significant disease'.

Laboratories: report notifiable organisms (causative agents)

All laboratories in England performing a primary diagnostic role must notify UKHSA on the confirmation of a notifiable organism.

Read the guidance for diagnostic laboratories on .

For more details on the responsibilities of laboratories, see page 28 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010.

List of notifiable organisms (causative agents)

Causative agents notifiable to UKHSA under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010:

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus (only if associated with food poisoning)

Bordetella pertussis

Borrelia spp

Brucella spp

Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Campylobacter spp

Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria

Chikungunya virus

Chlamydophila psittaci

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium perfringens (only if associated with food poisoning)

Clostridium tetani

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium ulcerans

Coxiella burnetii

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

Cryptosporidium spp

Dengue virus

Ebola virus

Entamoeba histolytica

Francisella tularensis

Giardia lamblia

Guanarito virus

Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)

Hanta virus

Hepatitis A, B, C, delta, and E viruses

Influenza virus

Junin virus

Kyasanur Forest disease virus

Lassa virus

Legionella spp

Leptospira interrogans

Listeria monocytogenes

Machupo virus

Marburg virus

Measles virus

Monkeypox virus

Mumps virus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Neisseria meningitidis

Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi

Polio virus (wild or vaccine types)

Rabies virus (classical rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses)

Rickettsia spp

Rift Valley fever virus

Rubella virus

Sabia virus

Salmonella spp

Shigella spp

Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)

Streptococcus pyogenes (invasive)

Varicella zoster virus

Variola virus

Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (including E.coli O157)

Vibrio cholerae

West Nile Virus

Yellow fever virus

Yersinia pestis

Reporting of SARS-CoV-2 test results to UKHSA

Background

All laboratories in England performing a primary diagnostic role must notify UKHSA of specified causative agents (organisms), in accordance with the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. SARS-CoV-2 is the notifiable causative agent for COVID-19. All registered medical practitioners in England must notify the proper officer of the relevant local authority or the local UKHSA health protection team of specified infectious diseases, in accordance with the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. All proper officers must disclose the entire notification to UKHSA. COVID-19 is a notifiable infectious disease.

UKHSA is an executive agency, sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). It fulfils the Secretary of State's statutory duties to protect health and address health inequalities and executes the Secretary of State's power to promote the health and wellbeing of the nation. UKHSA 's annual remit letter from the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Prevention, Public Health and Primary Care sets out its responsibility to protect the public's health from infectious diseases and other public health hazards.

UKHSA has approval from the Secretary of State to process confidential information associated with notifiable causative agents and notifiable infectious diseases without patient consent under Regulation 3 of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002.

Specification for new data feeds

To support the reporting of the required infectious diseases, UKHSA has developed the Second-Generation Surveillance System (SGSS). This is the national surveillance system that holds all test results. To enable receipt of the data, the following fields are required:

first name

surname

date of birth

gender

postcode

contact telephone number (preferably mobile)

contact email

ethnicity

sample taken date

sample number

sample type

test method (for example PCR)

result (such as COVID-19 +ve/-ve)

result date

name of laboratory

other - please detail if other fields are available.

Transfer method

The preferred method of receiving the data is as a CSV file via sftp. In order to set up a sftp account, UKHSA needs to have a named contact and a public ssh key.

To establish a new reporting feed to UKHSA, contact SGSS.Helpdesk@phe.gov.uk

Subscribe to reports

UKHSA publishes reports on the numbers of laboratory notifications received. UKHSA's Information management section collates the returns of registered medical practitioner ( RMP) notifications and laboratory causative agents nationally and publishes analyses of local and national trends weekly.

Subscribe to reports by email.

See notifications of infectious diseases and causative agents report.

References

For data older than 1 year see the NOIDs collection.

Health protection legislation in England gives public authorities powers and duties to prevent and control risks to human health from infection or contamination, including by chemicals and radiation.

See the revised measures within the amended Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and its accompanying regulations.

The legislation adopts an all hazards approach, and, in addition to the specified list of infectious diseases, there is a requirement to notify cases of other infections or contamination which could present a significant risk to human health.

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Notifiable diseases and causative organisms: how to report

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Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs) and reportable causative organisms: legal duties of laboratories and medical practitioners.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JWku3Kjpq0 I used Aydie's video

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The basics of controlling infectious diseases

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCdvo5fv-W0

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Three types of flu | Infectious diseases | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y62TCz3reZc

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis- causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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https://www.immunology.org/celebrate-vaccines/public-engagement/guide-childhood-vaccinations/how-vaccines-work

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How do vaccines work and why are they important? In this section we introduce vaccination, herd immunity and other key concepts. ​​Scroll down for more information or download the full guide here.

Section 1: How vaccines work

How do vaccines work?

What is vaccination?

Vaccination is the safest way to protect your child against an infectious disease. Once your child has been vaccinated, they should have the ability to fight off the disease if they come into contact with it. They will have a level of protection, or immunity, against the disease.​

How does vaccination work?

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to help fight off infection from harmful bacteria or viruses. When a disease-causing agent, such as virus or bacteria, invades your body, your immune system recognises it as harmful and will trigger a response to destroy it.

One of the ways your immune system fights off infection is by creating large proteins known as antibodies. These antibodies act as scouts, hunting down the infectious agent, and marking it for destruction by the immune system. Each antibody is specific to the bacteria or virus that it has detected and will trigger a specific immune response. These specific antibodies will remain in the immune system after the infection has gone. This means that if the same disease is encountered again, your immune system has a 'memory' of the disease and is ready to quickly destroy it before you get sick and any symptoms can develop.

Sometimes, however, the immune system doesn't always win this initial battle against the harmful bacteria or virus and you can become very ill or - in extreme cases - die. Vaccination is the safest and most common way to gain immunity against a bacteria or virus that your body has yet to encounter. Vaccines contain a harmless form of the bacteria or virus that causes the disease you are being immunised against. The bacteria or virus will be killed, greatly weakened, or broken down into small parts before use in the vaccine so that they can trigger an immune response without making you sick. Your immune system will still attack the harmless form of bacteria or virus from the vaccine and will produce antibodies to fight it off. The immune system then keeps a memory of the disease, so if a vaccinated person encounters the disease years later, their immune system is ready to fight it off and prevent an infection from developing.

Is is better for my child to get the disease naturally?

No. The only way to get the disease naturally would be through infection with the bacteria or virus that causes the disease. This would pose a serious risk to your child's health, potentially making them very ill and causing long-term effects. Some diseases, such as measles and meningitis, can also be fatal. Natural infection also enables the disease to spread from your child to those around them, increasing the risk of others getting ill. Vaccination allows your child to build up immunity in a safe and controlled environment without becoming ill with the disease and passing it to others.

How effective is vaccination?

Vaccination is extremely effective with most childhood vaccines effective in 85% to 95% of children who receive them. It is considered one of our greatest global health achievements and is estimated to save 2-3 million lives a year. Thanks to vaccines, life-threatening diseases that used to be common in young children in the UK, such as diphtheria, whooping cough and polio, are now relatively rare. Looking at the history of vaccine-preventable disease, there is a huge drop in the number of cases of a disease following the introduction of a vaccine against it. If smallpox had not been eradicated, it would cause 5 million deaths worldwide a year! Through vaccination, some diseases have even been eradicated completely, for example smallpox.

Have vaccines made a difference?

If these diseases are so rare, why does my child need to be vaccinated?

All of the diseases that we vaccinate against exist in the world today. Therefore, if your child has not been vaccinated, there is still a risk that they could get the disease and become very sick. We know that decreases in vaccination uptake can result in outbreaks of diseases such as measles. Regular vaccination is needed to keep our children healthy, prevent outbreaks from occurring and to eventually eradicate these diseases altogether. Infectious diseases are easily passed from person to person and entire communities can rapidly become infected. If a high enough proportion of a community is protected by vaccination, it makes it difficult for the disease to spread because the number of people who can be infected is so small.

our immune system is there to protect you; by vaccinating your child, you give his/her immune system all the tools it needs to keep them safe from many severe diseases - Meike Heurich-Sevcenco, BSI Vaccine Champion

This type of protection is known as 'herd immunity' and is particularly crucial for some individuals who are unable to receive some vaccines. This may include those that are too young, undergoing certain medical treatment (such as for cancer) or have a health condition that impairs the function of their immune system (such as HIV). Declines in herd immunity caused by decreasing vaccination rates have recently caused outbreaks of measles and whooping cough in the UK.

For herd immunity to work, a high percentage of the community needs to be vaccinated. Although average vaccination rates in the UK are relatively high, there are still pockets of the UK where rates fall significantly below what is required for herd immunity. If the vaccination rates in your community are not high enough, it will leave the most vulnerable in your neighbourhood at a much greater risk of catching the disease. By vaccinating your child, you're not only protecting them, but you are also protecting the most vulnerable in your community.

What is herd immunity?

How do I know vaccines are safe?

Before a vaccine can be given to the population it must go through rigorous testing. Like all medicines, vaccines go through many clinical trials, where they are administered and monitored in groups of volunteers. In the UK, the results of trials are then assessed by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Once licensed, the vaccine must then be further approved by the MHRA before it is added to the routine vaccination programme. Even once a vaccine becomes part of the vaccination programme, it is continually monitored for safety and effectiveness by the MHRA. Any suspected side effects are reported by medical providers or patients to the MHRA using the yellow card scheme. No medicine can ever be completely risk free or 100% effective. However, strong licensing processes and safety tests ensure that the health benefits of medicines being given through the NHS greatly outweigh any risks. As vaccines are given to healthy people, these regulatory measures are even stricter, meaning that the level of 'acceptable risk' for vaccines is much lower than it would be for other medicines.

What are vaccines made of?

Each vaccine will be made up of slightly different ingredients depending on the disease it is targeting. The active ingredient in a vaccine is a very small amount of the killed, greatly weakened or broken-down parts of the bacteria or virus you are vaccinating against. Vaccines also contain small amounts of preservatives and stabilisers, such as sorbitol and citric acid. These can already be found in the body or in food - usually in much larger quantities than the amount used in a vaccine. However, the most abundant ingredient in a vaccine is water.

Some vaccines also contain aluminium - usually in the form of aluminium hydroxide. Aluminium is found naturally in nearly all food and drinking water and is used in vaccines to strengthen and prolong the immune response they generate. The amount of aluminium in vaccines is extremely small and a recent study found that, in an infant's first year of life, the total amount of aluminium in both vaccines and food is less than the weekly safe intake level.

Aluminium is also found in many other medicines, such as heartburn medication. Formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of vaccines. It is an organic compound which is found in many living things and humans produce formaldehyde naturally as part of the metabolic process. While it is true that high levels of formaldehyde can be harmful to humans, the amount of formaldehyde present in any vaccine is fifty times smaller than that found in a pear. For a complete list of ingredients in each individual vaccine, you can refer to the Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) or Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) sheet that comes with each vaccine. Both can be found online. Helpful information can also be found on the University of Oxford's Vaccine Knowledge Project webpages.

Immunisation is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases and is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year - World Health Organization

CONTINUE READING

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How do vaccines work and why are they important? In this section we introduce vaccination, herd immunity and other key concepts. ​​Scroll down for more information or download the full guide here. Section 1: How vaccines work CONTENTS How do vaccines work? What is vaccination? How does vaccination work?

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https://www.virology.ws/2009/08/12/simplifying-virus-classification-the-baltimore-system/

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Although many viruses are classified into individual families based on a variety of physical and biological criteria, they may also be placed in groups according to the type of genome in the virion. Over 30 years ago virologist David Baltimore devised an alternative classification scheme that takes into account the nature of the viral nucleic acid.

One of the most significant advances in virology of the past 30 years has been the understanding of how viral genomes are expressed. Cellular genes are encoded in dsDNA, from which mRNAs are produced to direct the synthesis of protein. Francis Crick conceptualized this flow of information as the central dogma of molecular biology:

DNA -> RNA -> protein

All viruses must direct the synthesis of mRNA to produce proteins. No viral genome encodes a complete system for translating proteins; therefore all viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the translational machinery of the cell. Baltimore created his virus classification scheme based on the central role of the translational machinery and the importance of viral mRNAs in programming viral protein synthesis. In this scheme, he placed mRNA in the center, and described the pathways to mRNA from DNA or RNA genomes. This arrangement highlights the obligatory relationship between the viral genome and its mRNA.

By convention, mRNA is defined as a positive (+) strand because it is the template for protein synthesis. A strand of DNA of the equivalent sequence is also called the (+) strand. RNA and DNA strands that are complementary to the (+) strand are, of course, called negative (-) strands.

When originally conceived, the Baltimore scheme encompassed six classes of viral genome, as shown in the figure. Subsequently the gapped DNA genome of hepadnaviruses (e.g. hepatitis B virus) was discovered. The genomes of these viruses comprise the seventh class. During replication, the gapped DNA genome is filled in to produce perfect duplexes, because host RNA polymerase can only produce mRNA from a fully double-stranded template.

The Baltimore classification system is an elegant molecular algorithm for virologists. The principles embodied in the scheme are extremely useful for understanding information flow of viruses with different genome configurations. When the bewildering array of viruses is classified by this system, we find fewer than 10 pathways to mRNA. By knowing only the nature of the viral genome, the basic steps that must occur to produce mRNA are readily apparent. More pragmatically, the system simplifies understanding the extraordinary life cycle of viruses.

Crick FH (1958). On protein synthesis. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 12, 138-63 PMID: 13580867

Baltimore D (1971). Expression of animal virus genomes. Bacteriological reviews, 35 (3), 235-41 PMID: 4329869

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Simplifying virus classification: The Baltimore system

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Although many viruses are classified into individual families based on a variety of physical and biological criteria, they may also be placed in groups according to the type of genome in the virion. Over 30 years ago virologist David Baltimore devised an alternative classification scheme that takes into account the nature of the viral nucleic acid.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Axj4PJFoGjA

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Virus structure and Classification : DNA and  RNA virus

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLeTNOVfh8o

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OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Training, Bloodborne Pathogen Video

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W1mV2F9wVY

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Viral Infections - Infectious Diseases IV

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfuOljRU1nk

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Homeostasis - negative and positive feedback (thermoregulation and lactation)

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Health economics lecture and this summarises
https://pmj.bmj.com/content/79/929/147

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JWku3Kjpq0
I also used this video and the public health lecture

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The basics of controlling infectious diseases

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https://www.gov.uk/guidance/notifiable-diseases-and-causative-organisms-how-to-report
I used this too

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The UK Health Security Agency ( UKHSA, formerly Public Health England) aims to detect possible outbreaks of disease and epidemics as rapidly as possible. Accuracy of diagnosis is secondary, and since 1968 clinical suspicion of a notifiable infection is all that's required.

'Notification of infectious diseases' is the term used to refer to the statutory duties for reporting notifiable diseases in the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010.

Registered medical practitioners: report notifiable diseases

Registered medical practitioners ( RMPs) have a statutory duty to notify the 'proper officer' at their local council or local health protection team ( HPT) of suspected cases of certain infectious diseases.

Complete a notification form immediately on diagnosis of a suspected notifiable disease. Don't wait for laboratory confirmation of a suspected infection or contamination before notification. Consult the for further information.

Send the form to the proper officer within 3 days, or notify them verbally within 24 hours if the case is urgent by phone, letter, encrypted email or secure fax machine.

If you need help, contact your local HPT using the postcode lookup.

For more detail on reporting responsibilities of RMPs, see page 14 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010.

All proper officers must pass the entire notification to UKHSA within 3 days of a case being notified, or within 24 hours for urgent cases.

List of notifiable diseases

Diseases notifiable to local authority proper officers under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010:

Acute encephalitis

Acute infectious hepatitis

Acute meningitis

Acute poliomyelitis

Anthrax

Botulism

Brucellosis

Cholera

COVID-19

Diphtheria

Enteric fever (typhoid or paratyphoid fever)

Food poisoning

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

Infectious bloody diarrhoea

Invasive group A streptococcal disease

Legionnaires' disease

Leprosy

Malaria

Measles

Meningococcal septicaemia

Monkeypox

Mumps

Plague

Rabies

Rubella

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Scarlet fever

Smallpox

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Typhus

Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF)

Whooping cough

Yellow fever

Report other diseases that may present significant risk to human health under the category 'other significant disease'.

Laboratories: report notifiable organisms (causative agents)

All laboratories in England performing a primary diagnostic role must notify UKHSA on the confirmation of a notifiable organism.

Read the guidance for diagnostic laboratories on .

For more details on the responsibilities of laboratories, see page 28 of Health Protection Legislation (England) Guidance 2010.

List of notifiable organisms (causative agents)

Causative agents notifiable to UKHSA under the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010:

Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus (only if associated with food poisoning)

Bordetella pertussis

Borrelia spp

Brucella spp

Burkholderia mallei

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Campylobacter spp

Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria

Chikungunya virus

Chlamydophila psittaci

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium perfringens (only if associated with food poisoning)

Clostridium tetani

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Corynebacterium ulcerans

Coxiella burnetii

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus

Cryptosporidium spp

Dengue virus

Ebola virus

Entamoeba histolytica

Francisella tularensis

Giardia lamblia

Guanarito virus

Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)

Hanta virus

Hepatitis A, B, C, delta, and E viruses

Influenza virus

Junin virus

Kyasanur Forest disease virus

Lassa virus

Legionella spp

Leptospira interrogans

Listeria monocytogenes

Machupo virus

Marburg virus

Measles virus

Monkeypox virus

Mumps virus

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Neisseria meningitidis

Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi

Polio virus (wild or vaccine types)

Rabies virus (classical rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses)

Rickettsia spp

Rift Valley fever virus

Rubella virus

Sabia virus

Salmonella spp

Shigella spp

Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)

Streptococcus pyogenes (invasive)

Varicella zoster virus

Variola virus

Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (including E.coli O157)

Vibrio cholerae

West Nile Virus

Yellow fever virus

Yersinia pestis

Reporting of SARS-CoV-2 test results to UKHSA

Background

All laboratories in England performing a primary diagnostic role must notify UKHSA of specified causative agents (organisms), in accordance with the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. SARS-CoV-2 is the notifiable causative agent for COVID-19. All registered medical practitioners in England must notify the proper officer of the relevant local authority or the local UKHSA health protection team of specified infectious diseases, in accordance with the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. All proper officers must disclose the entire notification to UKHSA. COVID-19 is a notifiable infectious disease.

UKHSA is an executive agency, sponsored by the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC). It fulfils the Secretary of State's statutory duties to protect health and address health inequalities and executes the Secretary of State's power to promote the health and wellbeing of the nation. UKHSA 's annual remit letter from the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Prevention, Public Health and Primary Care sets out its responsibility to protect the public's health from infectious diseases and other public health hazards.

UKHSA has approval from the Secretary of State to process confidential information associated with notifiable causative agents and notifiable infectious diseases without patient consent under Regulation 3 of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002.

Specification for new data feeds

To support the reporting of the required infectious diseases, UKHSA has developed the Second-Generation Surveillance System (SGSS). This is the national surveillance system that holds all test results. To enable receipt of the data, the following fields are required:

first name

surname

date of birth

gender

postcode

contact telephone number (preferably mobile)

contact email

ethnicity

sample taken date

sample number

sample type

test method (for example PCR)

result (such as COVID-19 +ve/-ve)

result date

name of laboratory

other - please detail if other fields are available.

Transfer method

The preferred method of receiving the data is as a CSV file via sftp. In order to set up a sftp account, UKHSA needs to have a named contact and a public ssh key.

To establish a new reporting feed to UKHSA, contact SGSS.Helpdesk@phe.gov.uk

Subscribe to reports

UKHSA publishes reports on the numbers of laboratory notifications received. UKHSA's Information management section collates the returns of registered medical practitioner ( RMP) notifications and laboratory causative agents nationally and publishes analyses of local and national trends weekly.

Subscribe to reports by email.

See notifications of infectious diseases and causative agents report.

References

For data older than 1 year see the NOIDs collection.

Health protection legislation in England gives public authorities powers and duties to prevent and control risks to human health from infection or contamination, including by chemicals and radiation.

See the revised measures within the amended Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 and its accompanying regulations.

The legislation adopts an all hazards approach, and, in addition to the specified list of infectious diseases, there is a requirement to notify cases of other infections or contamination which could present a significant risk to human health.

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Notifiable diseases and causative organisms: how to report

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Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs) and reportable causative organisms: legal duties of laboratories and medical practitioners.