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Pinholes

1. MOHAMAD AMARUDDIN BIN ROSLI E20171017271  2. NUR AIMAN BINTI MASUAN E20171017294  3. FATIN NAJIHAH MOHAMED E20171017288

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Bahasa Melayu is mostly used in all neighbourhoods however Bank Negara has the highest score than the others which is 41%

Little India: 19%, Bukit Bintang: 18%, Bank Negara: 41%, Masjid Jamek: 12%, Kota Raya & China Town: 15%

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English is the most used language across neighbourhoods

Little India: 44%, Bukit Bintang 29%, BN 23%, Masjid Jamek 32%, Kota Raya & China Town 22%

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Meanwhile, Arabic and Myanmar that are not considered as local language are used in specific area.

Arabic is used in Bukit Bintang. Myanmar used in Kota Raya & China Town.

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From the data, the most used language on multilingual signs is English, followed by Bahasa Melayu respectively, Mandarin and Tamil.

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Tamil and Mandarin are practiced in the neighbourhood that is related to the people that speaks the language.

China Town & Kota Raya and Little India

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However, Mandarin is more prominent than Tamil in the five neighbourhoods. It is placed in the third place in the language order before Tamil and after Bahasa Melayu.

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Mandarin is used in all neighbourhood except Little India

Little India: -, Bukit Bintang: 4%, Bank Negara: 2%, Masjid Jamek: 3%, Kota Raya & China Town: 11%

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Tamil is used in all neighbourhood except Bukit Bintang and Kota Raya & China Town

Little India: 7%, Bukit Bintang: -, Bank Negara: 2%, Masjid Jamek: 4%, Kota Raya & China Town: -

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Languages used - comparison of the five neighbourhoods

From Table 4

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English and Bahasa Melayu occupy approximately equal spaces in 21% of the bilingual signs.

English and Bahasa Melayu are the most prominent used languages in the signage with Enlish surpassing Bahasa Melayu.

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It helps to determine the language choices made at the bottom up level for various reasons and the degree of compliance or defiance to official policies.

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Size basically defines the importance attached to a language.

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Prominence of languages in bilingual and multilingual signs.

Refers to relative visibility of a language in terms of font size and space.

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First column shows the monolingual signs indicate that the English language appears on 71.82%, whereas Bahasa Melayu stands second with 17.1%. The other languages marginally appearing on monolingual signs include Mandarin, Arabic and Myanmar.

Next column shows the bilingual signs. The figures indicate that Bahasa Melayu and English language are the most frequently used combinations.

Last column shows the multilingual signs. The figures show that the combination of Bahasa Melayu + English + Mandarin is the most prevalent across the neighbourhoods.

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The government-related signs appear to exercise an exclusively Bahasa Melayu monolingual policy, whereas the private-sector policy largely shows bilingual and multilingual signboards.

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Table 2 shows the signage situation across the neighbourhoods studied. The data as a whole indicate that the number of monolingual signs is comparatively much lower (10%) than bilingual (41%) and multilingual signs (49%)

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Languages visible on linguistic monolingual, bilingual or multilingual signs.

Table 1 illustrates the signage situation of government-related sites. It shows a monolingual trend with Bahasa Melayu as the dominant language, whereas comparatively fewer signboards indicate a bilingual trend with Bahasa Melayu + English on display.

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Determining the number of languages is important in the study of linguistic landscape as it helps to account for the linguistic diversity or linguistic homogeneity of a city.

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A total of 858 samples were collected:

10% (N=87) were monolingual

41% (N=354) were bilingual

49% (N=417) were multilingual

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Number of languages on signs

This study employs Lai's (2012) procedure and the same definition which follows a conventional understanding of the terms such as monolingual, bilingual and multilingual.

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The interview were audiotaped and subsequently transcribed for analysis purposes.

The samples were also indexed as private (bottom-up) and government related (top-down)

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The researchers took accounts of all required research ethics and protocols during interviews such as seeking their willingness to be interviewed and ensuring the confidentiality of their information and identity.

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The questions were:

How many languages they preferred on signboards

Languages in terms of importance

Their desired language order

Their views about the English language

The reasons for the use of Mandarin, Tamil and other non-local minority languages on signboards.

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The sampling was non-random, and the design of interviews was both structured and open-ended.

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Interviews were conducted with 15 private proprietors to seek their opinions regarding the linguistic landscape and they were Chinese, Tamils and other non-local residents mainly from Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

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The data were collected in the form of photographs and shots of the signboards were taken both in the main roads and in the side streets.

The coverage focused on the busiest streets regarded representative of vibrant multicultural community and commercial activities.

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5 neighbourhoods were selected (Little India, Bukit Bintang, Bank Negara, Masjid Jamek, Kota Raya & China Town).

The sites also represent different ethno-cultural groups typically characterised by the multilingual, multiethnic, multiracial and multinational life.