# data[].attributes.body
Communication is critical to growth and development and is a prerequisite to academic learning

Communication includes
* spoken and written language
*gestures
*hand signals
*other behaviors

Purpose:
*Written Language is associated with reading and writing
*Developmental process
* Organization
*Use of details
* Development of grammar, syntax and punctuation skills

How:
* Writing is integrated in the classroom through essays,  journals, reports, biographies etc
* Students are encouraged to share their writing with their peers.

# data[].attributes.body
*Prompts to encourage writing
*Fill in Blanks for word recall
*Structured Guides - concept maps, GO
*Journals and notebooks
*Modeling writing by teacher
*Writing Alouds
*Planning and practicing
*Revision and editting
* Word or Idea Banks

# data[].attributes.body
mild to severe
*fluency
*spelling
*grammar
*reading/understanding written expression
* vocabulary
*phonemic awareness
*comprehension

# data[].attributes.body
* High Stakes-
*Writing for classroom grades
*Statewide grades
* Low Stakes-
* Revising
* drafts
*Writing samples
*Interviews
*Peer/ Self Assess.
*Norm-Referenced
- Identify strengths and weaknesses
-* Curriculum- based
-Sometimes weak in validity due to inconsistencies with writing tasks

# data[].attributes.body
Holistic Approach-
* quick and efficient
*Impression of writing ability
*Total score from all areas (good, bad)
Analytic Approach-
*provides details in multiple areas
* Rubric type/scale
*Can be scored by 1 or 2 people for comparison

# data[].attributes.body
Disorders
* Stuttering
*Articulation problems
*Voice Disorders- quality, pitch
*Difficulties with expressing or processing sounds
*Not aware of proper order when speaking
*Avoid eye contact
*Facial expression misunderstood

# data[].attributes.body
Students
*only words they are familiar with
*rely in spell check
*lack strategies

Strategies for Spelling

* Reflection
* Word Study
*Teach spelling rules
*Word banks, dictionaries

* (When focusing on fluency or expression, spelling is NOT EMPHASIZED)

Error Analysis- Evaluation of the spelling process is more important than the correct spelling

# data[].attributes.body
*Speech to Text
*Picture/ multimedia Files

# data[].attributes.body
*Speech / Language Pathologists
*Alternative Communication systems
*Software/ Technologies Devices