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A common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane

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Conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another.

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In computer graphics, the jagged, or saw-toothed appearance of curved or diagonal lines on a low-resolution monitor.

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The fuzz or distortion in a compressed image or sequence of video images. When a photo is compressed into a JPEG format, some data is lost, which is why this type of compression is called lossy compression.

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This effect causes the image to spherize, which means that the edges of the photo look curved and bowed to the human eye.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System "classic" negatives of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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APS-H-size (approx. 29.2 x 20.2 mm) CMOS sensor incorporating approximately 250 million pixels (19,580 x 12,600 pixels), the world's highest number of pixels¹ for a CMOS sensor smaller than the size of a 35 mm full-frame sensor.

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An image sensor is a solid-state device, the part of the camera's hardware that captures light and converts what you see through a viewfinder or LCD monitor into an image. Think of the sensor as the electronic equivalent of film.

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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The term full frame or ff is used by users of digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) as a shorthand for an image sensor format which is the same size as 35mm format (36 mm × 24 mm) film

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The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits, representing a binary number.

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a unit of memory or data equal to 1,024 (2¹⁰) bytes.

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a unit of information equal to 2²⁰ bytes or, loosely, one million bytes.

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a unit of information equal to one billion (10⁹) or, strictly, 2³⁰ bytes.

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a unit of information equal to one million million (10¹²) or strictly, 2⁴⁰ bytes

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the reduction of natural forms to their geometrical equivalents, and the organization of the planes of a represented object independently of representational requirements.

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A style or technique that is characterized by extreme spareness and simplicity. ... Many of us are drawn to 'less is more' with simple lines, geometric patterns, strong shadows, contrasting colors, lone subjects, etc.

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bold images of everyday items, such as soup cans, painted in bright colors. Pop artists created pictures of consumer product labels and packaging, photos of celebrities, comic strips, and animals.

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The term is used where the artist is being innovative and experimental in an aspect of their art. The Avant-garde in photography are critical of existing aesthetic views.

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Where the photos no longer portray a realistic view of the world and have abstract looks.

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When odd stripes and patterns appear in your images, this is called a moiré effect. This visual perception occurs when a fine pattern on your subject meshes with the pattern on the imaging chip of your camera, and you see a third separate pattern.

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the action of taking something for one's own use, typically without the owner's permission.

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the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. The exposure values may or may not be identical to each other

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Still life photography is a genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects. It is the application of photography to the still life artistic style. An example is food photography.

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A photograph that is used to help sell, advertise or market a product, service, person or persons. All those photographs that you see in magazines, online publications, billboards, CD covers or posters all fall under commercial photography.

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a graphical representation of the tonal values of your image. In other words, it shows the amount of tones of particular brightness found in your photograph ranging from black (0% brightness) to white (100% brightness).

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a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Somewhat paradoxically, anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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Work produced by the incorporation of everyday objects into the composition.

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A neutral-density filter modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition. It can be a colorless (clear) or grey filter.

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Cross processing is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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The honeycomb grid is a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light.

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A photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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A snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape.

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Umbrellas are used primarily as diffusers in photography. They are used either to diffuse light by reflective diffusion, or shoot-through diffusion.

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A type of photographic lighting device, one of a number of photographic soft light devices. All the various soft light types create even and diffused light by transmitting light through some scattering material, or by reflecting light off a second surface to diffuse the light.

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A self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source. It does not depend on a centralized power supply as a "pack and head" system does.

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A light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image. They are also referred to as eye lights or Obies

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A curve is a remapping of image tonality, specified as a function from input level to output level, used as a way to emphasize colors or other elements in a picture.

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Move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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Creates an attractive catch light on a subject's eyes while emitting even, diffused lighting that helps eliminate shadows.

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Tilt movements of the lens change the angle of the focal plane relative to the camera body. In a normal shooting scenario, the plane in which objects are in sharp focus is parallel to the camera and the lens.

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Straight Out Of Camera

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A positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light.

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A photographic image-transfer process, or print making technique, which uses instant film. This way an image can be put on textiles, cups, glass and many other surfaces.

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An image produced from a photographic negative transferred to a metal plate and etched in.

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Cyanotype is a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints.

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The chlorophyll process is an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive.

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Single light source placed 90 degrees offset from the subject and a bit higher than eye level, lighting one half of the face, and leaving the other in shadow.

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The subject is lit from about 45 degrees in front of them and above. This creates a nose shadow that 'loops' down at an angle onto their cheek.

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It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment.

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The key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly.

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Portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. ... Broad lighting is typically less flattering than short lighting as it widens the look of the face.

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Portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from the side of their face that is farthest from the camera.