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1. Ordered Government- A case used in case law and written at the end of a case or order of a court indicating or emphasizing that the preceding case or order is in face ordered by the court.
2. Limited Government- One of the earliest English efforts toward limited government dates to the year 1215. A limited government is one whose legalized force and power is restricted through delegated and enumerated authorities. They have fewer laws about what individuals and businesses can and can"t do.
3. Representative Government- England's tradition of representative government dates to the 11th century. Representative government is an electoral system where citizens vote to elect people to represent their interests and concerns. Those elected meet to debate and make laws on behalf of the whole community or society, instead of the people voting directly on laws and other debates.
Early English Documents:
1. Petition of Rights- (1628) A major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing.
2. Magna Carta- (1215) means "The Great Charter", is one of the most important documents in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and gurantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial.
3. English Bill of Rights- (1689) An act signed into law in 1689 by William III and Mary II, who became co-rulers in England afte the overthrow of King James II. The Bill creates seperation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of the speech.
Types of Colonies:
1. Proprietary Colony- Based on a grant of land by the English monarch to a proprietor, an individual or a group who financed the start of the colony. The proprietor represented the Crwon and could appoint all officials and make laws for the colony. Nine colonies started as a proprietary colony.
2. Royal Colony- Directly controlled by the king through an appointed governor. In time each royal colony had a two-house legislature.
3. Charter Colony- operated under charters agreed to by the colony and the king. Charter colonies enjoyed the most independence from the Crown. By the American Revolution, there were only two charter colonies left. Each had an elected legislature that made laws for the colony and appointed the colony's governor. The charters for Connecticut and Rhode Island colonies were so effective that they were later used as state constitutions.

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Virginia plan
Edmund Randolph proposed what beame know and the Virginia plan written primarily by James Madison the plan. Traced broad out lines of what would become the U.S. constitution.
New Jersey plan
Opposite of the Virginia plan. Wanted a single chamber congress in which state had one vote. will Patterson said that "we give the government to much power"

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Congress was the only piece of government.

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States' powers included the ability to collect taxes and enforce national laws.

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States contributed funds to the national government as they saw fit

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States were limited to one vote. The Articles placed limits on Congress that kept it from effectively enforcing its laws and polices.

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In September 1786 a small group of Massachusetts farmers rebelled at the prospect of losing their land. Led by former Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays. The first thing they did was attack the courthouses to prevent judges from foreclosing their farms. They stormed the Springfield military arsenal, where hundreds of guns were stored. The Congress had neither the money nor the forces to offer. Finally, a hastily assembled stat militia scattered Shay and his angry mob. Shay's Rebellion showed just how feeble the Confederation

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1. Taxation without representation is tyranny. A slogan of the Revolutionary War and the years before. The colonists were not allowed to choose representatives to parliament in London, which passed the laws under which they were taxed. It reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution.
Events leading to revolution:
2.

Sugar Act (1764). This British law charged duties on sugar imported by the colonies. Several other products were also taxed.

Currency Act (1751 and 1764). Several Acts which regulated the issuing of money by the American colonist.

Stamp Act (1765). This British law required certain printed materials including newspapers in America be on paper produced in Brittan and stamped with a revenue stamp.

Quartering Act (1765). This act forced the colonist to provide food and shelter for British soldiers when needed.

Townshend Acts (1767). A series of acts passed By Brittan beginning in 1767 that taxed the colonies.

Boston Massacre (1770). An angry mob of colonist confronts British soldiers in Boston. Five colonists are killed.

Tea Act (1773). This act basically gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea trade in the Americas.

Boston Tea Party (1773). In response to the Tea Act patriots dressed as American Indians dump British tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts (1774). A series of laws also called the Coercive Acts passed by Brittan in response to the Boston Tea Party.

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1. John Adams
2. Benjamin Franklin
3. Robert Livingston
4. Roger Sherman
5. Thomas Jefferson
Who wrote most of the document and why?
Thomas Jefferson, and he was inspired by John Locke's view of the social contract theory.

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They met in Philadelphia. The representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies attended. One of the congress' first actions was to organize the ragtag militia around Boston into an official continental army.

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In February 1787 Madison persuaded the Confederate Congress to endorse the Philadelphia meeting "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation." No mention was made of writing a new constitution.

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Popular Sovereignty:
The sovereignty of the people's rule is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.

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The Great Compromise saved the Constitutional Convention, and, probably, the Union. Authored by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman, it called for proportional representation in the House, and one representative per state in the Senate (this was later changed to two.)

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The delegates to the Constitutional Convention finally agreed the ThreeFifths Compromise, that slaves should be counted at three fifths of their real number. The Three Fifths Compromiseresolved the issue of counting slaves towards population in regards to representation in the House of Representatives.
Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political powerto Southern slave states.

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The delegates negotiated another compromise to settle how to select the president. Some delegates directly by the people. Others wanted the President to be chosen by the state legislatures or by the nation legislatures. The farms created a system in which the president would be chosen by state electors. The number of a state elector would match the number of repesenatives the state had both houses of congress

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a form of government with roles and powers given, and limited by law, usually in a written constitution. A limited government has only the powers that the people give it.

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Personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation without due process

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Separation of powers and checks and balances:

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Separation of powers and checks and balances:

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provides a system of shared power known as Checks and Balances. Three branches are created in the Constitution. The Legislative, composed of the House and Senate, is set up in Article 1. The Executive, composed of the President, Vice-President, and the Departments, is set up in Article 2.

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The Federalists felt that this addition wasn't necessary, because they believed that the Constitution as it stood only
limited the government not the people. The Anti- Federalists claimed the Constitution gave thecentralgovernment too much power, and without a Bill of Rights the people would be at risk of oppression.

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The Federalists vs. Anti-Federalist Debate

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