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At the same time industrial growth made life worse in other ways. Cities grew rapidly. They became dirty noisy and crowded. many workers remained poor. They often had to live crammed together in shabby, unsafe apartments. in these conditions disease spread rapidly as well. Such problems led to efforts to reform society and politics. People worked to have laws passed improving wages and factory conditions. Others worked to make cities cleaner and safer. Efforts to gain political power were led by suffragettes, women who campaigned to gain the right to vote. In 1928 British suffragettes won the right to vote for women in Great Britain. Changes like these helped usher in the modern age.

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In time, the industrial revolution spread from Great Britain to other parts of Europe. By the late 1800s, factories were making goods across much of Western Europe. The growth of industry helped lead to a new economic system, capitalism. In this system, individuals own most businesses and resources. People invest money in businesses in the hope of making a profit.

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In addition, Great Britain's colonial markets and its growing population were increasing the demand for manufactured goods. Increased demand led people to look for ways to make goods faster or more easily. In Britain all these things came together to start the Industrial Revolution.

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Great Britain provided the setting for the industrial revolutions start. Great Britain and its colonies had the resources needed for industrial growth. These resources included labor, raw materials, and money to invest. For example, Britain had a large workforce, rich supplies of coal, and many rivers for water power.

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In the early 1700s, however had to do the most work themselves. They made most of the items they needed by hand. For power, they used animals water or their own muscles. Then around Mid 1700s everything changed. People began inventing machines to make goods or supply power. These machines completely changed the way people worked and lived. We call this period the rapid growth n the industrial revolution.

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In 1775 the protests turned to violence starting the revolutionary war. Colonial leaders, influents by the ideas of Locke and Rousseau, claimed Great Britain had denied their rights. In July 1776 they signed the declaration of independence.

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By 1660 many of the English were tired of instability. They wanted to restore the monarchy. They asked for the former kings son to rule the England as Charles II. However Charles had to agree to let Parliament keep powers it had from the civil war. In 1689 Parliament further limited the monarchs power. That year, it approve the English bill of rights. This document lifted the right for parliament for the English people.

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John Locke and English philosopher had a major influence on enlightenment thinking about the role of government. Locke Thought government should be a contract between a ruler and the people. A contract binds both sides so it would limit the rulers power.

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During the 1600s and 1700s a number of people began to put great importance or reason, or logical thought. They started using reason to challenge long-held beliefs about education government law and religion. By using reason these people hoped to solve problems such as war. The believed in freedom and happiness and thereby improve society.

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That year in 1632, an Italian scientist named Galileo published a book in which he started the earth orbited the sun. He was arrested and put on trial. Afraid that the church would expel him, Galileo publicly stared that his writings were wrong. Privately, Though he held his beliefs

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The scientific revolution was the series of events that led to the birth of modern science. People began placing more importance on what they observed and less on what they were told. They used their observations to come up with logical explanations for how the world worked.

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Some of the ancient works rediscovered during the Renaissance were dealt with science. People in the Renaissance learned how to build enormous domes that could rise higher than earlier buildings. Another invention of the Renaissance was the movable typing printing press.

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The most famous Renaissance writer was probably William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare's writing shows a deep understanding of human nature. Renaissance writings were read and enjoyed by a larger audience than earlier writings had been.

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Leonardo de Vinci achieved the Renaissance goal of excelling in many areas. Leonardo was not only a great artist but an architect. Leonardo was also a scientist and an engineer.

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Leonardo de Vinci excelled in many areas including art. At the end of the middle ages people creativity sparked. People created new techniques to improve their art.