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Dynasty – line of rulers from the same family
Pictograph – a character that stands for an object

Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government
Silk Road – large network of trade routes stretching from western China to Mediterranean Sea
Mandate of Heaven- the belief that the Chinese king’s right to rule came from the gods

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These are the contients and oceans

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Hemispheres - two parts of the earth divided by the equator  (Northern & Southern)
Continent- a principal/ HUGE landmass on earth, earth has 7
Longitude – lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

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nomad – person who regularly moves from place to place in search of food
civilization – complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system

civilization – complex society with cities, organized government, art, religion, class divisions, and a writing system
division of labor/specialization of labor – different types of jobs to fit the skills of each person
Hammurabi’s Code – collection of laws created by Hammurabi that covered almost every aspect of daily life

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Papyrus – reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of paper
Deity – god or goddess
Irrigation - method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops

Agriculture - growing crops for human use or farming
Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family

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-land between the Tigris & Euphrates Rivers
-mesopotaamia had fertile soil because the flooding
-

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polytheistic (many gods)

Built temples called ziggurats to honor their gods

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this is mesopotamia social class

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-sail boat
-wheel
-bronze

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the writting system is called cuniform

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the government is Hammurabi’s code

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Two narrow strips of farmland along the sides of the Nile River Valley

Successful near river

4,000 miles long

Surrounded by deserts

Longest river in the world- 4000 miles

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the natural borders of egypt are

1. Deserts (Sahara is the largest of world; west of the Nile River)

2. Cataracts (wild rapids)

3. Delta marshes

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Worshiped many deities (or gods)-polytheism

Believed the pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife

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geometry
Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols
papyrus

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hieroglyphics

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C. (Narmer (Upper & Lower)

Theocracy

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Monsoon – in South Asia, a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer
Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change
reincarnation-rebirth of the soul or spirit in different bodies over time

Nirvana – in Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirthBrahman – in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which all gods and goddesses are different parts

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The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

Popular because it rejects the caste system

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World’s third largest religion and one of the oldest

All life is sacred

Developed from the Aryan religion

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

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sanskrit

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Mountains & deserts isolate & protect China from others

China has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts

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Map chart of leagalism and confusiusnism and daoism

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Map chart of leagalism and confusiusnism and daoism

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Acupuncture

paper

Gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing

herbs

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Pictograph

ideograph

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Rulers were part of a dynasty

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Polis - in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country
Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them
Epic- long poem that tells about legends or heroes
Drama- story told by actors who pretend to be characters in the story

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Greece has mountains & islands

Many were fishers, sailors and traders (miles of seacoasts)

Mainland Greece is a peninsula

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polytheistic

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Socrates-absolute truth existed in each person.

Philosophy-Greek for “love of wisdom

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Delian League- was an alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them

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Foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office

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Foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office

His son becomes king of Macedonia when his father dies

He beats the Persian empire and captures Egypt.

.Continued conquest in Arabia

Died in 323 B.C. after an illness.

Because he controlled much of the known world, this will spread Greek language and culture.

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens
veto- to reject
Pax Romana- long era of peace and safety in the Roman Empire

gladiator- person who fought animals and other people as public entertainment

keystones- wedge-shaped stone of an arch that locks its parts together

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At the top of the boot is the Alps, mountains that separate Italy from Europe

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people have the power

they have an elected ruler

had to pay taxes

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Problems were beginning at home because many farmers were in the army

Farmers came home to no land because rich Romans were buying their land

Gap between the rich and poor grew

Gave them free “bread and circuses” to keep them happy.

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Law and government is influenced by Rome

The alphabet of Latin is used

Architecture-domes and arches

Christianity began in the Roman Empire

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Weak Roman Government- dishonest officials provide poor leadership

Social Problems- Famine and plague spread very fast.

Declining Economy- Income falls and wealthy don’t pay taxes. Suffered inflation or rapidly increasing prices.

Roman Invasion:

Roman boundaries were so big hard to protect. Germanic tribes invaded Rome from the west

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Aqueducts

Colosseum
vault
keystones

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Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead
Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus

Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

Clergy-religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services
Gospel-(“good news”) one of the four accounts of Jesus’ life, teachings, and resurrection

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He taught that Jewish laws were not as important as having a relationship with God.

He said God was coming to rule the world and that God was his father

He said that God wanted people to love and forgive others like God does.

He used stories to teach lessons called parables

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Many Jewish people said he healed the sick. Many thought that he was the messiah.

Other Jews thought that he was not a savior.

The Romans thought Jesus was trying to get the Jewish to overthrow them

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Apostles

monasteries

missionaries

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Catholic Church (Europe)

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Roman empire. (Byzantine)

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Ordered them to be simplified and had Justinian’s Code written.

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caravan- group of traveling merchants and animals.
bazaar- marketplace
Mecca- the holy city of the Muslim people.

Islam-means “surrendering to the will of Allah”

Muslim- followers of Islam

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Pray 5 times a day

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Muhammad was born in the city of Makkah (Mecca) in 570 A.D.

In 610 A.D. he was visited by an angel and told to preach Islam.

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Invented chemistry

minarets

Bazaars

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Merchants
trade

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Animism - belief that all natural things are alive and have their own spirit
Shogun-military general over a large area of feudal Japan
calligraphy- beautiful handwriting

Porcelain – type of ceramic ware that is made of fine clay and baked at high temperatures

Emperor - The line of rulers during Medieval Japan that didn’t hold any real power.

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Japan is a chain of islands that stretches north to south in the northern Pacific Ocean.

Japan is surrounded by water so it is isolated from outside influences with some contact from China.

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The Japanese believed that all things were alive and they all had their own spirits. This is called animism.

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This system of granting land for loyalty

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China greatly influenced Japan with their writing system, religion, arts, and language.

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Calligraphy

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fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty

knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback
Magna Carta – the great charter signed by King John states that king was not above the law of the land and protecting the rights of the people
Crusades – Christian military expedition, or holy war led to recover the Holy Lands from the Muslims

theology- the study of religion and God

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Feudalism: political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals

Kings would grant land to noblemen, in exchange for promises of loyalty and protection (sound familiar)

Nobles were lords and vassals.

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Charles the Great, or Charlemagne,

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Unifying force in Europe was the Roman Catholic Church,

every king had to take orders from the Pope

Catholic Church was the only  real source of higher learning in Europe

Monasteries were the only places that had libraries

Monks preserved works of works of literature and philosophy by copying them by hand

Often called the Dark Ages- not much discovery happening, learning, inventions, ect.

Missionaries continued to spread Christianity

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Islam spread throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa… HOW??? (hint what were the Islam best at?)

Muslim preserved knowledge from Greece and Rome, and made major advances in medicine, chemistry, astronomy, and optics.

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Renaissance-means “rebirth” and began in Italy,rebirth of interest in art, literature, and learning.

Reformation- a religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism

Martin Luther- Monk who challenged the Catholic church, nailed 95 theses (arguments) on door of church--->started reformation

Predestination-a religious belief that God has already decided who will go to heaven and who will not,God’s will is absolute and decides everything in the world in advance

indulgence - pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin

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FLORENCE

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He nailed his argument, 95 Theses, on the church door. Spread like wildfire

Was against the selling of indulgences Church

issued certificate to pardon a person’s sin (had to pay for it)

Said only true guide to religious  truth was Bible (not pope’s words)

Argued that all Christians could confess their sins directly to God with a priest

Faith in Jesus got you to heaven, not just good deeds

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change some of the practices

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Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Synagogue - Jewish house of worship

Rabbi – Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah

Abraham – founder of Judaism

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Promised the land of Canaan by God if they worshipped the one true God.Land dried up and people went to live in Egypt. 10 plagues were sent to Egypt. A plague is a disease or something that causes a problem.Moses led the exodus out of EgyptWent back to Canaan

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believed in one god