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Aristocrat – noble whose wealth came from land ownership

Pictograph – a character that stands for an object

Ideograph – a character that joins two or more pictographs to represent an idea

Bureaucracy – a group of appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Mandate – formal order

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domestication- to tame animals and plants for human use
Sumer- a city in Mesopotamia
ziggurat- a temple built for worship in ancient Mesopotamia
agriculture- growing crops for human use or farming
specialization- the development of different kinds of jobs

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Tigris & Euphrates flooded leaving fertile soil

Unpredictable flooding

Crops were irrigated

Farmers could grow plenty of food

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Sumer-poloytheistic

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Upper- king, priests, government officials, & scribes

Middle- artisans, merchants, farmers, & fishers

Lower- slaves

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cuneiform, sailboat, wheel, bronze, levees & number system based on 60

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Hammurabi's Code

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Deity- god or goddess
Dynasty- a line of rulers from one family
Pyramid- a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs
Mummy- a body tightly wrapped in linen strips
Pharaoh- all powerful king in ancient Egypt

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Two narrow strips of farmland along the sides of the Nile River Valley

Successful near river

4,000 miles long

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1. Deserts (Sahara is the largest of world; west of the Nile River)

2. Cataracts (wild rapids)

3. Delta marshes

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After embalming the Pharaoh's body was made into a mummy

Thought to protect Egypt after death

The mummy was put into a tomb or pyramid

Inside the pyramid were objects that the pharaoh would need in the afterlife

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Used geometry to survey land

Hieroglyphics – Egyptian system of writing made up of picture symbols

Each symbol stood for an object or idea. Some stood for sounds like the alphabet.

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Early on there was 2 kingdoms (Upper & Lower)

United into one kingdom by 4000 B.C. (Narmer)

A dynasty was developed. A line of rulers from one family.

Theocracy- political ruler and religious ruler same person

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Monotheism – the belief in one god

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

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Story of Abraham and Moses travels and struggles

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Story of Abraham and Moses travels and struggles

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Hinduism

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Brahman – in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which all gods and goddesses are different parts

Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul or spirit in different bodies over time

Dharma – in Hinduism, the divine law that requires people to perform the duties of their caste

Karma – in Hinduism, the good or bad energy a person build up based upon whether he or she lives a good or bad life

Buddhism – religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires

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India has 2 rivers, the Ganges River and the Indus River.

A monsoon is a  wind that blows one direction in the winter and the opposite direction in the summer. Heavy rain in the summer

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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama.

He was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

Saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

Popular because it rejects the caste system.

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World’s third largest religion and one of the oldest.

All life is sacred.

Developed from the Aryan religion.

The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of gods and goddesses.

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invented symbols for 1-9 (we use today)

invented algorithms (series of steps that solve a problem)

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Mountains & deserts isolate & protect China from others

China has very little farmland

much of the country is either mountains or deserts

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Chart distinguishing Legalism, Confucianism, and Daoism

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Chart distinguishing Legalism, Confucianism, and Daoism

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Upper- King and his family
Middle 1- Warlords and Other Royal Officials
Middle 2- Farmers
Lower- Merchants, Shopkeepers, Traders and Bankers

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First to make paper!

Gunpowder,  compass & woodblock printing

Used herbs to prevent illness

Acupuncture- sticking needles into patients ski

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Early Chinese writing used pictographs, or characters that stand for objects.

Ideographs join two or more pictographs to represent an idea.

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Rulers were part of a dynasty

Dynasty- line of rulers who belong to the same family

Rulers were called emperors

Had a bureaucracy – appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Emperors believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors

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Polis - in Greece, a city-state and the surrounding countryside that runs like its own country

Agora- an open area that served as both a market and a meeting place

Direct Democracy-Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote

Representative Democracy-USA system of government, where citizens choose a smaller group to make laws and decisions for them

Myth - story describing gods, heroes, or natural events

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Greece has mountains & islands

Mainland Greece is a peninsula

Climate in Ancient Greece generally featured hot summers and mild winters

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Eastern Orthodox Church

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equator

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Greek Philosophers and their acomplishments

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Greek Philosophers and their acomplishments

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Socrates- Socratic method- uses questions to lead students to discover things for themselves

Plato-student of Socrates. In Plato’s Republic, describes the best government which is headed by philosopher-kings
Aristotle- Plato’s student. He will write the book, Politics, and want to find the best form of government. His ideas shaped European and American government
Astronomers- study the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies
Archimedes- discovered solid geometry and pi to measure area of circles
Pythagoras- he taught that the universe was governed by the same laws as music and numbers and he developed many ideas about numbers

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Delian League- an alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them

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They are going to be the first to try democracy, or “rule by the people"

They had a powerful direct democracy- where people DIRECTLY vote on laws and policies

Foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office

Without their ideas we would never have had a representative democracy- this is when citizens choose a small group of people to make decisions for them

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Phillip II of Macedonia took over Greece.

His son becomes king of Macedonia when his father dies.

He beats the Persian empire and captures Egypt.

Continued conquest in Arabia.

Died in 323 B.C. after an illness.

Because he controlled much of the known world, this will spread Greek language and culture.

This will be called the Hellenistic Era.

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republic- form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

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At the top of the boot is the Alps, mountains that separate Italy from Europe

Rome is located on the Tiber River

A source of water and travel

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Christianity

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Patricians-  wealthy landowners, they were the ruling class

Plebeians- middle class, artisans, small farmers, shopkeepers. Groups can not marry each other.

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1. People have the power.

2. They have an elected ruler.

3. Had to pay taxes.

So… Within 70 years the people of Rome controlled all of Italy.

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Rich v. Poor

Big Gap between the rich people and the poor people

Rich people buying up all the small farmers land

No jobs in the city for poor people

Rome’s Reforms fail

Dishonest Government Officials

Stole land and money and bribed officials

Army Enters Politics:

Farmers join the army and are paid for their loyalty

Loyal to the leader and not to the Roman Republic

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How did their government influence our government today ?

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How did their government influence our government today ?

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-laws & government
-latin alphabet
-Architecture-domes, keystones, volts, arches, swewers, etc
-Christianity- spread around Rome

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Messiah-in Judaism, a deliverer sent by God

(Or a savior)

Disciple-close follower of Jesus

Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead

Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus

Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

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1. He taught that Jewish laws were not as important as having a relationship with God.

2. He said God was coming to rule the world and that God was his father.

3. He said that God wanted people to love and forgive others like God does.

4. He used stories to teach lessons called parables.

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Many Jewish people said he healed the sick.

Many thought that he was the messiah.

Other Jews thought that he was not a savior.

The Romans thought Jesus was trying to get the Jewish to overthrow them.

They arrested Jesus during Passover.

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They crucified Jesus (and many other people) by hanging him on a cross until he was dead.  Some of his followers believed that he was resurrected or that he rose from the dead. A new religion called Christianity was born. They believe that he was the messiah.

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Men called monks are going to live in communities called monasteries.

There were also missionaries who traveled to teach Christianity to others.

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Peter went to Rome and set up the Catholic Church. (Europe)

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Paul spread Jesus’ teachings in the eastern part of the Roman empire. (Byzantine)