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moved the line of demarcation 800 miles further west

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used triangular sails that, unlike traditional square sails allowed ships to sail against the wind.

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A device that enabled navigators to learn their ships location by charting the position of the stars.

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natural resistance to measles, smallpox and typhus.

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voyage across the Atlantic Ocean that enslaved Africans forced to endure.

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This religious movement began in small German towns but quickly spread to most of Europe.

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The scattering of enslaved Africans across the New World.

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large farms that grew just one kind of crop.

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Divided the Atlantic Ocean; Spain could claim all land west of the line of demarcation.

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to go all the way around the globe

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soldiers who led the military expeditions in the Americas.

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The transfer of plants and animals to the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa that started with Christopher Columbus's explorations.

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Gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity.

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reformers who protested some of the catholic churches practices

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A huge fleet of warships meant to end English plans gathered by King Philip II.

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A document giving Sir Walter Raleigh permission to start a colony