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Theories of Emotion | Boundless Psychology

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Theories of Emotion | Boundless Psychology

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Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion (Two-Factor Theory)

The Schachter-Singer theory views emotion as the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.

Learning Objectives

Describe the relationship between the "two factors" of two-factor theory, also known as Schachter-Singer theory

Key Takeaways

Key Points

According to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion (also known as two-factor theory), emotions are the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.

According to the Schacter-Singer theory, physiological arousal is cognitively interpreted based on environmental context; this process culminates in emotional experience.

For example, if you were to see a venomous snake in your backyard, the Schachter-Singer theory argues that the snake would elicit a physiological response that would be cognitively labeled as fear based on the context.

Key Terms

autonomic: Acting or occurring involuntarily, outside of conscious control.

cognition: The process of thinking or knowing.

Researchers have developed several theories of how human emotions arise and are represented in the brain. Like the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories, the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion (also known as the two-factor theory) attempts to explain emotion as it relates to physiological arousal.

According to the Schacter-Singer theory, emotion results from the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition. More specifically, this theory claims that physiological arousal is cognitively interpreted within the context of each situation, which ultimately produces the emotional experience. These cognitive interpretations -how a person labels and understands what they are experiencing-are formed based on the person's past experiences.

For example, if you were to see a venomous snake in your backyard, the Schachter-Singer theory argues that the snake would elicit sympathetic nervous system activation (physiological arousal) that would be cognitively labeled as fear (cognition) based on the context. What you would actually experience, then, would be the feeling of fear.

In their research, Singer and Schachter injected participants with adrenaline (epinephrine), which causes a number of physiological effects, such as increased blood flow to the muscles and increased heart rate. They found that injecting the drug did not lead participants to experience any given emotion. Contrary to the James-Lange theory, therefore, which asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal, this theory argues that bodily changes can support conscious emotional experiences but do not necessarily cause them. Rather, the interpretation of a certain emotion depends on both the individual's physiological state as well as their circumstances, a relationship mediated by cognitive processing.

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The Schachter-Singer theory views emotion as the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition. Describe the relationship between the "two factors" of two-factor theory, also known as Schachter-Singer theory Key Points According to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion (also known as two-factor theory), emotions are the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.

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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions - Poster by Jess Martinelli

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Cannon-bard Theory of emotion Own that runway Origin Principals The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion was created by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard in the 1920's. The proposed this theory to challenge o...

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