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Mapping Power | Geospatial Revolution | PBS LearningMedia

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Kibera, a poor community in Nairobi, was a blank spot on the map until recently. This video from Penn State Public Broadcasting's Geospatial Revolution shows how geospatial technology enabled residents to map important resources to help their community.Residents from Kibera went out into the community with GPS devices and located areas with community resources: houses, businesses, schools, health clinics, movie theaters, mills for grinding corn, restaurants, and bars, as well as areas that needed resources.

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When we think about where we live, usually our ideas start with political boundaries-we'd say we live in a particular state, city, or town. Ask about a neighborhood, sports team loyalties, or regions not defined by borders, though, and it might get a little fuzzier. In densely settled places like the East Coast, sprawl can make it hard to draw lines around places, too. Where in New Jersey does the New York City region end and the Philadelphia region begin?

These larger urban areas are sometimes called "megaregions," and in a new paper, published in PLOS ONE, Garrett Dash Nelson, a historical geographer from Dartmouth, and Alasdair Rae, an urban analyst from the University of Sheffield, teamed up to identify them across the United States, using commuting data and a computational algorithm.

Essentially, they used data describing more than 4 million commutes to look at how small units of place-census tracts-are connected into much larger units of place. One of the results from their algorithm is the map above, which shows how the country is divided into economically entwined regions that don't conform to city or state boundaries. Pittsburgh's region spills into Ohio and West Virginia; Denver's tips over the border into Wyoming; and Oklahoma City's reaches into Missouri and Arkansas.

There are limits to what an algorithm can do, though, the researchers argue. They point to this little isolated region, rendered in green, that floats in eastern Kentucky, near the Virginia and West Virginia borders:

"This area really is coherent and independent in a certain sense, for it has very weak commuter relations with neighboring communities," the researchers write. But, they wonder, does that mean it should be considered its own region, on this basis alone?

Their conclusion is that the algorithmic, data-driven divisions shouldn't be taken as gospel but can be informed by a human, interpretative understanding of the results. Taking the data-derived regions and massaging them just a little bit, the researchers come up with this map of U.S. megaregions:

It's a coherent view of the country that resonates on an instinctive level, even if some parts remain curious, like the wide region out West that expands over Salt Lake City and sneaks across Idaho and Nevada into California that doesn't get a name. Or the part that's simply labeled Deep South.

Apparently there are geographical quandaries that even humans and algorithms together can't solve.

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Here Are the Real Boundaries of American Metropolises, Decided by an Algorithm

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When we think about where we live, usually our ideas start with political boundaries-we'd say we live in a particular state, city, or town. Ask about a neighborhood, sports team loyalties, or regions not defined by borders, though, and it might get a little fuzzier.

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Geospatial Revolution: GIS to Monitor Areas of Conflict | Geospatial Revolution: Episode 3 | PBS LearningMedia

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In this video from Episode 3 of Penn State Public Broadcasting's Geospatial Revolution, GIS professionals and U.S. military commanders discuss the ways in which they are employing geospatial technologies on the battlefield.

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Geospatial Revolution: Food Deserts | PBS LearningMedia

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Food deserts is a term used to describe a region where the population has poor access to healthy, fresh, nutritious food. They exist in both rural and urban areas and are turning into a public health concern. GIS technology is supporting the solution to this problem by vividly identifying the problem area and influencing policy-making.

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Can your students find North Korea on a map? South Africa? Venezuela? Greece?

Why does it matter?

As the image above shows, The Times reports from all over the globe. We have journalists in more than 30 international news bureaus worldwide, and every day we publish news, feature stories, videos, slide shows and more from dozens of countries around the world.

Our new "Country of the Week" feature celebrates this abundance to help build students' geography skills. A weekly interactive quiz will first introduce students to a country via a recent video or photograph, then ask them to find that place on a map. Next, the quiz will focus on the demographics and culture of the country. Finally, we'll include links to recent reporting from that place in case they, or you, would like to go further.

While we'll certainly be choosing parts of the world that are making front-page headlines, we'll also select interesting places they may simply enjoy learning about via Times visual journalism - as with this 360-degree view of riding the teleférico high above La Paz, Bolivia.

We've long considered producing some kind of geography-focused activity for students, but a recent Upshot piece gave our idea more urgency. The article reported on an experiment in which researchers asked Americans to locate North Korea on a map. Just 36 percent got it right. As a follow-up question, respondents were asked which policies the United States should pursue regarding North Korea. The results?

Respondents who could correctly identify North Korea tended to view diplomatic and nonmilitary strategies more favorably than those who could not. They also viewed direct military engagement - in particular, sending ground troops - much less favorably than those who failed to locate North Korea.

What does this all mean? And why is it important? The article continues:

In "Why Geography Matters," Harm de Blij wrote that geography is "a superb antidote to isolationism and provincialism," and argued that "the American public is the geographically most illiterate society of consequence on the planet, at a time when United States power can affect countries and peoples around the world."

This spatial illiteracy, geographers say, can leave citizens without a framework to think about foreign policy questions more substantively. "The paucity of geographical knowledge means there is no check on misleading public representations about international matters," said Alec Murphy, a professor of geography at the University of Oregon.

Our first "Country of the Week" will publish on Monday, Sept. 18, and you can look for new quizzes most Mondays during the school year.

We'd love to hear what you think about this new feature: Please share your thoughts in the comments section.

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Announcing a New Feature to Build Students' Geography Skills

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Can your students find North Korea on a map? South Africa? Venezuela? Greece? Why does it matter? As the image above shows, The Times reports from all over the globe. We have journalists in more than 30 international news bureaus worldwide, and every day we publish news, feature stories, videos, slide shows and more from dozens of countries around the world.

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Use Video to record Additional Notes for "Geographic Grid" section. 

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Use Video to record Additional Notes for "Geographic Grid" section. 

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carbon footprint calculator for individuals and households

This carbon calculator is provided free to use

Show you care for the environment and communities across the World by Carbon Offsetting.

You can support Carbon Offsetting Projects that both tackle climate change and support impoverished communities across the world. Just click the 'Offset' button after you have finished your calculation. It takes only a few easy clicks and costs only a few Pounds/Dollars/Euros per tonne CO ₂. You also get a personalised Certificate recognising your offsetting - makes an ideal gift too!

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Carbon Footprint Ltd using RADsite CMS (https://www.radsite.co.uk/)

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carbon footprint calculator for individuals and households Show you care for the environment and communities across the World by Carbon Offsetting. You can support Carbon Offsetting Projects that both tackle climate change and support impoverished communities across the world. Just click the 'Offset' button after you have finished your calculation.

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Skip to Content

Who is most responsible for and vulnerable to the changing climate?

Second edition. July 2017.

In recent years, international attention to climate change has surged. Most students today are aware of melting ice caps and the plight of polar bears. Yet we often struggle to see this apocalyptic-sounding environmental problem as an immediate social issue. Climate change involves more than just rising sea levels and UN conventions. It presents a wide range of complex problems that transcend national boundaries and affect individuals around the world in drastically different ways. The effects of climate change on society range from reduced access to food and water to increased risk of natural disasters and disease.

Negotiations about how to respond to climate change at national and international levels have been fraught with political disagreement. Colonial history, economic development, resource consumption, and disparities in wealth and power are some of the many controversial topics that dominate discourse about the state of the environment. Climate Change and Questions of Justice explores the causes and effects of global warming and delves into questions of who is most responsible for and vulnerable to the changing climate. Students grapple with how to respond to climate change at local, national, and international levels in ways that are both effective and fair.

Readings

Part I of the reading explores the causes of climate change and the wide range of effects that climate change has on weather, ecosystems, human health, agriculture, and international security. Part II provides an overview of local, national, and international responses to climate change and helps students consider questions of responsibility for and vulnerability to climate change. Part III includes eight in-depth case studies examining diverse regions of the world and how they are experiencing and responding to climate change. Each case study has a unique focus, including mitigation politics, economic development and adaptation, health, gender, migration, and poverty.

Climate Change's Effects on Living Things

Working in groups, students consider how climate change will affect a variety of plants and animals in the United States as well as the services they provide to people. Students collaborate to give short presentations and create web diagrams showing the relationships between climate change and its effects on living things.

Films and Climate Change

Students analyze one or multiple documentary films about climate change, identifying the scientific research included and considering how filmmakers choose to convey their message.

Policy in the Media

Students practice primary source analysis by examining a collection of editorial articles about the practicality and appeal of carbon taxes. Students compare and contrast the arguments presented in the articles, considering bias, audience, and authors' backgrounds to assess source reliability.

Data Analysis: Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Students work in groups to analyze data on the carbon dioxide emissions of the eight countries highlighted in the case studies in Part III of the reading. Students use these data to consider the question of how to determine responsibility for climate change.

Looking at the Eight Case Studies

Students analyze photographs of each of the countries highlighted in the case studies in Part III. Students consider the benefits and limitations of using photographs as a source for learning about life in different places and about climate change.

The Options Role Play

Working cooperatively, students take on the roles of country and organization representatives participating in a UN conference on climate change. Students deliberate over three different options for international climate change policy.

Taking Action on Climate Change

Students articulate their own opinions on the international response to climate change based on personally held values, evidence, and political understanding. Students then work in groups to design an organization to address their top concerns about climate change and create a visual publicity tool for their organization.

Additional reference material for added context and support.

Kolbert, Elizabeth. Field Notes from a Catastrophe: Man, Nature, and Climate Change. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2006.

Meckling, Jonas. Carbon Coalitions: Business, Climate Politics, and the Rise of Emissions Trading. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2011.

Newell, Peter and Matthew Paterson. Climate Capitalism: Global Warming and the Transformation of the Global Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

O'Brien, Karen, Asunción Lera St. Clair, and Berit Kristoffersen, eds. Climate Change, Ethics and Human Security. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Roberts, J. Timmons and Bradley Parks. A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2006.

Roberts, J. Timmons, David Ciplet, and Mizan Khan. Power in a Warming World: The New Geopolitics of Climate Change. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, Fall 2015.

Ruddiman, William F. Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010.

This tool estimates household carbon footprint and shows how different lifestyle choices, household features, and new technologies affect emissions.

This site has a collection of paired photographs that show how climate change has affected the environment over time. Photographer David Arnold returns to the sites of historic photographs of coral reefs and glaciers and replicates the original photos. The site also includes additional resources on climate change's effects on coral reefs and glaciers.

A federal agency that provides current and historical data on domestic and international energy production as well as on the environmental effects of energy use.

A comprehensive educational webpage produced by the Council on Foreign Relations about how the international community is responding to climate change.

The leading international body for scientific, technical, and socioeconomic climate change data and analysis.

A website where individuals can log in and transcribe ship records dating back to the mid-nineteenth century. Scientists will use these transcriptions to improve their climate model projections and knowledge of past environmental conditions. Historians will use them to track past ship movements and tell the stories of the people on board.

A project and formal report focused on quantifying and publicizing the economic risks from the impacts of a changing climate.

An online data visualization tool that uses animated, interactive maps to help convey how different countries fit into the climate change picture-both in terms of responsibility and vulnerability.

A federal research program that produces the National Climate Assessment, supports policy decision-making, and provides tools for educating about climate change.

Website of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) with the latest international news on climate change research and responses as well as information about UNFCCC meetings and process.

An online publication with a collection of articles by commentators, researchers, and activists around the world covering climate change through the lens of equity.

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Climate Change and Questions of Justice - The Choices Program

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Students examine the causes and effects of global warming and delve into questions of who is most responsible for and vulnerable to the changing climate. Students also grapple with how to respond to climate change in ways that are both effective and fair.

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Southern California

In 1978, Brian Smith landed in Southern California with a bag of sheepskin boots and hope. He fell in love with the sheepskin experience and was convinced the world would one day share this love. The beaches of Southern California had long been an epicenter of a relaxed, casual lifestyle, a lifestyle that Brian felt was a perfect fit for his brand. So he founded the UGG brand, began selling his sheepskin boots and they were an immediate sensation. By the mid 1980's, the UGG brand became a symbol of relaxed southern California culture, gaining momentum through surf shops and other shops up and down the coast of California, from San Diego to Santa Cruz. UGG boots reached beyond the beach, popping up in big cities and small towns all over, and in every level of society. Girls wore their surfer boyfriend's pair of UGG boots like a letterman jacket. When winter came along, UGG boots were in ski shops and were seen in lodges from Mammoth to Aspen.

The UGG brand began to symbolize those who embraced sport and a relaxed, active lifestyle. More than that, an emotional connection and a true feeling of love began to grow for UGG boots, just as Brian had envisioned. People didn't just like wearing UGG boots, they fell in love with them and literally could not take them off. By the end of the 90's, celebrities and those in the fashion world took notice of the UGG brand. A cultural shift occurred as well - people were embracing, and feeling empowered, by living a more casual lifestyle and UGG became one of the symbols of this lifestyle. By 2000, a love that began on the beaches had become an icon of casual style. It was at this time that the love for UGG grew in the east, over the Rockies and in Chicago. In 2000, UGG Sheepskin boots were first featured on Oprah's Favorite Things® and Oprah emphatically declared that she "LOOOOOVES her UGG boots." From that point on, the world began to notice.
Next Chapter >

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Our story begins with one magical material, sheepskin. The mastery of this distinctive material in the fine craft of boot and shoemaking is deeply ingrained in our rich history. By fashioning boots, shoes, sandals, and accessories from the finest available sheepskins, we deliver a luxurious comfort that escapes words and cannot be equaled by any ordinary material.

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July 31, 2018
LONDON - Jumping out of a moving vehicle and dancing in the road doesn't sound like a great idea. But for the thousands of people around the world dancing to Drake's " In My Feelings " song, it's just another craze to be a part of.

Over the past few weeks, the rise of the "In My Feelings" challenge has been hard to ignore. Also referred to as the "Keke" or "Kiki" challenge, the viral stunt has had people around the world getting out of moving cars and getting down low in the street to the lyrics: "Kiki, do you love me? Are you riding? Say you'll never ever leave from beside me."

And it's not just humans. Cows, camels, goats and dogs have become the unlikely stars of hugely popular "In My Feelings" videos posted online. But the likes, comments and shares notwithstanding, what started out as just another online sensation has escalated into a worrying trend. Politicians are getting into trouble, severe injuries have been suffered, and, in some countries, you could even be jailed.

So how did it start? Seemingly inspired by Drake's song, American comedian Shiggy posted a video in June doing the dance. It triggered a global movement. But as the craze spread, Shiggy's original moves were replaced with far more dangerous ones.

As of Tuesday, the #InMyFeelingsChallenge hashtag had been used over 400,000 times on Instagram. Videos uploaded to the platform include grandmas, brides and even men in Borat-style "mankinis" dancing alongside their moving vehicles - much to the surprise of clueless onlookers.

In recent weeks, some unlucky participants have been run over, fined or badly injured. One American teen fractured her skull after attempting the challenge at a roundabout. One woman was robbed as she concentrated on her moves, while other oblivious dancers have tripped over potholes.

Now, police are issuing warnings and dishing out fines to those doing the challenge and endangering others.

Earlier this month, Turkish singer and actor Hulya Avsar shared a video on Instagram of her doing the challenge. The video, which racked up 3 million views, shows her dancing in the road before chasing after a moving car. According to Hurriyet Daily News, the star will be fined for endangering traffic.

In Egypt, those found doing the challenge and obstructing traffic could be jailed for up to a year. In Abu Dhabi, prosecutors ordered the arrest of three social media personalities for endangering others and themselves during a performance of the dance. According to Gulf News, participating in the challenge constitutes a crime punishable by law.

Israeli politician Moshe Kahlon came under fire from road safety officials on Monday after he posted a video of his own "In My Feelings" dance, the Jerusalem Post reported. Amid the furor over the video, a disclaimer was added to reassure people that it was filmed "in a safe place." The post was later deleted.

Taking to social media, police in Spain used Facebook to declare that the challenge was getting out of hand and shared a compilation video showing people falling out of vehicles and dancing directly into lampposts.

Mumbai's police tweeted their 4.6 million followers a stark warning about the dance challenge: "Desist from public nuisance or face the music."

In the United States, the National Transportation Safety Board weighed in, tweeting:

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Arrests, fines and injuries: The 'In My Feelings' challenge has gone global, with dangerous results

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July 31, 2018 LONDON - Jumping out of a moving vehicle and dancing in the road doesn't sound like a great idea. But for the thousands of people around the world dancing to Drake's " In My Feelings " song, it's just another craze to be a part of.

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Brazilian Jiu Jitsu - Diffusion Activity 

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Brazilian Jiu Jitsu - Diffusion Activity 

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exotic foods in minneapolis: camel burgers!  - cnn video

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Exotic foods in Minneapolis: Camel burgers! - CNN Video

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With a large Somali population, Minneapolis has become a destination for adventurous foodies. Dishes such as camel burgers are a hit.

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The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir is a Disney Channel India sitcom, which premiered on April 8, 2012. The series is set in the Raj Mahal Hotel in Mumbai and centers on Karan and Kabir, trouble-making twins who live at the hotel. The series' other main characters include daughter of the owner of the hotel Rani, the candy counter girl Vinnie, the hotel's manager Mr. Maan Singh, and the boys' mother Preeti, who is an assistant manager.
Main Characters:-
Kabir -
Kabir age 10 is the calm, mature, and smarter twin of the duo. He is less adventurous but always gets into his brother's antics, most accidentally; he faces trouble because of Karan.
Karan -
Karan is typically a self-centered, non-studious, outgoing, immature boy who is "10 minutes older" than his twin which he uses against Kabir, normally telling him, since he's older, to do some sort of job that he doesn't want to do.
Rani Uberoi -
Rani Uberoi is the only daughter of the owner of the Raj Mahal Hotel where the twins, Karan and Kabir live.
Vinita Mishra (Vinnie) -
Vinita Mishra age 16, fondly called Vinnie by everyone at the hotel, is the teenage candy-counter girl at the Raj Mahal Hotel, who also works as "babysitter".
Mr. MaanSingh -
Mr. MannSingh is the manager of the Raj Mahal Hotel, who speaks with a humongous Hindi vocabulary and an urbane vernacular and is often annoyed by Karan and Kabir's schemes.
Preeti Jaiswal -
Preeti Jaiswal is the single working mother of Karan and Kabir and is the hotel's assistant manager, who sings beautifully.
Shobha -
Shobha is a 60-year-old women who doesn't work for long and doesn't like to stand for more than one minute.
Star Cast -
1. Namit Shah as Kabir Jaiswal
2. Siddharth Thakkar as Karan Jaiswal
3. Shruti Seth as Preeti Jaiswal
4. Shivshakti Sachdev as Rani Uberoi
5. Tara Sutaria as Vinita Mishra (Vinnie)
6. Daman Baggan as Mr. Maan Singh
7. Shaynam Ladakhi as Jang Bahadur
8. Sulekshna as Shobhaji
Tags
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Dailymotion Videos,Youtube, funny Videos, latest videos, Best Of Luck Nikki Full Season All Episodes, Best Of Luck Nikki Episode 26 Season 1 Best of luck nikki, the suite life of karan & kabir, nikki season 1, nikki season 2, disney channel, the suite life of karan kabir, shake it up, Best Of Luck Nikki Episode Season 1 and 2 Best of luck nikki, the suite life of karan & kabir, nikki season 1, nikki season 2, disney channel, the suite life of karan kabir, shake it up suite life of karan and kabir season 2, suite life of karan and kabir season 3, suite life of karan and kabir season 4, suite life of karan and kabir season 5, Oye Jassie Season 1, Oye Jassie Season 2, Oye Jassie Season 3, Oye J

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The Suite Life Of Karan Kabir Season 1 Episode 26 Disney India

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The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir is a Disney Channel India sitcom, which premiered on April 8, 2012. The series is set in the Raj Mahal Hotel in Mumbai and centers on Karan and Kabir, trouble-making twins who live at the hotel.

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How We Did This

Why A T-Shirt?

We wanted to see the hidden world behind clothes sold in this country, so we decided to make a T-shirt. We wanted to make an ordinary shirt like the vast majority of the shirts sold in this country - not organic cotton, not hand-sewn in the United States.

To figure out how many shirts to make, and to raise money to pay for them, we turned to Kickstarter. Our goal was to sell 2,000 shirts. In the end, we sold 25,000.

(Thanks again to everyone who ordered a shirt. Really. Amazing. We couldn't have done it without you!)

Why A Squirrel?

The design on the shirt, a squirrel hoisting a martini glass, is a visual pun: a reference to the phrase "animal spirits" made famous by the economist John Maynard Keynes.

As Planet Money's David Kestenbaum put it recently: "Keynes' idea was that there's more to the markets than just numbers; there are people and emotions making decisions. And to the extent that we are finding the human element in the very dry subject of economics, it's actually perfect for us."

10 Reporters, 3 Continents, 1 Archipelago

We flew drones over Mississippi. We got mugged in Chittagong, Bangladesh. We met people whom we'll never forget - the actual people who make our clothing. At every location we had radio reporters and videographers.

More T-Shirt Stories!

Good news: We have more T-shirt stories than we could fit on this site.

For more, subscribe to the Planet Money podcast.

A Little Help From Our Friends

Adam Davidson, Planet Money co-founder, came up with the idea of doing this project in the first place more than three years ago.

We were inspired a lot by a book: The Travels Of A T-shirt In The Global Economy. In fact, we hired the author, Pietra Rivoli, to be an adviser on the project. She's a professor at the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University.

Bawen, Indonesia: Jess Jiang faces the classic producer's dilemma: One machine tells a story. A thousand create a racket.

After several years of trying and failing to make a T-shirt from scratch, we finally found some help from Jockey Corp. Marion Smith, the director of global sourcing for Jockey, was patient with us on the phone. (T-shirts are knitted, not woven. They're made from something that looks like thread but is called yarn.) Eventually, Jockey agreed to sell us T-shirts - and, more important, to let us follow the creation of those shirts.

The Planet Money T-shirts are made of fabric that Jockey's textile experts developed. They're based on a design pattern Jockey uses for its own T-shirt line. Jockey introduced us to its suppliers in Bangladesh and Colombia, and those suppliers agreed to assemble our shirts. And Jockey designers helped us pick out the colors for our shirts.

Credits

EXECUTIVE PRODUCER: Alex Blumberg

PROJECT ADVISER: Pietra Rivoli/McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University

MANAGING PRODUCERS: Kainaz Amaria, Brian Boyer and Joshua Davis

PLANET MONEY: Quoctrung Bui, Zoe Chace, Jacob Goldstein, Jess Jiang, Caitlin Kenney, David Kestenbaum, Marianne McCune and Robert Smith

VIDEO DIRECTOR: Joshua Davis

MULTIMEDIA PRODUCERS: Kainaz Amaria, Joshua Davis, and Claire O'Neill

PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO: Kainaz Amaria, Nacho Corbella, Joshua Davis, David Gilkey, Eric Helton, James Jensen, Soren Jensen, Katie Hayes Luke and David Nevala

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT: Jeremy Bowers, Danny DeBelius, Alyson Hurt and Wes Lindamood ( Source code on GitHub)

WRITER: Jacob Goldstein

COPY EDITING: Janey Adams, Stephanie Federico, Avie Schneider and Susan Vavrick

ADDITIONAL PRODUCTION: Phia Bennin, Anirvan Ghosh, Frank Hernandez, Seth Maxon, Melissa Melvin-Rodriguez, Molly Messick, Eileen Mignoni, Urmila Ramakrishnan, Tiffany Salone and Alejandra Vengoechea

MOTION GRAPHICS: Suzanne Batmanghelichi and Adam Cole

SOUND EDITING: Drew Kennedy

LEGAL: Ashley Messenger and Brian Rideout

T-SHIRT ILLUSTRATOR: Bob Bianchini

ARCHIVAL VIDEO: AP Archive, U.S. Department of Agriculture ( via archive.org)

MUSIC:
"The Journey," "Goldengrove v2," "Wallflower" (Keith Kenniff/Unseen Music)
"Fire Ignorance," "Anthem" (Tyler Strickland)
"Club Coolada" (Cream Dream/Crash Symbols)
"Shade of Music" (Elias Music Library/Getty Music Library)
"B&G's" (Bela R. Balogh and Gabe Leavitt/3 Leg Torso)
"Stay Golden" (Au Revoir Simone/Moshi Moshi Records)
"Mirrors" (Crocodiles/Fat Possum Records)

SPECIAL THANKS: Coburn Dukehart; Jeffrey Silberman/Fashion Institute of Technology
Published December 2, 2013
This site is a product/service of NPR. Use is governed by NPR's terms of use and privacy policy.

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We wanted to see the hidden world behind clothes sold in this country, so we decided to make a T-shirt. We wanted to make an ordinary shirt like the vast majority of the shirts sold in this country - not organic cotton, not hand-sewn in the United States.

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In the summer of 1902, the Sackett and Wilhelms Lithography & Printing Company in Brooklyn, New York had a problem. They were trying to print an issue of the popular humor magazine Judge, but the humidity was preventing the inks from setting properly on the pages.

The moisture in the air was warping the paper and messing up the alignment. So the company hired a young engineer named Willis Carrier to solve the problem.

Carrier developed a system that pumps air over metal coils cooled with ammonia to pull moisture from the air, but it had a side effect - it also made the air cooler. The room with the machine became the popular lunch spot for employees. Carrier had invented air conditioning, and began to think about how it could be used for human comfort.

Before air conditioning took off, a hot and crowded theater was the last place anyone wanted to be during the summer. So Carrier approached a bunch of theater owners and pitched them on his technology - it wouldn't be cheap, he explained, but higher ticket sales could pay for it.

Soon, theaters were advertising chilled air and drawing huge crowds, eventually helping to spawn the "summer blockbuster" phenomenon.

But air conditioning would do a lot more than cool entertainment spaces. Ultimately, it would dramatically change where people in the United States lived and the design of other buildings, including homes.

Luxury AC Goes Mainstream

But the air conditioning revolution didn't happen all at once. Before World War II, a few wealthy elites had systems installed in their mansions, but mechanically chilled air was still seen as a luxury.

Willis Carrier wanted to change that. In a 1929 speech, he said: "air conditioning and cooling for summer may become a necessity rather than a luxury, and we will look upon present times as marking the end of that 'dark age' in which there was but relatively little cooling for human comfort." And he was right.

Early AC systems were massive, but by the late 1940s, Carrier and other companies were selling air conditioners that could fit in your window. But they were expensive, and it wasn't clear at first that people would buy them. Companies helped sell air conditioning through advertisements that targeted women and emphasized the ability to completely control the indoor climate.

In 1960, 13% of homes in the United States had AC - by 1980, it was up to 55%. Today it's close to 90%. In just a few decades air conditioning went from luxury to necessity, just as Willis Carrier predicted. And the ubiquity of AC has had a serious impact on how and maybe most profoundly where we live. Hot places like Arizona and Florida saw huge influxes of residents. A mass migration to the so-called "Sunbelt" changed the political map, too, as electoral college seats moved with citizens. And since a lot of these new southward migrants were conservative retirees, they voted Republican, forming a key target demographic in Reagan's election in 1980.

Vernacular vs. Conditioned Spaces

Of course, people did live in these states before the advent of air conditioning. And they developed strategies to beat the heat, including forms of vernacular architecture that responded to the local environment.

In the desert southwest, for instance, houses were traditionally built with hefty materials like adobe and stone that can absorb heat. This "thermal mass" soaks up solar heat by day and releases it at night.

In humid southeast, a lot of vernacular architecture was designed to maximize shade and air movement. There were screened-in sleeping porches, breezeways between rooms, and cupolas in the roof to draw cool air up through the house.

On-demand cold air freed architects from the challenge of designing a home that was uniquely suited to the climate around it. Air conditioning systems were expensive, but home builders made up for the costs in part by cutting down on passive cooling features, and little by little the local architectural traditions rooted in the climate gave way to tightly sealed, mass produced tract homes for growing suburbs.

Air conditioning also revolutionized the design of other building types, including skyscrapers, schools, and offices. Before AC, the only source of cool air was the outdoors, and so offices usually had high ceilings and lots of windows that people could open. The floor plans of many mid-rise buildings from the early 20th century often had thin irregular shapes designed to give more access to light and air. But with air conditioning, buildings could fill up the entire lot with offices deep inside the core of the building and nowhere near a window.

This evolving technology also changed facade design - shading systems were no longer as essential and buildings could have uninterrupted, glass-and-steel facades with windows that didn't open. For a lot of architects, this was seen as a plus - they could stop worrying about designing for human comfort and focus on sleek, Modernist aesthetics.

Still, as a consequence of all of this, the modern built environment in the United States is now totally dependent on air conditioning. A lot of our buildings would be uninhabitable in the summer without AC, and all of the electricity needed to keep it running.

According to Stan Cox, author of the book Losing Our Cool, the United States now uses as much electricity for air conditioning as it did for all purposes in 1955. And as homes have increased in size the more space needs to be cooled. "It's crazy to think about," says Cox, "that on a hot day here in Kansas there are [huge] houses being kept at 70 degrees all day long and all the occupants are off [at] work and school. And so it's not cooling a human being at all."

And that excessive AC use is a real problem, because air conditioning might be keeping our buildings cool, but it's making the outside world hotter. Per Cox: "The additional greenhouse emissions from air conditioning in the United States add up to about 500 million tons of CO2 equivalent per year," more than the entire construction industry.

And this building approach is being exported to other countries in places like the Middle East and Asia, further upping power demands.

Modern Meets Traditional Architecture

Manit Rastogi, an Indian architect and co-founder of the New Delhi firm Morphogenesis, sees a lot of new glass-and-steel buildings that look like any others of their kind around the world. But he is also familiar with regional vernacular traditions designed to keep people cool. His firm looks to these examples to design new buildings, blending Modern aesthetics with passive cooling techniques.

"So the Pearl Academy of Fashion," he says, in reference to one of his projects, "is on the outskirts of Jaipur which is essentially a desert climate." In his work on the school, he studied old palaces and forts for inspiration on cooling techniques. And he was particularly impressed by a feature called a "baoli," or: stepwell. These are basically pools of water dug deep into the ground beneath the building and surrounded on all sides by descending steps, intricately carved from stone. The cool temperatures from underground combine with the evaporative cooling of the water to lower the temperature in the palace.

Rastogi decided to put a modern take on this ancient architectural feature in his building. "So we created a baoli," he says, "across the entire site. We dug three meters down into the ground and we recycle all the water into that stepwell then allowed for evaporative cooling to come up and cool the site down."

Meanwhile, the top of the building is insulated using earthenware pots. And on the sides they put "jalis," traditional latticed screens which keep sun out but let light in.

All of the these passive cooling strategies combine to lower the temperature within the building. When it's 115 degrees Fahrenheit outside, it's around 84 degrees inside the Pearl Academy. That may sound hot, but for the region, it's pretty pleasant. Rastogi says thermal comfort is relative.

Thermal Monotony

These days, architects and engineers around the world generally use thermal comfort standards set by the the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. These have historically dictated a rather narrow range for ideal temperatures, which in turn requires more heating and cooling.

And some architects, like Lisa Heschong, see this as problematic - "you will never achieve a static environment where 100 percent of the people are happy," she says. "There is a huge amount of individual variation in what people experience and what they prefer," based on factors like age, sex and the kind of climate we are used to. All of this runs against the idea of targeting a single static indoor temperature.

Gail Brager, professor at the UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design, has developed new thermal comfort standards, which have been adopted by ASHRAE, that allow for a wider range of temperatures within buildings. Brager doesn't want to get rid of air conditioning altogether, but she thinks that we can be more intentional about when and where we use it: "Our environmental conditioning systems think about heating and cooling spaces rather than heating and cooling people," she contends.

Brager says we could save enormous amounts of energy by letting the temperatures in buildings fluctuate over a wider range, and giving people more tools to heat and cool themselves. To accomplish this, Brager advocates a take a combination of high and low tech approaches. A window that you can open right by your desk is a great personal cooling device. A sweater is a pretty good personal heating device. But Brager and her team are also developing low energy desk fans, foot-warmers, and chairs that can heat or cool.

Thermal Delight

Reducing our reliance on air conditioning is often framed as a loss, giving up comfort, but neither Gail Brager nor Lisa Heschong see it that way. Back in the 1970s, Heschong wrote a beautiful little book called Thermal Delight in Architecture. In it, she argues that we should think about our perception of temperature as a sense. Just like any other sense, temperature can cause us discomfort but it can also give us a lot of pleasure - the feeling of a warm fire in the winter or a cool breeze on a hot summer night. But these experiences require change - they don't happen in a thermally neutral environment.

Gail Brager has done studies on thermal comfort in buildings around the world, and she's found that people actually prefer naturally ventilated buildings where they can open windows and feel a little control over their own temperatures. And this is a big deal in today's world where the average person spends 90% of their time indoors.

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In the summer of 1902, the Sackett and Wilhelms Lithography & Printing Company in Brooklyn, New York had a problem. They were trying to print an issue of the popular humor magazine Judge, but the humidity was preventing the inks from setting properly on the pages.

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Source: Google Methodology: Google analyzed six billion queries related to the apparel category from January 2012 to February 2015. The data was analyzed by Olivier Zimmer of Google, a fashion data scientist, and Yarden Horwitz, a fashion brand strategist. Search data is not comparable between trends.

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Data from the Census Bureau show where the poor live.

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Even in Upshot-land, where map lovers as a percent of the staff approaches 100 percent, there is such a thing as map overload. We don't want to get to that point. But this map of second-favorite teams in each ZIP code is too good not to share.

Most noticeably, it reveals striking patterns around areas with strong fan support. Around western Pennsylvania, you see a circle of places that like the Pirates second best - and the same for the Royals around greater Kansas City, and the Astros around greater Houston.

The map also gives Mets and Athletics fans something to cheer about. They may not be the top team among Facebook users in any ZIP code in the country - living in the shadows of the Yankees and the Giants - but they do have fan bases where you'd expect.

Finally, for all the talk of rivalry between the Yankees and the Red Sox, or the Cubs and the White Sox, it's somehow heartwarming to see that fan acrimony has its limits. After rooting for the home team, some people support its rival, too.

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Baseball's Second-Place Favorites: Go, Mets

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Even in Upshot-land, where map lovers as a percent of the staff approaches 100 percent, there is such a thing as map overload. We don't want to get to that point. But this map of second-favorite teams in each ZIP code is too good not to share.

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Shades of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula

Wahhabism, an ultraconservative doctrine linked to Sunni Islam, is embraced by about a quarter of the Saudi population, according to Michael Izady, a historian and cultural geographer who has mapped ethnicity and religion for Columbia University. But many Saudis are not so conservative and the country also has a sizeable Shiite minority. Saudi Arabia's mass execution of 47 men on terrorism-related charges last week included Sunnis and Shiites.

The Shiite Presence Beyond Iran

There are about three Shiites for every five Sunnis in the Middle East. Most of the Shiites are in Iran, but they are also the majority in countries like Azerbaijan, Bahrain and Iraq, and are a significant political and military force in Lebanon and Syria.

Iran is also home to about eight million Sunnis who make up about 11 percent of the population. The country is accused of supporting the Shiite Houthi insurgents in Yemen and of fomenting Shiite opposition in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. It is a key supporter of Hezbollah, the Lebanese Shiite militia, and of president Bashar al-Assad in Syria.

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Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites

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Shades of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula Wahhabism, an ultraconservative doctrine linked to Sunni Islam, is embraced by about a quarter of the Saudi population, according to Michael Izady, a historian and cultural geographer who has mapped ethnicity and religion for Columbia University.

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Like millions of other Americans, I watch the NFL on a regular basis. However, just like millions of other viewers, most Sundays I am not sure which games will be on my television. I live in Austin, so there's a good chance I'll get to see the Cowboys and Texans, but beyond that, there's no way for me to know what to expect. Because of the nature of the league's broadcast deal, and the realities of "regional coverage," every Sunday the league's national broadcast partners Fox and CBS assign different games to different markets, based on both regional and national interest. So unless you have a premium NFL television package, your location greatly affects your viewing experiences. Folks in Wisconsin get to watch their Packers every week; folks in northern Florida "get" to see the Jags.

For years, the strange geographic structures that underpinned league broadcasts were almost entirely obscured from the average consumer. People would turn on their TVs expecting to see one game only to be disappointed by another. In 2005, one of these chronically disappointed viewers was J.P. Kirby, a Patriots fan and self-described "map nerd." "The station's site said one thing, the guide in my newspaper said another, and what ended up showing was another game completely, and it wasn't the Pats game," Kirby, 32, a web designer in Fredericton, New Brunswick, told me by email. "I was pissed and figured there had to be a better way to figure this out." Kirby had an idea to expose the hidden geographic patterns that control our Sunday afternoons: He created a project dedicated to mapping out the NFL's weekly broadcast schedule.

Today, Kirby is still meticulously scanning the Web every week of the season to find football broadcast schedules for different markets around the United States. He then maps them out for all the world to see on 506sports.com. Here is one of his maps for this coming week. It's a simple map that shows which regions see which late game on CBS on Sunday afternoon.

As you can see, the country is split between those seeing San Diego at Green Bay (red), those seeing Baltimore at San Francisco (blue), and Washington state residents seeing Seattle host Carolina. Displaced Seahawks or Panthers fans in New York City won't get to see their favorite team on local television this week; instead, they'll be shown the Chargers-Packers game.

But while Kirby's project does a good job of visualizing the spatial coverage of NFL broadcasts each week, that's not all it does; the archive of data he's compiled over the years also helps us understand larger geographic patterns in NFL television. His data reveals which teams we see most and least often each season and across multiple seasons. It's a reflection of both regional broadcasting choices for Sunday day games and national programming selections for the night games on Thursdays, Sundays and Mondays. The choices matter throughout the U.S. and even outside of it: Kirby, who lives an hour from Maine, has access to U.S. networks, which is why he started collecting the data.

This map depicts which franchise has been the most commonly seen in different parts of the continental U.S. over the past six seasons.³

We expect the map to look like that: Georgians want to see Falcons games, for instance, while Michiganders want to see Lions games. However, things get a bit more unpredictable when we map the second most commonly televised team in each area.

There's a lot going on up there. With the exceptions of Carolina, Cleveland and San Diego, every team is the second most televised team somewhere. It's strange to see Minnesota mostly covered by Packer Green and the whole of Louisiana colored Cowboy blue, but there's some obvious regional logic there. The same goes for the vast area colored by Oakland black and Houston red: Someone has to play second fiddle to the 49ers and the Cowboys, and another team from the same state is the obvious candidate. You can't say the same about the Patriots being aired so often in the Carolinas, the random pocket of Eagles' ubiquity on televisions in southern Oklahoma and northeastern Texas, or the frequency with which Giants games are televised in greater Las Vegas.

Still, the main takeaway from this map is that them Cowboys are on TV a lot all over the place; they are by far the most broadcast team around the country. Over the past six seasons, they were either the first or second most commonly broadcast team in 95 of just over 200 markets around the U.S., a dominance that appears on the West Coast in markets including Seattle and Los Angeles, and on the East Coast in Jacksonville, Florida, and Greenville, North Carolina.

Between 2009 and 2014, every Nielsen market in the U.S. saw at least an average of nine of the Cowboys' 16 games each season, by far the most in the league. Just about the only time the Cowboys aren't dominating the airwaves is during bye weeks like this one.

While it's safe to say the Cowboys rule the national broadcast scene, they are by no means the only team that we all see on a regular basis. Below are the 16 most televised teams in the NFL.

Meanwhile, the Bills, Browns, Jags and Bucs are the teams broadcast least often nationwide. A vast majority of the country has seen these teams less than three times per year over the past six regular seasons. But as you can see, despite that meager nationwide showing, these teams are still broadcast often near their home cities.

We ranked teams by their share of TV markets, but the picture doesn't change much if we weight the markets by number of homes with televisions, to get an estimate of the potential number of viewers of each team. Even after accounting for the Giants' mammoth home New York City market, which has roughly one of every 15 TV homes in the country, Dallas is still king.

The NFL Sunday Ticket package exists for a reason: Many times people would rather watch a game other than the ones prescribed to them during regional coverage. Take it from someone who lived in Michigan when the Lions went 0-16: Sometimes regional loyalties subject us to terrible television experiences. But as long as the NFL's broadcast deals are structured as they are now, the programming choices dictated by these loyalties aren't going to change. Thanks to Kirby and 506sports.com, at least we can see we're not the only ones subjected to mediocre games.

And that hasn't changed this year. Although our maps only run through last season, Kirby confirms that the most broadcast team in 2015 is the Cowboys. "Even at 2-3, the networks are still in love with them," Kirby said.

CORRECTION (Oct. 16, 10:45 a.m.): An earlier version of this article incorrectly characterized the most televised NFL teams in greater Las Vegas. The Giants are the second-most-televised team but are not interrupting the dominance of the Cowboys, who are the most televised team in the region.

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Which NFL Team Are You Stuck Watching Every Sunday?

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Like millions of other Americans, I watch the NFL on a regular basis. However, just like millions of other viewers, most Sundays I am not sure which games will be on my television. I live in Austin, so there's a good chance I'll get to see the Cowboys and Texans, but beyond that, there's no way for me to know what to expect.

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Which States are Southern? - Back Porch Bickerin'

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New York is "the Big Apple" and Chicago "the Windy City," but unless the earnest and obvious "Nation's Capital" is your idea of a cool handle, Washington and its environs have never gotten very far in the civic nickname game.

We are pleased to report, however, that this could be changing. A nickname has recently emerged that could put the Washington area on the regional nickname map: the DMV. As in, D for the District, M for Maryland, and V for Virginia.

Sleek, succinct and inclusive, the name has been in common use for several years among the area's -- ahem, the DMV's -- hip-hop and go-go music crowd. It's familiar to listeners of black-oriented radio stations such as WKYS-FM and WPGC-FM, whose DJs decorate their patter with mentions of it. It also pops up as geographical shorthand ("DMV man seeks woman") on Craigslist, the classified-ad Web site.

It's safe to say, however, that most of the rest of the DMV's populace is unaware that the DMV refers to anything other than a certain sluggish city bureaucracy. Although the phrase has appeared irregularly in The Washington Post, most mainstream news sources haven't picked up on it.

At least not yet. As place names go, "the DMV" has much to recommend it, especially compared with the other ways this odd sandwich of two states and a midsize municipality have been commonly referred to. "The Delmarva" might describe a peninsula incorporating three states, but it overlooks the populous center of the area. "The National Capital Region" seems stiff and bureaucratic.

(Scene In: A look at what's hip in the DMV)

"I prefer 'the Washington Metropolitan Area,' but I realize that doesn't quite ring well as a lyric, e-mail or text message," says Sandy Bellamy, executive director of the Historical Society of Washington. "So, I guess my geographic situation calls for a situationist response. I live 'in the DMV' according to young, local digital colloquialism, [and] in the 'Washington Metropolitan Area' to the rest of the world, and in 'D.C.' to my peers."

* * *

As hip locutions go, "the DMV" might even be displacing "Chocolate City," the olde tyme designation for black Washington. For all its racial echoes and connotations, "Chocolate City" is increasingly limited; Washington's suburbs have grown exponentially since the term was in vogue and are now home to more African Americans than the District itself.

Another favorable attribute: Like "the Bay Area" or "the Southland" (a somewhat hoary place name for Southern California), "the DMV" recognizes that the area is more than just one city.

It seems important now, even vital, for metropolitan regions to cultivate self-respect by having cool nicknames. Houston is H-Town. Minneapolis, like lots of other cities that exalt their area codes, is the 612. Cincinnati -- and we are not making this up -- is the 'Nati.

We would congratulate the originator of "the DMV," but it's not clear who should get the props. Bellamy isn't sure where the name came from. She suggests this clever coinage may have originated as location shorthand on Craigslist. Some years ago, she says, people advertising apartments or seeking roommates or relationships began specifying "DMV."

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After initial obscurity, 'The DMV' nickname for Washington area picks up speed

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New York is "the Big Apple" and Chicago "the Windy City," but unless the earnest and obvious "Nation's Capital" is your idea of a cool handle, Washington and its environs have never gotten very far in the civic nickname game.

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The College Board has two main offices in New York, NY, and Reston, VA.

Our six regional offices serve schools, colleges and other educational institutions directly by developing and implementing real solutions to college success for more students. Visit your respective Region's page to learn more about how our team of experts can help you and your institution achieve your objectives.

If you are a student, parent or an educator who has a question or need further information about any of our programs, visit our contact us page to reach our dedicated program response teams.

The College Board National Office
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New York, NY 10281
Phone: 212-713-8000

Reston, Virginia Office
11955 Democracy Drive
Reston, VA 20190-5662
Phone: 571-485-3000
Fax: 571-485-3099

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College Board Offices & Regional Offices

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The College Board has two main offices in New York, NY, and Reston, VA. Our six regional offices serve schools, colleges and other educational institutions directly by developing and implementing real solutions to college success for more students. Visit your respective Region's page to learn more about how our team of experts can help you and your institution achieve your objectives.

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CNN's Max Foster explains the origins and founding philosophy of the European Union.

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To address aging infrastructure, leaks, and the potential for severe main breaks, White House Utility District in Tennessee provides wide access to GIS data and water-loss apps. Now staff can quickly isolate underground leaks, respond faster to main breaks, and prioritize capital improvement spending based on GIS data.

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GIS for Water | Intelligent Water Systems Start Here

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To address aging infrastructure, leaks, and the potential for severe main breaks, White House Utility District in Tennessee provides wide access to GIS data and water-loss apps. Now staff can quickly isolate underground leaks, respond faster to main breaks, and prioritize capital improvement spending based on GIS data.

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Explore real life scenario

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Leaders adjust to ongoing market shifts and new ways of buying by focusing on the geography of business. With location-based business intelligence, they can improve demand forecasts, rightsize territories, and plan for optimal service.

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GIS for Manufacturing Business Intelligence | Strategy, Opportunity & Risk

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Leaders adjust to ongoing market shifts and new ways of buying by focusing on the geography of business. With location-based business intelligence, they can improve demand forecasts, rightsize territories, and plan for optimal service.

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Watch Video

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All transactions happen in a specific place, which influences customer preferences and behavior. Use ArcGIS technology to understand why transactions happen where they do. Insight from advanced spatial analysis empowers retailers to make informed decisions. Enrich customer experiences, select profitable sites, and increase incremental sales.

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GIS for Retail | Drive Growth Using Smart Mapping and Spatial Analytics

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All transactions happen in a specific place, which influences customer preferences and behavior. Use ArcGIS technology to understand why transactions happen where they do. Insight from advanced spatial analysis empowers retailers to make informed decisions. Enrich customer experiences, select profitable sites, and increase incremental sales.

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Explore real life scenario

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GIS in Transportation | Location Intelligence Strengthens Infrastructure Life Cycle Management

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Esri's GIS mapping software gives transportation professionals the ability to visualize data; understand complex issues; and make informed, data-driven decisions.

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The 'orange peel problem' is perhaps the most widely-cited analogy that geographers use to explain why a three-dimensional world cannot be represented in two dimensions sans any kind of distortion. Try as you might, you just cannot flatten an orange peel without tearing, squashing or stretching it. Likewise, when cartographers try to flatten the Earth for a map projection, distortions in terms of shape, distance, direction, or land area are inevitable to creep in.

Depending on the purpose they are trying to serve, the number of possible map projections is limitless. However, which map projection should be used for general purposes, such as, for hanging in classrooms or on TV news? Here's how some popular projections weigh against each other:

Mercator

The most popular map projection in the world has been around for 448 years now. It was created by Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569 - a time when Antarctica hadn't even been discovered. Mercator was designed as a navigational tool for sailors as it was most convenient to hand-plot courses with parallel rules and triangles on this map.

In most maps, when you try to fix one kind of distortion, you increase another kind of distortion. However, Mercator is one of those rare maps whose answer to latitudinal distortion was to ensure that the longitudinal distortion is equally bad!

On a Mercator projection, Greenland is roughly the same size as Africa. In reality, Africa is almost 14 times larger, and Greenland can fit inside China no less than four times. The map also suggests that Scandinavian countries are larger than India, whereas, India is actually three times the size. And yet, Google Maps, Bing, Yahoo and even OpenStreetMaps c ontinue using some version or the other of the Mercator to display the world.

Pros: Sailors loved it; preserves angles and directions in a small area

Cons: Bad for understanding the real size and shape of continents and countries

Related: After this video you'll never trust a map again

Gall-Peters

The biggest criticism for the skewed Mercator projection came in 1973 from German filmmaker and journalist Arno Peters. Peters argued that by enlarging Europe and North America, Mercator maps were giving white nations a sense of supremacy over non-white nations.

His solution? An equal-area projection that would show the correct sizes of countries relative to each other. Not that the Gall-Peters projection came without any flaws. In its quest of removing size distortions, the map stretched some places near the poles horizontally to a shocking degree. It also stretched land masses vertically near the Equator. So, if the map looks really odd to you, it's because the shapes and angles are all wrong - exactly the reason why we don't see this map online much. Nevertheless, it's quite widely used in the British school system.

Pros: The only 'area-correct' map of its time; got featured in The West Wing (S2E16)

Cons: Galled the cartographic community in the 1980s

Robinson

American geographer and cartographer Arthur H. Robinson came up with this projection in 1963, focusing more on the 'look' of the map than precise measurement of places. Robinson intended the map, which is neither equal-area nor conformal, as a general purpose tool.

In fact, he told the New York Times in a 1988 interview, "I decided to go about it backwards. I started with a kind of artistic approach. I visualized the best-looking shapes and sizes. I worked with the variables until it got to the point where, if I changed one of them, it didn't get any better. Then I figured out the mathematical formula to produce that effect. Most mapmakers start with the mathematics."

Hopefully, this map would replace Mercator in classrooms.

Pros: Shows the entire world at once

Cons: Compromises both area and angles, especially at the poles

Winkel-Tripel

Proposed by German cartographer Oswald Winkel in 1921, the Winkel-Tripel projection is quite the opposite of Robinson. The map resorts to mathematics to curtail three major types of distortion - area, direction, and distance (and hence the German term for 'triple', Tripel, is in the name). This map projection shows Greenland as the same size as Argentina, and not as the size of all of South America.

The National Geographic Society has been drawing all its standard maps using the Winkel-Tripel projection since 1998, and many US schools have followed suit. However, despite its popularity, since the map doesn't preserve angles, it is nowhere close to replacing Mercator for navigation purposes.

Pros: Reasonably accurate shapes and sizes of countries

Cons: Land masses closer to the poles still enlarged

AuthaGraph

This is hands-down the most accurate map projection in existence. In fact, AuthaGraph World Map is so proportionally perfect, it magically folds it into a three-dimensional globe.

Japanese architect Hajime Narukawa invented this projection in 1999 by equally dividing a spherical surface into 96 triangles. These triangles were then projected onto a tetrahedron, which not only helped maintain the proportions of land and water, but also helped to unfold the map into a perfect, flat rectangle. Narukawa, however, insists that if the map is refined a step further to increase the number of subdivisions, its accuracy will improve and it can officially be called an area-equal map.

Nonetheless, AuthaGraph realistically represents all oceans and continents, including the neglected Antarctica. And while the general shape of the continents is maintained, you will notice that their orientation is skewing upwards - as if in a smile!

Pros: Most accurate; will win you Japan's biggest design award; can be folded into a 3D globe

Cons: The Arctic Circle gets somewhat squashed
Is your favorite map projection not in the list? Let us know in comments below!

This article is a collaborative effort of the Geoawesomeness team

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The 'orange peel problem' is perhaps the most widely-cited analogy that geographers use to explain why a three-dimensional world cannot be represented in two dimensions sans any kind of distortion. Try as you might, you just cannot flatten an orange peel without tearing, squashing or stretching it.

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Introduction to AP* Human Geography | UTAustinX on edX | Course About Video

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UN Goals

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UN Goals

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UN Goal 1: No poverty

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UN Goal 2: Zero hunger

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UN Goal 3: Good health and well-being

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UN Goal 4: Quality education

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UN Goal 5: Gender equality

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UN Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation

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UN Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy

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UN Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth

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UN Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure

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UN Goal 10: Reduced inequalities

0/6

UN Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities

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UN Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production

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UN Goal 13: Climate Action

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UN Goal 14: Life below water

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UN Goal 15: Life on land

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UN Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions

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UN Goal 17: Partnership for the goals

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Gapminder Worldview Upgrader - Get rid of your misconceptions about global development!

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( Please download the free data, video and slideshow and help spread these findings.)

Most people in the richest countries are absolutely wrong about the state of the world. We have tested their knowledge. We asked 12 basic fact questions to the general public in fourteen rich countries, using online panels. Every question had three alternatives: A, B or C. When we went to the zoo and marked bananas with A, B & C, the chimpanzees picked the right answer every third time. On average a monkey picking answers randomly would score 4 out of 12 correct answers. But the average score for the humans was much lower: only 2.2! That's why the logo for the study is a monkey.

This graph shows how many people got different number of correct answers. Only 10% scored better than random.

A stunning 15% of humans managed to pick the wrong answer on all twelve questions. That's almost impossible for a monkey to achieve. It requires systematic misconceptions. The problem here is not the lack of correct knowledge. The problem is the presence of wrong "knowledge". To score this bad requires a false perception of the world, that make you pick the wrong answer systematically.

(There was actually one question, number 13, which we have excluded because almost everyone, 87% of respondents, picked the right answer. We have excluded that question, because there wasn't any substantial ignorance about the climate experts forecasts, compared to the devastating ignorance we found about other global development. We'll post more about that later.)

Take the test

The test in the book Factfulness uses the same twelve questions. If you haven't already done so, please take the Gapminder Test yourself, before laughing at others! We think it requires a large dose of humility and curiosity to solve this massive problem of global ignorance.

Stay Tuned

We started publishing these results on April 1, 2018 (April Fools Day) which we have declared International Ignorance Day. We will keep publishing detailed results here below, during the coming months. Please stay tuned by following us on Youtube, Twitter, Facebook or Instagram.

Help with the new study

We are currently preparing for the Misconceptions Study 2018, and You can help us. You are probably some kind of expert. You probably know of some important global facts that you have already realised people are completely wrong about. We are currently hunting for new misconception and measuring their sizes. Please tell us about potentially neglected reliable facts by filling out this online form.

Give us feedback

Please give us feedback in the Gapminder fact question forum.

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The Terrible Results from the Misconception Study 2017

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( Please download the free data, video and slideshow and help spread these findings.) Most people in the richest countries are absolutely wrong about the state of the world. We have tested their knowledge. We asked 12 basic fact questions to the general public in fourteen rich countries, using online panels.

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Describe 3-6 patterns based on maps