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If agriculture would've arose in Central and South Africa earlier, most likely those small states would've grown even larger, perhaps even forming large empires. 

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Some benefits of foraging are having a lot more leisure time. With foraging, lots of food would be hunted at once and that would leave a lot of time to relax. This allowed the earliest cultural practices to elope. Some groups of people remained foragers longer than others because farming provided a less healthy lifestyle. Ultimately however, this late start on farming set back these civilizations.

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characteristics of complex agricultural societies is that they were able to make a surplus of food, separation of labor so people had specialized jobs, kingdoms and  states in them, had military, and  social order.

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1. Why do states often take so long to form after the adoption of agriculture?

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1. Why do states often take so long to form after the adoption of agriculture?

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There had been fishing communities in the region since 400 CE, and they had firmly adopted farming around 900 at the latest. But states take time to form after the adoption of agriculture, in some cases many thousands of years later

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2. What were some of the benefits of foraging? Why did some groups of people remain foragers far longer than others?

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2. What were some of the benefits of foraging? Why did some groups of people remain foragers far longer than others?

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Some benefits of foraging are having a lot more leisure time. With foraging, lots of food would be hunted at once and that would leave a lot of time to relax. This allowed the earliest cultural practices to elope. Some groups of people remained foragers longer than others because farming provided a less healthy lifestyle. Ultimately however, this late start on farming set back these civilizations.

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3. What are some of the characteristics of complex agricultural societies?

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3. What are some of the characteristics of complex agricultural societies?

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Some of the characteristics of complex agricultural societies is that they were able to make a surplus of food, separation of labor so people had specialized jobs, kingdoms and  states in them, had military, and  social order.

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4. What implications did getting a “late” start in agriculture have for Central and South African societies?

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4. What implications did getting a “late” start in agriculture have for Central and South African societies?

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If agriculture would've arose in Central and South Africa earlier, most likely those small states would've grown even larger, perhaps even forming large empires.

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Conceptual Thinking: The end of this article debates whether or not, in the big picture of human history, the people of Central and South Africa were better off for the relatively late arrival of agriculture to their region, or if it has left them at a disadvantage moving forward. Where do you fall in this debate?

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Conceptual Thinking: The end of this article debates whether or not, in the big picture of human history, the people of Central and South Africa were better off for the relatively late arrival of agriculture to their region, or if it has left them at a disadvantage moving forward. Where do you fall in this debate?

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I feel they were better off with their late start. The reasoning for this is that they were able to take their time, which allowed for them to learn more from other civilizations. Out of all the world zones, Afro-Eurasia was the most advanced one, so that helps imply the late start was good. Once the new world eloped, they were able to learn tons from these other civilizations.