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A controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1857, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave, sought to be declared a free man on the basis that he had lived for a time in a “free” territory with his master.

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Any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s

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Supreme Court held that where a lower court intends to grant a prohibition on speech, strict procedural safeguards need to be in place

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A claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed

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An area of law that provides a civil remedy when someone's words end up causing harm to your reputation or your livelihood. Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander defamation that is spoken by the defendant

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Inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch

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Presidential Executive Order 9066 and congressional statutes gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense and potentially vulnerable to espionage. Korematsu remained in San Leandro, California and violated Civilian Exclusion

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Especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement

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Supreme Court had to decide if states could give money to religious schools to hire teachers even if it was specified that the teachers couldn't teach religion

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People have the right to be appointed an attorney

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Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine

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The Court held that a woman's right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy

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Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts

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The speech must be recited by law enforcement officials when detaining suspects to ensure they are aware of their right to an attorney and against self-incrimination

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The Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional

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Supreme Court case that ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools

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Judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise therefor

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A standard of review used to resolve constitutional questions in law

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Constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights) are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

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Racial segregation that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement

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A class of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination

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Defining national citizenship and forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.

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Prohibits the federal government from imposing unduly harsh penalties on criminal defendants, either as the price for obtaining pretrial release or as punishment for crime after conviction

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Guarantees a jury trial for civil cases in the federal courts

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Guarantees the rights of criminal defendants, including the right to a public trial without unnecessary delay, the right to a lawyer,  the right to an impartial jury, and the right to know who your accusers are and the nature of the charges and evidence against you

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Guarantees the right to a grand jury, forbids double jeopardy and protects against self incrimination

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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause

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Protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home

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Guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition.forbids Congress from promoting one religion over others

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Ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination based on race, religion, sex, or national origin

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An action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, especially in relation to employment or education

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Determines the qualification of a voter bases on their ability to read, write, and understand any section of the State or Federal Constitution

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Part of the 14th Amendment that states no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law

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Actions that convey a particular message or statement to the people viewing it

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Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination. The court ruled he had been illegally denied admission to medical school, but medical schools were entities to consider race as a factor in admission

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Refers to the requirement in criminal law that police have adequate reason to arrest someone, conduct a search or seize property

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The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense

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Speech that shows an idea or message through behavior

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Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement

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Any of various rules that exclude or suppress evidence