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My topic is Sexual Violence Prevention and Response from current student to new student perspective. As a military member assigned to an education and training base, I know first-hand how important this information is for young Airmen to know.

The audience will be military students attending training at Goodfellow Air Force Base in Texas. I chose this topic because I see sexual assault in the military frequently. As a photojournalist in the Air Force, my job is to take photos of these assaults for documentation and evidence. I take pictures of the sexual trauma.

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Sexual violence includes full spectrum coverage of sexual harassment, sexual assault, and rape.  Sexual harassment, “when it occurs in schools, is unwanted and unwelcome behavior of sexual nature that interferes with the right to receive and equal education opportunity” (Stein, 1995). Sexual violence is important to the administrative leadership field because every individual has the right to receive education in an environment free from sexual harassment and discrimination. Under the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment, all American citizens must be treated equally and have equal access to education (U.S. Const. amend. XIV).

Because sexual violence continues to happen, this is an emerging issue. According to the Department of Defense Annual Report on sexual assault in the military, the military received 6,290 reports of sexual assault in fiscal year 2020 (Sexual Assault Prevention and Response, 2021). These numbers are important for educators to be aware of as sexual harassment reports are on a steady increase. Additionally, 70% of women reported some form of sexual harassment during their post-secondary education (LaRocca & Kromrey, 1999). Sexual violence and its traumas can interfere with receiving education equally.

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The Students Against Sexual Assault and Harassment program was locally created for the 17th Training Wing students on Goodfellow Air Force Base and is an Air Force wide program for Airmen in training status.  (Goodfellow Air Force Base, 2021) The SASH program is operated by students to help other students obtain resources and information about sexual assault. It is designed for sexual assault prevention and to promote reporting of sexual assaults.  Because this program is operated at the peer level, it removes rank intimidation barriers.

https://www.goodfellow.af.mil/Home/17TRW-SASH-Program/

(Goodfellow Air Force Base, 2021)

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(Ujifusa, 2021)

https://www.edweek.org/leadership/violence-hate-crimes-in-schools-surged-in-pre-covid-period-federal-watchdog-finds/2021/11

Violence, to include sexual harm, has been on the rise or persisting since the pandemic started, according to the Government Accountability Office

Sexual harm is often unreported, one way to combat this is to create more awareness in the schools of what sexual violence is and how to report it

This article informs the current state of school as even in pandemic, sexual harm has been a continued problem

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(WSOCTV.com News Staff, 2021)

https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/lawsuit-filed-by-former-students-alleges-sexual-abuse-exploitation

Over 40 former University of North Carolina School of the Arts filed a lawsuit against 25 administrators or faculty for participating in a sexual abusive environment or allowing it to continue

The students were enrolled in the school between the range of 1969-2012

This article informs the current state of schools as still being held accountable for past wrongs

Media coverage of this lawsuit acts as warning to current academic administrations to take complaints seriously, as the complaints do not ‘just go away’

Future funding is reliant on past actions

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Constitutional Law

(U.S. Const. amend. XIV)

https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv

Under the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment, all American citizens must be treated equally under the law, and have equal access to education. This amendment includes people who have been sexually assaulted

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Statutory Law

(10 U.S.C § 1561)

http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:10%20section:1561%20edition:prelim)

According to Title 10 of the U.S. Code, if any complaints are made of sexual harassment the Department of Defense is mandated to investigate the incident with the intent to resolve the situation

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Statutory Law

(Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act, 2013)

https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/47

In the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, it defines who sexual violence includes and how educational facilities should arm to prevent sexual violence

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Statutory Law

(20 U. S. C. §1681a)

https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/20/1681

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sexual harassment, to include rape on any federally funded facility

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My local educational institution is Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, as it is an education and training base. In military’s local policy, or the Uniformed Code of Military Justice §843. Art. 43., military members are prohibited form sexual assault and rape in any environment, to include professional military education environments.

(Uniformed Code of Military Justice, §843. Art. 43.)

https://jsc.defense.gov/Portals/99/Documents/UCMJ%20-%2020December2019.pdf?ver=2020-01-28-083235-930

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In standard 3.6 of the Texas Administrative Code, Code of Ethics and Standard Practices for Texas Educators it states, “The educator shall not solicit or engage in sexual conduct or a romantic relationship with a student or minor” (19 T. A. C. § 247.2). Understanding that educators and students can not have an intimate relationship is important, because the student has the right to receive education without sexual harassment from the teacher. Without this ethical code, students could be subjected to unwanted sexual attention, and may feel pressured to allow the sexual misconduct to continue out of fear for their grades. This ethical code sets the boundary for both students and educators to know what is and is not acceptable behavior during training on GAFB and any educational institution in Texas.

(19 T. A. C. § 247.2)

https://texreg.sos.state.tx.us/public/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=19&pt=7&ch=247&rl=2

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The book Sexual Consent by Milena Popova (2019) informs the topic of sexual abuse and harassment from a social science perspective. Popova pulls ideas from pop culture and society, to demonstrate what society thinks sexual consent is verses what individuals experience. Popova explains how sexual harassment and volitions have been afforded into allowed in society’s frame of thoughts (Popova, 2019). This book broadens perspectives on sexual abuse. For example, it can help educators understand that society may understand ‘flirting’ as harmless, but in reality a student might not have the same viewpoint.

(Popova, 2019)

https://eds-s-ebscohost-com.easydb.angelo.edu/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzIxMDY1MzdfX0FO0?sid=266f0a02-d7cb-4aab-afa1-a11d0a345325@redis&vid=1&format=EB&rid=4

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Slide 13: Bulleted list of Recommendations / Best Practices for Compliance

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Slide 13: Bulleted list of Recommendations / Best Practices for Compliance

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1. Recommended that students understand that they have the right to received education in an environment that is free from sexual violence

2. Recommended that students understand what sexual violence constitutes as in the educational realm on base

3. Recommended that students know how to report sexual harassment, abuse, harm, misconduct in academic institutions

4. Recommended that students understand they are legally protected from retaliation for reporting sexual harm form their chain of commands

5. Recommended that students undergo an annual compliance training to keep them up to date on laws and regulation regarding sexual violence and local policy on GAFB

6. Recommended that students continue to run organizations like the SASH program, as it helps create a network of peer support, promotes sexual assault awareness and prevention

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Goodfellow Air Force Base. (2021, N.d.). SASH program. United States Air Force. https://www.goodfellow.af.mil/Home/17TRW-SASH-Program/

LaRocca, M., & Kromrey, J. (1999). The perception of sexual harassment in higher education: Impact of gender and attractiveness. Plenum Publishing Corporation, 40(11), 921-939.

Popova, M. (2019) Sexual Consent. Cambridge: The MIT press. https://eds-s-ebscohost-com.easydb.angelo.edu/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzIxMDY1MzdfX0FO0?sid=266f0a02-d7cb-4aab-afa1-a11d0a345325@redis&vid=1&format=EB&rid=4

Sexual Assault Prevention and Response. (2021, May 6). Reports. United States Department of Defense. https://sapr.mil/reports

Stein, N (1995). Sexual harassment in school: The public performance of gendered violence. 65(1), 1-18.

Ujifusa, A. (2021, November 29). Violence, hate crimes in schools surged in pre-COVID period, federal watchdog finds. Education Week. https://www.edweek.org/leadership/violence-hate-crimes-in-schools-surged-in-pre-covid-period-federal-watchdog-finds/2021/11

U.S. Const. amend. XIV

WSOCTV.com News Staff (2021, November 30). Lawsuit filed by former students alleges sexual abuse, exploitation at UNC School of the Arts. WSOCTV. https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/lawsuit-filed-by-former-students-alleges-sexual-abuse-exploitation-unc-school-arts/BT3TNRUREZETJFSD4R64VRWPJM/