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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240820

This article provides a perfect amount of detail on what nicotine is and the effects it has on the body, I highly recommend reading it

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The safety and long-term health effects of using e-cigarettes or other vaping products still aren't well known. In September 2019, federal and state health authorities began investigating an outbreak of a severe lung disease associated with e-cigarettes and other vaping products. We're closely monitoring the situation and will update our content as soon as more information is available.

Nicotine is a substance found in all tobacco products and some e-cigarette liquids. It is a highly addictive substance found in the tobacco plant. Laboratories can also produce nicotine synthetically.

People also use the substance as an insecticide in the agricultural industry.

Any product containing tobacco also contains nicotine. This includes cigarettes, heated tobacco products, cigars, and most e-cigarettes.

This article discusses the history and effects of nicotine, its potential impact on health, and treatment options for nicotine dependence.

Nicotine comes from the Nicotiana species, which are tobacco plants and part of the nightshade family. Tobacco plants originated in South America before spreading to North America, Africa, and Australia.

Native people of these areas originally used the leaves of tobacco plants to chew, smoke, or use in religious rituals. European colonists exported tobacco crops for profit and changed the focus of tobacco to recreational use.

The tobacco industry has a substantial history of using racial profiling, demographics of an area, and cultural factors to target particular communities and promote tobacco use.

Tobacco companies have also disproportionately marketed menthol products to Black people and low-income communities. Tobacco companies add menthol to cigarettes to make them more palatable.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), among people who smoke cigarettes, non-Hispanic Black or African American people are more likely to smoke menthol cigarettes compared to other races or ethnicities.

Menthol may increase the addictive effects that nicotine has on the brain. People who smoke menthol cigarettes are more likely to continue using tobacco products, which increases the risk of them developing conditions relating to tobacco use.

Nicotine a temporary feeling of well-being and relaxation, and increases heart rate and the amount of oxygen the heart uses. As nicotine enters the body, it causes a surge of endorphins, which are chemicals that help to relieve stress and pain and improve mood.

The body quickly absorbs nicotine into the bloodstream so it can reach the brain. Nicotine levels peak quickly after entering the body, so the feelings of reward are short-lived. This can create a cycle of people continuing to smoke to keep feeling the pleasurable sensations.

Nicotine also increases levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is part of the brain's reward system and creates feelings of pleasure and reward. The release of dopamine reinforces a person's behavior of taking nicotine.

Frequent use of nicotine creates changes in the way the brain works in relation to self-control, stress, and learning. Long-term changes can lead to addiction and withdrawal symptoms when a person is not smoking.

Effects on cognitive function

Nicotine may also temporarily improve concentration and memory. However, long-term smoking of cigarettes may link to a decline in cognitive ability and an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, any short-term benefits on cognitive function do not outweigh the long-term risks from nicotine use.

When people stop using nicotine, they may experience withdrawal symptoms affecting their attention or memory. Withdrawal from severe nicotine use may also result in sleep impairment.

Nicotine can affect various systems throughout the body and may cause:

Certain nicotine products may also have specific side effects. According to the American Cancer Society, side effects of nicotine patches include:

A racing heartbeat may mean the dose of nicotine is too high, and people can talk with a healthcare professional about lowering the dosage.

Side effects of nicotine gum may include:

Other nicotine products may also cause a racing heartbeat, nervousness, and headaches. If a person thinks they are experiencing nicotine poisoning, they need to contact Poison Control or seek emergency medical help.

Nicotine may interact with some other drugs or medications. Nicotine may cause benzodiazepines to be less effective. If a person is taking a contraceptive pill, nicotine may increase the risk of blood clots forming.
Learn more about types of drug interactions here.
Nicotine is addictive and the main psychoactive substance in tobacco, which means it alters how the brain works. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), most people who smoke use tobacco regularly due to nicotine addiction.

Smoking is the most common preventable cause of death in the United States. Smoking causes damage to almost every organ in the body and increases the risk of severe health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer.

Nicotine does not cause cancer, but tobacco smoke contains at least 69 chemicals that are carcinogenic, meaning they are cancer-causing chemicals.

Are e-cigarettes and vaporizers safe?

Electronic nicotine delivery systems, which people may refer to as e-cigarettes or vaporizers, are small, portable devices that heat a liquid into vapor. The liquid usually contains nicotine, along with solvents and flavorings.

E-cigarettes containing nicotine are not suitable for pregnant people, as nicotine may cause prenatal development issues.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a report on the potential dangers of using vaping products containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a component of cannabis.

The FDA also warns against using any vaping product from an unknown source or bought off the street. There have been over 1,000 reports of serious lung injuries as a result of using vaping products.

There are currently a lot of unknowns about vaping, including the chemicals they may contain and the effect they have on health.

If people are using e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking, other methods may be a better option.

According to NIDA, a 2020 survey found that around 23.6 million people aged 12 and older had nicotine dependence in the previous 30 days. Treatment for nicotine dependency may include:

Nicotine replacement therapy

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) provides people with a small amount of nicotine that attaches to some of the body's nicotine receptors to reduce nicotine cravings.

NRT may include nicotine patches, sprays, lozenges, or gum. FDA-approved NRTs are the least harmful types of nicotine products.

Medications

Certain medications may also help treat nicotine dependence.

Bupropion is a medication that affects brain chemicals and is as effective as NRT for helping people quit.

Varenicline is a medication that stimulates a specific nicotine receptor but to a lesser extent than nicotine. It may be more effective than bupropion in helping people quit.

Counseling and psychological support

Research suggests that a combination of NRT or medications to stop smoking alongside behavioral treatment is more effective in helping people quit smoking.

People may choose to speak with a mental health professional for advice or use psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Mindfulness, helplines, automated text messages, and self-help materials may also help people to quit.

Nicotine is the highly addictive substance found in tobacco products, and can be the reason for many people for consuming tobacco. It may cause side effects such as dizziness, racing heartbeat, and headaches.

It is also a toxic substance that can cause poisoning. If people suspect they have nicotine poisoning, they will require immediate medical help.

Nicotine may also cause people to use tobacco products such as cigarettes more often, which can cause severe health problems.

Medications, nicotine replacement therapies, and behavioral treatment can help people to stop using products that contain nicotine.
Read the article in Spanish.

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Nicotine: Facts, effects, and dependency

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Nicotine is highly addictive and harmful. It is a component in cigarettes and some e-cigarette liquid. Learn more here.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Surgical_Safety_Checklist

This page provides all the necessary information on what the WHO checklist is, why we use it and what the components of it are, it was very useful.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSODnzFkkKY

This YouTube video very clearly explains what steroids are, why we use them and the effects they have on the body.

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https://www.themedicportal.com/application-guide/medical-school-interview/medical-ethics/justice/

This website provides sufficient information on each of the four ethical principles and includes some limitations of them.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMV130vU8gA

This provides a detailed description of two receptor pathways for peptide hormones and one steroid hormone pathway, it's useful because it explains it slightly different to the lecture.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppqpUVaasNc

This video is short but gives great detail as to what happens during lipid metabolism and how fatty acids are involved in the process.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaEKecTBdjA

I found the Pharmacology safety lecture was helpful in answering this LO but this video did outline how to reduce and report human error when it comes to prescribing.

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https://bjgp.org/content/64/620/e159

This website explains what a never event is, why it is important in healthcare today and why it was developed.

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I used the biochemistry lecture for this one.

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https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318712#health-impact
This link provides a decent explantion of lipoproteins.

https://healthjade.net/lipoprotein/
this website provides an in depth outlook on lipoproteins.

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Lipoproteins, including cholesterol, are often misunderstood. Many people assume that all cholesterol is bad and that high-cholesterol foods negatively impact health, but this is not always true.

People with high cholesterol struggle to find natural ways to increase levels of "good" cholesterol and decrease levels of "bad" cholesterol.

This article explains what lipoproteins are, how cholesterol affects health, and how to get and maintain healthful cholesterol levels.

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Eating more fiber may help lower LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Lipoproteins are spherical particles that carry lipids, or fats, in the body. These particles contain both lipids and proteins.

People get lipids from their diet. The body can also make its own lipids, which are known as endogenous lipids.

Cholesterol is a type of lipid that people can get from food, but the liver makes all the cholesterol that the body needs, for example, to create bile acids and make hormones.

Lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, are packaged in lipoproteins. This allows them to travel through the bloodstream and be used throughout the body.

Experts categorize lipoproteins according to their size, biological role, and what they contain.

There are of lipoprotein particles, but the four major types are:

1. Chylomicrons: These are large, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that intestinal cells produce from dietary fats.

2. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs): The liver produces these triglyceride-rich particles, which are smaller than chylomicrons, though their size can vary.

3. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs): These are the main carrier of cholesterol in the blood, and they deliver to cholesterol-dependent tissues, such as the adrenal glands and the gonads.

4. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs): These play an essential role in reverse cholesterol transport - bringing cholesterol from other tissues to the liver.

HDLs have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and are considered protective against atherosclerosis, or the buildup of fat in the arteries.

Lipoproteins play essential roles in the body - specifically in:

the absorption and transport of lipids in the small intestine

transporting lipids from the liver to tissues

transferring lipids from tissues to the liver, also known as reverse cholesterol transport

During reverse cholesterol transport, the body removes excess cholesterol from the tissues and brings it back to the liver. Then, the gallbladder may remove it from the body, or it may be redistributed.

When people discuss the types of lipoprotein, they generally say that some types are bad for health, while others protect against disease.

LDL and VLDL cholesterol are linked with the development of atherosclerosis, a process in which plaque builds in the arteries. Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of heart attacks, stroke, and heart disease.

HDLs help remove excess cholesterol from the body and protect against atherosclerosis.

Maintaining optimal levels of triglycerides and HDL, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol is essential to health and helps protect against disease development. Having elevated levels of triglycerides or LDL or VLDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol can increase disease risk and negatively impact overall health.

What's more, lipoprotein size matters when it comes to disease risk. For example, small, dense LDL particles are more likely to cause atherosclerosis than larger LDL particles.

This is because small, dense LDL particles last longer in circulation, more easily enter and adhere to arteries, and are more susceptible to oxidation - a process in which LDLs interact with unstable molecules called free radicals, leading to damage.

Obesity, diabetes, low HDL levels, infections, and inflammatory conditions are each associated with having an abundance of small, dense LDL particles.

Also, certain conditions and lifestyle choices are linked with higher triglyceride and LDL levels and lower HDL levels. These :

Additionally, genetic factors can lead to high cholesterol and triglyceride levels. For instance, people with familial hypercholesterolemia have mutations to the LDL receptor gene, which can cause elevated LDL cholesterol levels.

Although having high cholesterol and triglyceride levels is considered a risk factor for developing heart disease, it is important to remember that blood lipid levels are just one of many factors contributing to heart disease risk.

Plus, while some people are genetically more likely to have high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, most people's levels are primarily affected by diet and lifestyle choices.

However, contrary to popular belief, high-cholesterol foods do not significantly impact most people's blood cholesterol levels.

This is because the body regulates endogenous cholesterol production based on dietary cholesterol intake, meaning that the body makes less cholesterol when the dietary intake is high.

Although of the population, a group known as hyper-responders, are more sensitive to dietary cholesterol, due to genetic factors, research shows that, generally, the consumption of high-cholesterol foods, including eggs, does not seem to increase heart disease risk, even in hyper-responders.

People with high cholesterol or triglyceride levels may wonder what they can do to bring them down.

Fortunately, research shows that a number of diet and lifestyle modifications can significantly impact lipoprotein levels.

For reference, here are current recommendations for optimal blood lipid levels:

triglycerides: under 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)

LDL cholesterol: under 100 mg/dl

HDL cholesterol: at least 60 mg/dl

Below are some evidence-based ways to reach and maintain these optimal levels.

Eat more fiber: A fiber-rich diet can reduce LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels by 5-10%. Some high-fiber foods include beans, fruits, nuts, seeds, and whole grains.

Reduce excess body fat: Doing so can HDL levels, decrease LDL and triglyceride levels, and help cut heart disease risk.

Increasing physical activity: This is an excellent way to lower blood lipid levels and boost HDL levels. Plus, have shown that aerobic exercise can reduce the concentration of small, dense LDL particles, which can be more dangerous.

Limit added sugar and processed foods: Diets high in added sugar and processed foods are unhealthy lipoprotein levels. Added sugar, especially in beverages, is significantly linked with high triglyceride levels.

Cut out processed meats: Consuming processed meats, including bacon and sausage, is associated with unhealthy blood lipid levels.

Choose healthy fats: Favoring nutritious sources of fats, including those from avocados, olive oil, nuts, and seeds, improve blood lipid levels and decrease heart disease risk.

Consider taking an omega-3 supplement: Numerous have shown that this type of supplement can reduce LDL and triglyceride levels and increase HDL levels. Regularly eating omega-3-rich fish, such as salmon, can also benefit blood lipid levels.

Research also suggests that quitting smoking, getting enough sleep, decreasing stress, and cutting back on alcohol can help improve blood lipid levels.

Although these tips are appropriate and healthy for most people, anyone with high blood lipid levels or low HDL cholesterol levels should work with a qualified healthcare professional to come up with a tailored plan that suits their specific needs.

Plus, some people require medication to keep their levels within a healthy range.

It is also important to speak with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement to make sure that it is safe and appropriate.

Lipoproteins play essential roles in the body and are important to overall health. Maintaining healthy lipoprotein levels is key.

People with high cholesterol or triglyceride levels, or those who need to boost their HDL levels, may benefit from taking the steps listed above.

However, it is a good idea to consult a healthcare provider for specific advice.

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Lipoproteins, cholesterol, and diet explained

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Lipoproteins, including cholesterol, are often misunderstood. Many people assume that all cholesterol is bad and that high-cholesterol foods negatively impact health, but this is not always true. People with high cholesterol struggle to find natural ways to increase levels of "good" cholesterol and decrease levels of "bad" cholesterol.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QtYOmblLOY&t=945s I used this video when revising for med interviews, would recommend.

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How to answer Medical Ethics interview questions

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I simply used the lecture for this one.

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Report template - NHSI website (england.nhs.uk)

the NHS patient safety strategy

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I used the biochemistry lecture

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I used the biochemistry lecture

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I thought the lecture on alcohol and nicotine covered everything

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2018-Never-Events-List-updated-February-2021.pdf (england.nhs.uk)

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biochem lecture covered

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biochem lecture covered

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8k8SgfpQ9k

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Alcohol Physiology (ethanol, metabolism and biochemistry)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSP6QrTvPlo

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https://www.gponline.com/reduce-risk-prescribing-errors/article/1458288

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Prescribing the right drug, in the right dose, to the right patient, is one of the most important responsibilities of any GP.

Last month, health and social care Jeremy Hunt announced a new system for tracing GP prescribing errors in England. The system will link GP prescribing data with hospital admissions data for the first time and enable the NHS to see if a wrong prescription 'was the likely cause of a patient being admitted to hospital'.

GPs face greater prescribing scrutiny under plans to cut medication errors Don't assume GPs can prescribe drugs initiated in hospital, warns NHS England

The move follows a review commissioned by the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC), which estimated that 66m potentially 'clinically significant' medication errors occur each year in the NHS, 71% of which are in primary care. It also estimated that avoidable adverse drug reactions in primary care that lead to a hospital admission result in 627 deaths a year and that around half of these involve a GI bleed.

At MDDUS, we regularly encounter calls from members on issues surrounding medication errors. Prescribing errors contribute to around 13% of GP negligence claims reported to MDDUS each year. These are some examples of common prescribing pitfalls and steps GPs can take to minimise the risk of mistakes occurring.

Write legibly

If you are handwriting a prescription, take care to write clearly and legibly, preferably in capital letters using the generic name of the drug. This should help ensure the many people who subsequently review and process your prescription do not misinterpret your entry.

Extra care should be taken when prescribing or dispensing medicines that could be confused with others because they sound or look alike. Some examples we have encountered in which patients have received an incorrect drug due to an illegible prescription include: carbamazepine vs carbimazole, chlorpromazine vs chlorpropamide and Losec™ vs Lasix™.

These cases perhaps demonstrate how the use of capital letters and generic names can act to minimise the risk of medication errors.

Check computer-generated scrips

As highlighted by Mr Hunt, the use of electronic prescribing can help to reduce the risk of medication errors. However, as most GPs will attest, computer systems are not without their own pitfalls.

Many online prescribing systems use predictive text to assist GPs in prescribing. However, a simple oversight in the drug being predicted can lead to very serious errors. MDDUS encountered one case where a patient developed severe toxicity after being prescribed methotrexate instead of metoclopramide.The doctor had typed in 'met' and selected the wrong option from the drop-down menu.

As a practice, you may want to liaise with your software provider to see if there are additional safeguards they can put in place within your system to reduce the risk of such errors occurring.

In its latest drug safety update, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) cited recent cases in which patients have received the wrong medicine due to confusion between similarly named or sounding brand or generic medications - some cases with fatal outcomes.

Examples include Clobazam (benzodiazepine) versus Clonazepam (antiepileptic drug), and Propranolol (beta blocker) versus Prednisolone (corticosteroid).

Check dosage and frequency

One source of dosing errors is between 'mg' and 'mcg'. This often occurs at the time of re-writing a barely legible drug chart, or when instructions to prescribe a drug do not come with the units.

Avoid the abbreviation 'µg' which is often misread as 'mg'. You could also try adding a space between each letter to make it clearer, for example writing 'm g', 'm c g' or even 'micrograms' instead.

Even when the correct drug has been prescribed, patients can come to harm if it is given at an inappropriate dose or frequency. We have encountered several cases in which a loading dose of digoxin was inadvertently continued as a maintenance dose.

Similarly, errors have occurred when bisphosphonates have been prescribed daily rather than weekly. You may think these errors would not occur in your clinical practice, but they can affect even the most conscientious of doctors.

Confirm route

Many patients require complex medical care, which may include the administration of drugs by different routes. It is important to include a route of administration for every drug you prescribe. This may be particularly important in palliative care.

Consider drug interactions

Some patients may have complex co-morbidities requiring numerous medications. Check patients' existing medicines before prescribing anything new. Many software programs are able to alert you to possible drug interactions when prescribing new medicines.

As well as contraindications, consider whether the effects of one drug may be affected by the addition of another, or whether the combination may pose a greater risk of adverse effects. We have seen cases of patients on warfarin reaching dangerous levels of anticoagulation due to the addition of an interacting antibiotic.

Identify drug allergies

This is probably the simplest prescribing error to avoid. Always check that the allergy information has been completed before issuing a new prescription chart and, if not, check with the patient. We have encountered numerous cases in which patients have made complaints or sought compensation following an adverse reaction to a known drug allergy.

Prescribing medicines initiaited in secondary care

You should also ask colleagues to clarify the dosing regimen and indication for any drugs they ask you to prescribe with which you are unfamiliar. GPs are often asked to prescribe specialist medication by consultant colleagues and, sometimes, off-licence medication for certain conditions. MDDUS recommends that GPs only accept responsibility for continuing or initiating such prescriptions if they feel they are competent to do so.

NHS England has issued new guidance on the responsibility for prescribing between primary and secondary care. The guidance reiterates requirements that GPs receive a discharge summary including details of patients' diagnosis and medication within 24 hours of them leaving hospital.

It also says that hospitals should provide patients with enough medicine to last a minimum of seven days after discharge and seek GPs' agreement where they believe that shared ongoing care of a patient who has been treated in hospital is appropriate.

If a consultant colleague is seeking to delegate the prescribing of a medicine to a patient's GP they must ensure the GP has the appropriate skills and experience to provide safe care, in line with GMC guidance on delegation in Good Medical Practice.

If you do not feel comfortable to commence or continue a prescription from secondary care you should raise your concerns with the relevant healthcare professional. It is then the responsibility of the doctor wanting to delegate care to ensure he or she does so appropriately.

Don't be afraid to seek help

Remember you are not alone. As well as the national and local formularies, you should take advantage of the knowledge of those around you. The local pharmacist and your local medicines management team will be able to provide valuable advice on dosing regimens and possible drug interactions.

You can also contact your medical defence organisation if you have any concerns about a particular issue relating to prescribing. At MDDUS we regularly engage with and educate our members on identifying medico-legal risks and promoting safe practice.

Dr Nazem is a medical adviser at MDDUS

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How to reduce the risk of prescribing errors

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Prescribing the right drug, in the right dose, to the right patient, is one of the most important responsibilities of any GP. Last month, health and social care Jeremy Hunt announced a new system for tracing GP prescribing errors in England.

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https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/03/26/michael-devlin-no-more-never-events/

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The MDU's Michael Devlin argues the never events policy has had a limited effect on patient safety and welcomes a reassessment by the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch.
Patient safety is rightly a priority for everyone in healthcare but for too long, the focus has been on the reductive concept of "never events," rather than giving every patient safety incident the same level of attention to see what lessons can be learned and shared.

Never events are defined as "serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents that should not occur if healthcare providers have implemented existing national guidance or safety recommendations." They are designed to act as a red flag for improvement by NHS organisations.

More than a decade has passed since the first list of eight never events was published in 2009 and in that time the number of events on the list has waxed and waned-at one point there were 25-but they continue to occur, despite our best efforts.

The most recent summary from NHS England shows 226 never events occurred between 1 April - 30 November 2020 including 87 categorised as wrong site surgery, 52 retained objects, and 18 misplaced naso- and oro-gastric tubes.

The MDU has always regarded the term "never event" as a misnomer because we are no closer to eradicating these errors. More importantly, we believe the emphasis on a limited list of specified errors is unhelpful because it paradoxically deflects attention from the real goal of improving safety across the board. We are concerned that the policy creates stigma and blame which is not conducive to the open, learning culture to which we all aspire.

More than ten years on from that first list of never events, a reassessment is timely even in the midst of the current pandemic. Which is why the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch (HSIB) national learning report into never events is important.

Based on its own national investigations, such as wrong site surgery-wrong patient and the placement of nasogastric tubes HSIB concluded: "The analysis of the 10 Never Events included in this report found barriers that were neither strong nor systemic. These events are therefore not wholly preventable and do not fit the current definition of Never Events."

The report makes three significant recommendations: that NHS England and NHS Improvement revise the never events list to remove events that do not have strong and systemic safety barriers; that safety barriers to avoid incidents are developed where possible; and that the National Safety Standards for Invasive Procedures (NatSSIPs) policy is revised to standardise safety critical steps common across procedures.

At the MDU we often support members dealing with the emotional and medico-legal impact of an incident. We agree with this latest report that it is necessary to think about such incidents differently with more of a focus on reporting and learning from incidents. Sadly, it is not always possible to prevent patient safety incidents from happening, but preventative actions can and should be taken.

The report also highlights the possible impact of the pandemic on patient safety, not least the consequence of factors such as increased fatigue, redeployment of staff and the difficulties of communicating while wearing PPE.

The persistent use of the word "never" reinforces the unhelpful concepts of blame and liability and is a distraction from what really matters. Rather, we should focus on creating an open and learning culture that supports those involved (patients, families and staff) along with finding out what went wrong and learning lessons so that similar events can be prevented in future.
Michael Devlin is Head of Professional Standards & Liaison at the MDU. Competing interests: none declared.

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Michael Devlin: No more "never events" - The BMJ

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The MDU's Michael Devlin argues the never events policy has had a limited effect on patient safety and welcomes a reassessment by the Healthcare Safety Investigation Branch. Patient safety is rightly a priority for everyone in healthcare but for too long, the focus has been on the reductive concept of "never events," rather than giving every patient safety incident the same level of attention to see what lessons can be learned and shared.

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This graph is a nice overview for the function of the different types of lipids (taken from the lecture)

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This flow chart shows the metabolism of fatty acids (again a nice basic overview)

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I only used the lecture for this LO

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This flow chart shows the side effects of glucocorticoids- taken from the lecture

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I liked this lecture and I felt it covered everything (again screenshots taken from the lecture and from the recommend textbook on clinicalkey)

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This is an overview of human error theory (I loved the layout) easy to follow

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I found that the pre uploaded PowerPoints were a lot more helpful than the lecture (actually covered the LOs)