# data[].attributes.body
Octane number: The measure of the performance of the fuel
Cetane number: The measure of the delay of the ignition of a fuel

The importance: Important for predicting the knocking and ignition of an engine

# data[].attributes.body
Q1
Octane is a measure of a gasoline performance when igniting

Cetane is the measurement of the combustion of diesel during compression ignition

Q2
The importance of octane towards refinery products is due to the intermediate properties that undergo blending to produce other products. Not just that, it also helps in the performance of fuel a which ensures the quality of fuel during the ignition process.

The importance of cetane towards refinery products is when the higher cetane numbers of fuels will have a shorter time of ignition compared to the lower cetane number fuels.

# data[].attributes.body
1) & 2)
Octane Number
-The behaviour of hydrocarbon in the equivalence of iso-octane % and n-heptane %.
-The octane rating indicates the performance of fuel and expected frequency of knocking of an engine.
- The higher octane number fuel will combust when spark plug ignites while lower octane number combust before the spark plug is able to ignite which leads to engine knocks.
- Octane number can be increased through catalytic reforming.

Cetane Number
- The time taken for a fuel to ignite due to compaction,
- The standard measurement of diesel engine vehicle.
- The higher the cetane number, the faster combustion time in compact condition.
- Cetane number can be increased by blending process of nitrogen addition and/or peroxide blending.

# data[].attributes.body
Application in refinery
Octane - As octane enhancers to add in hydrocarbons.
Cetane - Important factor to determine quality of diesel.

Importance of ON and CN
Octane - To measure a fuel heat resistance to prevent knocking. Instead of enhancing combustion, octane prevents air-fuel mixture inside an engine to ignite before its supposed to. The higher fuel octane, the more resistance to knocking.
Cetane - Indicator of combustion speed of diesel fuel and compression needed for ignition.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nur Ellisya binti Mohd Johari (2018657546)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nur Ellisya binti Mohd Johari (2018657546)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Application of Octane number and Cetane number in refinery:

Octane Number: To measure the resistance of gasoline and other fuels.

Cetane Number: To measure the combustion quality of diesel during compression ignition

2. The importance of both numbers towards refinery products and vehicle’s engine:

Towards vehicle engine, octane number is used for petrol fuels with higher the octane number, the better burning of fuel and efficient. Also, to predicting the knocking of an engine. Meanwhile, high cetane number for diesel is required for good combustion in diesel engine and important to predicting the ignition of an engine.

Towards refinery product, propylene and butylenes can be reacted to form polymers in the gasoline boiling range which product is olefinic with high octane number.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nur Amirah Izzati bt Mohamad Zamri (2018249962)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nur Amirah Izzati bt Mohamad Zamri (2018249962)

# data[].attributes.body
Application in refinery operation

1)    Octane number

- Measure of the ability of a fuel to resist knocking when ignited in a mixture with air in the cylinder of an internal-combustion engine.

2)    Cetane number

- The cetane number is an indicator of the ignitibility of diesel fuels.

· Octane number is a value used to rate the fuel’s resistance to knocking and gives an idea about the performance of a fuel whereas the cetane number gives an idea about the ignition of a fuel.

The importance of ON and CN in refinery product and vehicle’s engine

1)    Octane number

- Octane does not enhance combustion but it prevents the air-fuel mixture inside an engine from igniting before it's supposed to.

- The higher a fuel's octane, the more resistant it is to knocking.

- Higher octane allows engines to have higher compression ratios.

2)    Cetane number

- The higher a fuel's cetane number, the quicker it ignites and that carries a variety of benefits for diesel equipment.

- From increased fuel economy to fewer emissions to better power output, fast combustion is key to a diesel engine's performance.

- Higher the cetane number of fuel, the shorter the ignition delay, the least time it take to burn.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hazwan Haziq Bin Mohamad Azmi (2018287602)

# data[].attributes.subject
Hazwan Haziq Bin Mohamad Azmi (2018287602)

# data[].attributes.body
1) Application of Octane number and Cetane number in refinery operation

Octane Number
-> Octane number or octane rating indicates as a resistance of gasoline and other fuels to detonation in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine (engine knocking). In simple words, it measures the performance of fuel and predicts the knocking of an engine.

-> The application of octane number in refinery operation is to convert lower octane number from Naptha hydrotreater (desulphurization) to higher octane number in Naptha reformer before blending to the gasoline pool. Converting (straight-chain paraffin into iso paraffin)

Cetane Number
-> Cetane number or CN is a measurement of the combustion quality of diesel during compression ignition. In comparison with octane numbers, CN has measured the delay of the ignition of the fuel.

-> Primarily, cetane numbers are used for relatively light distillate diesel oils.

2) The importance of Octane Number and Cetane Number

-> The importance of Octane Number and Cetane Number in refinery products and vehicle engines is to ensure the quality of fuel during the ignition process taken place.

-> In real-life situations, a lower performance car only requires lower octane number compare to high performance car due to requirement to transfer the power is less demanding compare to high performance engine. The rating of octane number can represent from 0 - 100 (iso-octane & heptane)

-> As for CN, cetane numbers used are 45 to 55. Higher cetane number of fuels will provide shorter ignition time than lower cetane fuels.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Application of octane number and Cetane number in refinery operation.

Octane number - measurement for fuel resistance to knock and indicator for RON number.

Cetane Number -  a measurement for the ignition properties of the fuel.

2. The importance of both number towards refinery and vehicle.

Octane number - it is as a indicator for high performer fuel and low performer fuel.

Cetane - it is a a indicator for high performer diesel and low performer diesel.

# data[].attributes.body
Muhd Fahmie bin Mohd Ramli 2018207114

1)     Octane Number- value used to rate the fuel's resistance to knocking and measurement for RON number.
Cetane number- measurement of the ignition properties of a fuel.

2)     For refinery product, to produce automotive gasoline and others while cetane is a measure of the tendency of diesel fuel to auto-ignite. For vehicle engines, octane number rates gasoline and cetane rates diesel.

# data[].attributes.body
Q1
Octane - Measure on fuel performance especially for gasoline and high performance engines have higher compression ratios and are more prone detonation, higher octane fuel is required.

Cetane - Measure on delay of fuel ignition especially for diesel and With higher cetane number fuels, higher speed diesels are more efficient

Q2
For cetane numbers are used to determine overall diesel fuel quality and are used for relatively light distillate diesel oils. For he octane number is utilized in naphtha reformers to raise the octane number of incoming feedstocks before they are blended into gasoline.

# data[].attributes.body
1.
Octane number:
Octane number is a measurement of fuel performance which predicting the knocking of an engine. Octane number usually given for gasoline and the ratings are based on considering the octane number of isooctane as 100.
Cetane number:
Cetane is the measurement of the delay of fuel.The ratings is done by consider the ignition of cetane that given for diesel. It is important for predicting the ignition of an engine.

2.
Cetane number and octane number measure the tendency of the fuel to ignites spontaneously. Octane number is for predicting the knocking of an engine while cetane number predict the ignition of an engine.

Nor Hanis Hanani binti Mohd Rudzi
2018265296

# data[].attributes.headline
MOHAMAD SYAFIQ IZUDDIN BIN MOHAMED ELHAM (2018438066)

# data[].attributes.subject
MOHAMAD SYAFIQ IZUDDIN BIN MOHAMED ELHAM (2018438066)

# data[].attributes.body
1) Application of octane number and cetane number in refinery operation
⦁ Octane number - a value used to rate the fuel's resistance to knocking. The measurement for RON number. In a spark-ignition engine, a mixture of air and gasoline is compressed on the engine's chamber before being ignited by a high-temperature of spark.
⦁ Cetane number - a measurement of the ignition properties of a fuel. The time period between the start of injection and the first identifiable pressure going higher during the combustion of the fuel.
⦁ The main difference between octane number and cetane number is that octane number gives an idea about the performance of a fuel whereas cetane number gives an idea about the ignition of a fuel

2) The importance of both numbers towards refinery and vehicles engines.
⦁ both octane and cetane number are playing a huge part to the industry as to evaluate the refining quality and performance.
⦁ The cetane number measured the ignition delay. Any fuel with hugher cetane number have a very short ignition delay and require lesser time to burn.
⦁ As for the octane number, it indicates a fuel's capacity to withstand a pre-ignition in a gasoline engine with high compression ratios. As high compression engines need a greater compression ratios, thus more it become more prone to detonate as higher octane number gasoline is required.

# data[].attributes.body
Application in refinery operation

- Cetane number : The cetane rating, often known as the cetane number, is an indicator of diesel fuel quality or performance. The higher the number, the more efficiently fuel burns in a vehicle's engine. Normal paraffins have high cetane numbers that increase with carbon number. Isoparaffins have a wide range of cetane numbers, from about 10 to 80. Molecules with many short side chains have low cetane numbers.

- Octane number : Octane number, also called octane value or octane rating, is one of the critical measures of a gasoline's performance. It is a measure of a fuel's resistance to knock or to ignite prematurely. The octane number of alkanes increases with the degree of branching, so for a given gasoline range stream, hydroisomerisation is a straightforward way to achieve increased octane. To some extent, this can be achieved in complex mixtures, Aromatic compounds tend to have the highest octane ratings of the hydrocarbons, whereas straight chain saturated hydrocarbons are among the worst. For normal paraffins, the bigger the homolog, the lower the octane number. Isoparaffinic compounds are vastly superior to their straight chain counterparts and the octane number generally improves with increased branching. Olefins and cycloalkanes are somewhat better than their corresponding alkanes; however olefins are undesirable for other reasons—primarily their reactivity.

Importance

- Cetane number : The cetane number is the most significant property of diesel fuels affecting engine performance and emissions. In a particular diesel engine, higher cetane fuels will have shorter ignition delay periods than lower cetane fuels. Fuels with a low CN tend to cause diesel knocking and show increased gaseous and particulate exhaust emissions because of the occurrence of incomplete combustion. Generally, diesel engines operate well with a CN from 40 to 55. Cetane number affects a number of engine performance parameters like combustion, stability, drivability, white smoke, noise and emissions of CO and HC. Biodiesel has higher cetane number than conventional diesel fuel. This results in higher combustion efficiency and smoother combustion

- Octane number : Historically, as people wanted more powerful engines, there were several ways that could be used to get additional power from an engine, but most early attempts were aimed at making bigger engines, with more cylinders. Eventually, it was realized that increasing output in this fashion could not continue indefinitely, and so engine manufacturers aimed at increasing the compression ratio.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurul Aqilah binti Abdul Rahman (2018224696)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurul Aqilah binti Abdul Rahman (2018224696)

# data[].attributes.body
1) The comparison between an octane number and a cetane number in refinery operation is that an octane number indicates a fuel's performance, whereas a cetane number indicates a fuel's ignition.

2) The fuel ignition delay period and self-ignition temperature characteristics are influenced significantly by the octane and cetane numbers. As a result, the octane and cetane levels have a significant impact on the performance of gasoline and diesel engines, respectively.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Application of Octane number and Cetane number in industry operation
Cetane numbers are used to gauge overall diesel fuel quality and are commonly utilised for relatively low distillate diesel oils while the octane number is utilised in naptha reformers to raise the octane number of incoming feedstocks before they are blended into gasoline.
2) Importance of both numbers
The more compression from the piston the gasoline can tolerate before igniting in the engine, the higher the octane number. For cars that operate on standard gasoline, the capacity of gasoline to endure compression is critical. Hence, The better the gasoline burns in a vehicle's engine, the better. Higher octane fuels are required for high-performance automobiles. Diesel engines, on the other hand, do not compress fuel but rather air before injecting fuel. Different ratings, termed as cetane numbers, are used by these engines.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Application of Octane and Cetane number in Refinery:
-Octane number: Measurement for gasoline's performance by measuring the fuel's resistance to premature ignition or known as knock.It also used to determine the mixture in gasoline of iso-octane and heptane based on the behavioral condition of the fuel.

-Cetane number: To measurement of the quality of diesel during compression ignition.

2.Importance of both number to vehicle and refinery:

-Octane number: To distinguish the usage of the fuel for high performances engines that are easier to detonate during the process.

Cetane number: To distinguish between high speed diesel engines and lower, high speed engine require higher cetane number

# data[].attributes.body
Question 1
Octane
- measure of a fuel's resistance to knock or to ignite prematurely.

Cetane
- Measurement of the combustion quality of diesel during compression ignition.

Question 2

Ocatne
- Octane rating rates gasoline
- higher performance gasoline vehicles required fuels with higher octane rating.
- octane rating represents how well a fuel can resist pre-ignition due to compression, ensuring the fuel ignites only from a spark from the spark plug

Cetane
- measurement of the quality or performance of diesel fuel.
- Higher performance diesel vehicles require fuel with a higher cetane rating.
- cetane number measures the delay in the ignition time of the fuel

# data[].attributes.body
Application in refinery:

Octane number:  represent on the resistance of gasoline and other fuels to detonation in spark ignition internal combustion engines.

Cetane number:  measure the combustion quality of diesel fuel during compression ignition and determine overall diesel fuel quality but can only used for the relatively light distillate diesel oils.

Importance of ON and CN:

Octane number: Suitable for high performance engines which typically have higher compression ratios and more prone to detonation.

Cetane number:  Suitable to run for diesel engines with a cetane number range from 40 to 55. For example,  higher speed diesels engines are recommended to operate with higher cetane number fuels because more effective.

# data[].attributes.body
Application of octane and cetane number

Octane number is measurement used to indicate fuels' ability on knock resistance (pre-ignition, especially in gasoline engine ( higher compression ratios). Octane measurement rating include Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON).

Cetane number is measurement for ignition delay, more specific on overall diesel fuels' quality on combustion. Usually CN used for light distillate diesel oils. The cetane number tend to be higher (higher speed diesels) when ignition delay reduce, lowering the the time to be burn.

Siti Safawati Binti Zamri

2018680854

EH2438B

# data[].attributes.body
Application of octane and cetane number

Octane number is measurement used to indicate fuels' ability on knock resistance (pre-ignition, especially in gasoline engine ( higher compression ratios). Octane measurement rating include Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON).

Cetane number is measurement for ignition delay, more specific on overall diesel fuels' quality on combustion. Usually CN used for light distillate diesel oils. The cetane number tend to be higher (higher speed diesels) when ignition delay reduce, lowering the the time to be burn.

Siti Safawati Binti Zamri
2018680854
EH2438B

# data[].attributes.body
Application of octane and cetane number

Octane number is measurement used to indicate fuels' ability on knock resistance (pre-ignition, especially in gasoline engine ( higher compression ratios). Octane measurement rating include Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON).

Cetane number is measurement for ignition delay, more specific on overall diesel fuels' quality on combustion. Usually CN used for light distillate diesel oils. The cetane number tend to be higher (higher speed diesels) when ignition delay reduce, lowering the the time to be burn.

Siti Safawati Binti Zamri

2018680854

EH2438B

# data[].attributes.body
Application in refinery operation

Octane Number - Due to the limited concentration of aromatics, benzene, and olefins in gasoline, one of the solid acid-catalyzed processes in modern oil refineries. It's a test that determines how resistant gasoline and other fuels are to detonation (engine knocking) in spark-ignition internal combustion engines.

Cetane number - It is used to determine the quality of diesel fuel combustion during compression ignition. Among several other metrics that define total diesel fuel quality, it is an important representation of diesel fuel quality.

Importance of both towards refinery product & engine

Both numbers are important to the industry to evaluate the refining performance and quality.

The octane value indicates a fuel's capacity to withstand knock (pre-ignition) in a gasoline engine with high compression ratios. Because high-performance engines have greater compression ratios and are thus more prone to detonation, higher octane gasoline is required.

The ignition delay is measured by the cetane number. Fuels with a higher cetane number have a shorter ignition delay and require less time to burn. Diesel engines typically have a CN of 40 to 55. When the CN is raised past around 55, higher speed diesel works better with higher cetane number fuels, but there is no performance or emission gain.

# data[].attributes.headline
Sarah Syasya Binti Mohd Rizal (2018227226)

# data[].attributes.subject
Sarah Syasya Binti Mohd Rizal (2018227226)

# data[].attributes.body
Compare the application of Octane and Cetane number in refinery operation

Octane: A measure of the tendency of gasoline to resist auto-igniting when compressed with air in a spark-ignition engine. In a spark-ignition engine, a mixture of gasoline and air is compressed in the engine's combustion chamber, before being ignited by a high-temperature spark.

Cetane: A measure of a fuel's ignition delay, the time period between the start of injection and the first identifiable pressure increase during combustion of the fuel.

Discuss the importance of both numbers towards refinery products and vehicle engine

Importance towards refinery product: the octane number is an important property for many intermediate streams that undergo blending, later on, to produce automotive gasoline and others while cetane is a measure of the tendency of diesel fuel to auto-ignite when injected into the combustion chamber of a diesel engine that has been heated by compression of the air in the chamber.

Importance towards vehicle engine: octane number rates gasoline/fuel whereas cetane rates diesel. Just as higher performance gasoline vehicles require fuels with a higher octane rating, high-performance diesel vehicles require fuel with a higher cetane rating.

# data[].attributes.body
Cetane number of a diesel engine fuel is indicative of its ignition characteristics. Higher the cetane number better it is in its ignition properties. Cetane number affects a number of engine performance parameters like combustion, stability, drivability, white smoke, noise and emissions of CO and HC.

Octane rating, also known as octane number is a measurement of the quality or performance of gasoline. The higher the number, the better the fuel burns within the engine of a vehicle. Higher performance vehicles require fuels with a higher octane rating.

# data[].attributes.body
Octane Number
-Octane rating is considering a total number of 100 isooctane
-Used in term of analyzing the performance or quality of fuel
-Usually used by gasoline and function in forecasting the knocking of engine
-Used to determine volume of mixture gasoline such as isooctane

Cetane Number
-Rating is done by considering ignition of cetane
-Highly capable in determining the delay of fuel's ignition
-Commonly used to predict ignition of engine
-Less number of cetane indicates that less addictives or catalyst needed to obtain the final produc

# data[].attributes.body
Application in refinery

Octane: Octane number, also called octane value or octane rating, is one of the critical measures of a gasoline's performance. It is a measure of a fuel's resistance to knock or to ignite prematurely. Its application in refinery is to determine the volume or fraction of mixture in gasoline which means 90% iso-octane and 10% heptane would have an octane rating of 90.

Cetane: The cetane number is used to measure the quality of this combustion according to the self-ignition delay. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the self-ignition delay and the better the combustion quality. It application in industry such as to determine the quality or the process need to achieve the cetane number. Low cetane number diesel would require less process or additional of additives to meet the end product.

Importance to refinery and vehicle’s engine

The importance of cetane and octane to refinery is both used to determine the needed and requirement for the refinery. Refinery efficiency and optimization could be improved by knowing such value. The importance of cetane and octane to vehicle is that both used to determine the quality of burning that the engine could take. For example, a supercar would require gasoline with high octane number so that the combustion is perfectly done without leaving any residue that could damage the engine.

# data[].attributes.body
octane number: measurement for RON number
cetane number: measurement for ignition quality tester of diesel fuel

importance of both number: to determine the best fuel that can be used for engines of automobile

Khairunnisa Zullkuffli
2018425274

# data[].attributes.body
Application in refinery

-          Cetane numbers used for relatively light distillate diesel oils and measurement that determine overall diesel fuel quality.

-          For octane number , it is used in naptha reformer where incoming feedstocks which has low octane number will be increase before going to gasoline blending

Why high octane number ?

-          Because modern cars used fuel such as RON 95 & 97 therefore requires high octane gasoline.

-          High performance engines have higher compression ratios and prone to detonation therefore need higher octane fuel.

Why high cetane number ?

-          Fuels with higher cetane number have shorter ignition delays requiring less time for fuel combustion process to be completed.

-          Higher speed diesels operate more efficient with higher cetane number fuels.

# data[].attributes.headline
1) Compare the application of Octane number and Cetane number in refinery operation, and 2) Discuss the importance of both numbers towards refinery products and vehicle's engine?

# data[].attributes.subject
1) Compare the application of Octane number and Cetane number in refinery operation, and 2) Discuss the importance of both numbers towards refinery products and vehicle's engine?