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Three Perspectives: Reader, Author, Character

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Three Perspectives: Reader, Author, Character

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Four C's: Characterization, Contrast, Clarity, Criticism

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Four C's: Characterization, Contrast, Clarity, Criticism

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- Directly characterize the emotions experienced by characters

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- Emphasizes importance of visual aspect of story
- Creates a positive/negative/peaceful/violent tone

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- Makes readers feel comfortable/uncomfortable
- Characterizes author's perspectives on subject matter
- Can provoke readers to action

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- Criticizes an aspect of society that is unfair/doesn't make sense/illogical/hypocritical
- Creates humor

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- Creates irony when alluded-to character/thing does not have all traits replicated in piece
- Projects imagery of alluded-to character/thing onto first character/thing
- Emphasizes connection between different time periods/locations
- Draws from intertextuality of literature
- Establishes familiarity if readers already know an established work

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- Creates irony when not all characteristics of the allegory are reproduced
- Criticizes an aspect of society

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- Emphasizes narcissism or the perceived foreign characteristics of nature (humans want to make nature more like them)
- Emphasizes humanity

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- Projects animal qualities onto man, may create irony if the qualities are unfavorable to readers
- Bird-like qualities may connote freedom

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- Projects compared thing's imagery onto first thing
- Creates humor
- Connotes complexity of the content such that a comparison is required
- Creates irony when two unlike things are compared
- Emphasizes duality between unexpected things, creates surprise

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- Can create irony if expected symbol traits are defied
- Underlines imperfection if fewer than all symbol traits are reproduced
- Projects symbol's imagery onto character/concept/thing/idea

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- Details of the hyperbole lend insight to character
- Creates humor

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- Emphasizes alliterated words
- Creates predictability

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- Emphasizes connection between events in piece and life
- Emphasizes frequency/abundance of given aspect of piece

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- Characterizes speaker or character's uneasiness with or fear of defining a given subject

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- Characterize setting or backgrounds of characters
- Contribute to informal mood

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- Creates predictability for readers
- Creates a sense of formality

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- Emphasizes the importance of the natural world (to the reader/to the story)
- Characterizes author or speaker's attention to detail/to life's trivialities
- Brings readers into the nuances of a given moment

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- Creates unfamiliarity, confusion for readers
- Emphasizes author's own lack of clarity or the mysteriousness of the subject matter

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- Creates distance or closeness between multiple characters or character/narrator and subject matter
- Underlines characters' responsibilities or perceptions of responsibility
- Underscores power differences between speakers

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- Characterizes characters' desires (hypothetical dreams, wants)
- Characterizes characters' certainty (indicative mood)
- Characterizes characters' responsibility or direction of responsibility to others (indicative/imperative mood)
- Creates tension between characters (imperative v. imperative, indicative v. interrogrative, etc.)
- Creates didactic quality of literature which instructs readers

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- Indirectly characterizes characters' memory, time focus, concerns
- Indirectly characterizes characters' internal conflicts
- Change of tense reveals multidimensionality of story—perhaps that a character is stuck between different worlds or that the message/theme of the piece is applicable in past/present/future
- Characterizes setting

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- Standard form (exposition, rising action, climax, resolution) is predictable and creates clarity—readers event meaning by their placement
- Non-standard form or additional plot parts (anticlimax) create unfamiliarity, perhaps irony

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- Creates suspense for readers
- Creates cohesion throughout the story; appeals to logos (readers understand the logic of how events occur)

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- Improves predictability
- Characterizes author's desire for high clarity in poem, reduces ambiguity

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- Can create a positive or negative mood/atmosphere
- Might emphasize playfulness, lightness, darkness
- Could join with assonance or consonance to create specific tone

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- Equal length sections may connote organization and formality on the narrator's part
- Unequal length may emphasize disorder

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- Characterizes process of recollection
- Characterizes importance of the past
- Might criticize an element of the present
- Serves as a form of catharsis to escape or cope with the present

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- Juxtaposes differences between characters
- Indirectly characterizes characters' attitudes towards each other or a subject
- Indirectly characterizes characters' background, formality, or sense of responsibility to provide information