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Coal Tar
Dose: Apply to the skin every 2 to 3 days

Contraindications: Avoid broken or inflamed skin; avoid eye, genital, mucosal and rectal areas

Cautions: Application to face and skin flexures

Side effects: Acne-like eruptions, photosensitivity, skin irritation

Counselling points: May stain skin, hair and fabric

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Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff 

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Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff 

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- Nizoral® Anti-Dandruff Shampoo - Ketoconazole 1%(20mg/g)
– Apply twice weekly for 2 to 4 weeks, leave preparation on for 3 to 5 minutes before rinsing

Prevention
- Apply every 1 to 2 weeks

Cautions:
Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes
Side effects:
• Erythema, hypersensitivity reactions, itching, mild burning sensation, occasional local irritation
• Treatment should be discontinued if side effects are severe
Counselling points:
• Regular application is important for effective eradication of infection. Emphasize on patient compliance.
• Continue applying for 1 to 2 week after the disappearance of all signs of infection (topical cream)

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- Family / personal history of

asthma

allergic rhinitis

atopic eczema

- Infants and children
- Warmer climates
- High humidity

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Dry, flaky skin

redness and red spot

thicken plaques

Eczematous lesions

- located on cheeks face in infants and toddlers
- located in the inside of elbow or back of the knees in children and adults

intense itch ( pruritus)

Lichenification

Elevated levels of eosinophils ( type of disease-fighting white blood cells)

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The vehicle of a skin preparation affects the degree of hydration of the skin and aids in the penetration of the active drug. Dosage form affects the potency of the drugs

Applications - Usually viscous solutions / emulsions / suspension for application to the skin / scalp / nails.

Creams - Emulsions of oil and water and generally well-absorbed into the skin. May contain preservatives. Generally more cosmetically acceptable than ointments (less greasy and easier to apply.

Gels - Generallyhave high water content. Particularly suitable for application to the face and scalp.

Lotions - Have a cooling effect and may be preferred to ointments or creams for application over a hairy area.

Ointments - Greasy preparations which are usually anhydrous and insoluble in water. More occlusive than creams. Particularly suitable for chronic, dry lesions.

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• Eczema cannot be cured; management involves relief of symptoms.
• Avoid environmental irritants: wool, synthetic clothing, detergents, carpets, sands, grass, raised temperature, sweating.
• Avoid environmental allergens: preservatives, fragrances, deodorants, animal hair.
• Maintain adequate skin hydration with regular use of moisturizers.
• Soap and bubble bath should be avoided. Take lukewarm baths or showers. Use unscented, mild soap or soap-free cleansers to cleanse the skin.
• Not to scratch when it is itchy; keep finger nails short.

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Anti-inflammatory agents –Topical corticosteroids
Hydrocortisone
Betamethasone
Mometasonefuroate
Clobetasolpropionate

Emollient preparations
Emulsifying ointment
White soft paraffin
Aqueous cream
Urea

Other preparations
Coal tar

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itching, redness and inflammation of affected areas
Yellow, greasy scales over an eczematous-like lesion
Typically appears along scalp line, nasolabial fold, eyebrows, eyelashes, ears and over the sternum
Leads to formation of dandruff

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Allergens:                                  Irritants:
• preservatives                         • wool
• fragrances                              • soaps
• deodorants                             • detergents
• animal hair                              • synthetic clothing
• photosensitising drugs          • raised temperature
• house dust mites                    • sweating

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• Usually eczematous, popular red or vesicular lesions seen
• Commonly appears as blisters
• Appears clearly at points of contact

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• E.g. “Dishpan hands”
• Raw, red and dry skin due to prolonged contact with irritating / drying substances

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skin disease that mainly affects areas where sebaceous glands are most active (e.g. scalp and face)

Risk factors
-Stress
- neurological conditions (eg. epilepsy)

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- Usually sharply demarcated inflammation and irritation of the skin caused by contact with substances to which the skin is sensitive (e.g. perfumes, soaps, plants, chemicals)
Signs and symptoms:
Mild irritants and allergens: erythema and small vesicles that ooze, scale and itch
Strong irritants: blisters and ulcerations
Classic allergic response: clearly defined lesions with straight lines following points of contact
Severe allergic reaction: marked oedema of affected areas
Risk factors:
• Prolonged exposure to known allergens and irritants
• Not wearing protective clothing when handling substances containing these known allergens or irritants
• Not washing immediately after exposure to allergens and irritants

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Is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that commonly affects children and people with allergies, asthma along with itchy and red skin. which would cause the skin to become dry , cracked and itchy