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Step 10- Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate

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Step 10- Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate

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This is glycolysis' second energy-generating phase. The enzyme pyruvate kinase converts phosphoenolpyruvate to an enol form of pyruvate. The enol pyruvate, on the other hand, undergoes a fast and non-enzymatic rearrangement to generate the keto form of pyruvate (i.e. ketopyruvate). At pH 7.0, the keto form prevails. The enzyme catalyses the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, resulting in the production of ATP.

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The action of enolase (phosphopyruvate hydratase) converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate in this stage. This is likewise an irreversible process that results in the loss of two moles of water.

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Step 8- Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate

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Step 8- Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate

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Due to the transfer of the phosphoryl group from C3 to C2, the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase converts 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. The isomerization reaction is reversible.

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Step 7- Transfer of phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP

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Step 7- Transfer of phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP

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This is the stage in glycolysis that generates ATP. The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase transfers the phosphate group from 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, yielding ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. This phase generates two ATPs because one mole of glucose produces two moles of 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.

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Step 6- Oxidative Phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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Step 6- Oxidative Phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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Step 6 is one of glycolysis' three energy-conserving or forming processes. The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase converts glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase). The H– from glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate reduces NAD+ to coenzyme NADH in this mechanism. Two NADH are generated in this stage because one mole of glucose yields two moles of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

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Step 5- Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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Step 5- Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is easily destroyed in glycolysis' latter phases, whereas dihydroxyacetone phosphate is not. As a result, it is isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. In the presence of the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The first phase of glycolysis is completed with this reaction.

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Step 4- Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate

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Step 4- Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate

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The C-C bond in fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is cleaved in this step for the first time. The enzyme fructose diphosphate aldolase catalyses the cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate between C3 and C4 to produce two triose phosphates: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (an aldose) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a ketose). In glycolysis, the remaining steps use three-carbon units rather than six-carbon units.

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Step 3- Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

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Step 3- Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate

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In the presence of the enzyme phosphofructokinase, fructose-6-phosphate is transformed to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, which is the second priming step of glycolysis. Phosphate is transferred from ATP in the same way as it was in Step 1, however some energy is lost in the form of heat.

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Step 2- Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate

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Step 2- Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate

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The enzyme phosphohexose isomerase converts glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in a reversible manner. The carbonyl oxygen is shifted from C1 to C2, resulting in the conversion of an aldose to a ketose.

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Phosphorylation of the C6 carbon in the first stage of glycolysis initiates or primes the glucose for the succeeding steps. In the presence of the enzymes hexokinase and glucokinase, phosphate from ATP is transferred to glucose, creating glucose-6-phosphate (in animals and microbes). This process also results in a significant loss of energy in the form of heat.