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I personally believe that there are countless advances that are available to use because of science and technology that was not always available. With the help of this technology, scientist are able to save and help many lives. However, there are certain things that I believe should be done naturally. In the case of stopping the growth of disabled babies, I believe that it could be inhumane to stunt someone's growth and development. I do however understand why estrogen therapy is used because it help parents better take care of their children with disabilities.

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Editing Human DNA to Create Genetically Modified Babies.

Scientist, He Jiankui, of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, created twin babies Lula and Nana, using the CRISPR method. He is the first to create genetically modified human babies with this technique. The CRISPR method had yet to be approved by a local medical ethics board, who have Jiankui currently under investigation to see whether his experiment broke Chinese laws or regulations. Jiankui’s reasoning for preforming this particular gene surgery on the embryos was because the father of the twins, Mark, has tested positive for HIV. In order to prevent the twins being born with the HIV gene, Jiankui removed that pathway in which the gene could enter. That pathway is the CCR5 gene. It enables HIV to enter and infect immune system cells, however, the removal of the CCR5 gene also renders a person to be much more susceptible to the West Nile Virus, which concerned many other scientist and bioethicists. Lula and Nana’s birth has been highly compared to the birth of Louise Brown, who was to first baby to be born through in-vitro fertilization, IVF. Since the creation of IVF in 1978, there have been over 6.5 million human babies born using the technique around the world. Researchers claim that there are alternative ways to prevent infection at birth that are already effective, including IVF. This is the reason why Jiankui’s decision to use CRISPR instead of any other method was criticized. Jiankui understood that his work would be controversial, but he also knew that CRISPR enables scientists to make very precise changes in DNA much more easily than ever before, which could save many future babies. It can be expected that Jiankui will continue his work once he is no longer under investigation. He explained this when he said, “I believe families need this technology. And I am willing to take the criticism for them."

Stopping the Growth of Children with Severe Disabilities.

Some parents and caregivers of children with disabilities struggle with many tasks such as dressing, bathing and carrying the child, which leads those parents to turn to growth-attenuation therapy for their child. Growth-attenuation therapy stunts the growth children with the injection of estrogen, and it reduces their size tremendously. Beginning in the 1940s, doctors prescribed estrogen to children with excessive-growth disorder. Between the 1950s and 1970s estrogen was given to young girls who were taller than average because it was deemed to have been unattractive for them to be too tall. In 2006, Douglas Diekema and Daniel Gunther, brought estrogen therapy back for the disabled community. The growth-attenuation therapy helps parents and caregivers take care of the children more effectively, considering the bigger the child gets, the harder to care for them. However, this practice has received much criticism. The advocacy group Feminist Response in Disability Activism has criticized Diekema and Gunther because it strips people with disabilities of their rights. The children who have gone through this therapy often appear to be 5 years old even though they could be much older. Documents such as the Americans With Disabilities Act and even the 14 Amendment are supposed to protect the rights of people with disabilities which is why there has been so much backlash about estrogen therapy because it mutilates and permanently damages their bodies.

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5.Namami Littlejohn

I believe that there aren’t limits as to what we can do with science. Let’s be honest, there is a lot you can do with science. Science has a variety of categories that go on snd on. It’s never ending. I also think humans should intervene with the natural world. But not destroy it and do weird experiments. There are beautiful things out there in the world that should be seen but not touched. So much stuff is destroyed or mutated due to use overindulging in experiments.

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Erica Brigman

1.       Bioethics is a form of good and bad discipline. Which is applied to the medical field and also greatly concerned in human well-being. Also, how our actions, morals, etc. affect everything around us. Including, our environment and animals. In simpler terms bioethics is human understanding of life.

5.       I personally believe that humans can and will always intervene with the natural world. Everything that happens around us has been put in place by God, but us humans always intervene and construct things as we want. I also believe that there are some limits as to what we can do with science. You can configure new experiments constantly, but if you don’t have every aspect that you need its almost impossible. For example, there has been many experiments on humans. Although, some cannot be followed through because it could cause harm. Same to experiments with animals. There are simply just some things humans cannot interfere with. I believe this because as of today we do not have answers for every single thing. That’s nearly impossible.

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	Bryan Nuñez-Lima Opinion
I believe that there is a limit to what us humans can do with science. I think that we can modify unborn babies to try and take away any birth defects they may be born with, but I do not think that we should try and do what Victor did in the story. If by some way a scientist finds a way to bring a figure to life, they should stay away from the idea. This idea could lead to people trying to create soldiers for the military, and I do not think that would end up being a good thing for our world. We should only come together to find ways and get rid of any bad birth defects that babies could be born with.

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	Editing human DNA to create genetically modified babies


One of the world’s biggest questions is “how do we have babies without any disabilities, or deceases?” Every year, about 6% (7.9 million) babies are born with some type of birth defect. Every couple would want to have a baby without any birth defects, but unfortunately no one can be a hundred percent sure that their baby will be born without any birth defects. 
	In the book Frankenstein, we see that Victor has used the power of science to create his own human figure ( the monster). Victor created the monster to be caring, and compassionate just like how Victor was. This, in modern day, can be seen as genetically modifying a baby's DNA. Although the book Frankenstein is labeled as “fiction”, doctors, in real life, have tried changing a baby’s DNA to make it possible for the baby to be born without any birth defects. In the book, Victor says, “A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. I might in process of time (although I now found it impossible) renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption. (chapter 4)” This quote shows us how determined Victor is to create a new life with no imperfections. 
	A scientist named He Jiankui, of Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, says that he used modified embryos to create twin girls. The scientist says that the two sisters were born as healthy as any other baby. The scientist said that when Lulu and Nana, the twins, were just a single cell, he surgically removed the doorway which the disease HIV uses to infect people. In a way, Victor used the same technique as He Jiankui, but Victor didn't have a cell to modify. Victor states, “Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow.(chapter 4)” We can see that Victor wants people to learn from him and improve as well. If more doctors around the world learn how to remove diseases like how He Jiankui did, than there could be less babies with birth defects.

Stopping the growth of children with severe disabilities

	Knowing that there is a doctor on this planet that has actually created two “perfect” babies, many people ask themselves “what about the kids/babies that were already born with disabilities?” There are about 120,000 kids that are born with birth defects, and continue to live a great life. Now imagine how those kids can live an even better life if doctors used the same science Victor used when creating the monster. There could be children that could live a “normal” life without any birth defects. Victor states in chapter 5, “watery eyes, that seemed almost the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips.(chapter 5)”  This quote states that Victor has not only brought a figure to life, but he also created it to be as close to perfect as possible. No defects, and nothing out of the ordinary, except his height of course. 
	There has been a child that has gone into surgery to get rid of an illness. Ashley, last name unknown, has severe developmental disabilities due to static encephalopathy. She was an American child who is mainly known as “Ashley X”, and her procedure is controversial. She is known for growing normally on the physical side, but she still has the mind of an infant. Victor says, “a human being in perfection ought always to preserve a calm and peaceful mind and never to allow passion or a transitory desire to disturb his tranquillity.” This quote means that someone with no imperfections is destined to live a perfect life. Ashley X could live a normal life if she was born without her birth defect. The science used by Victor can be easily modified with today’s science to somehow find a way to remove any defects from a baby, or child. 