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Hernán Cortes was appointed caudillo (leader) of the expedition.

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Hernán Cortes was appointed caudillo (leader) of the expedition.

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He was commissioned to explore and establish a modest trade so he left the island and headed for Yucatan.

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Cortés obtained his first victory in Mayan territory

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Cortés obtained his first victory in Mayan territory

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It was linguistic in nature and discovered a Spanish priest "Geronimo de Aguilar" who had learned one of the Mayan languages.

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Cortés won his first battle with the local Mayans.

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Cortés won his first battle with the local Mayans.

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After landing at Potonchan where he gained his first victory in a battle with the local Mayans.

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They give Hernán, womens for the victory among them Malinche who spoke Maya and Mexica.
She translated from Mexica to Mayan which was later translated by Geronimo into Spanish.

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Cortés landing in what is now called Veracurz

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Cortés landing in what is now called Veracurz

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During the following days the diplomats of Moctezuma arrived, gave them gifts, built dormitories and gave them servants and Cortés asked one of the most dangerous questions in history "Does Moctezuma have a lot of gold? And the answer was yes.

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When the messengers arrived with the news of the explorers, Moctezuma did not know how to proceed since if he killed them immediately, he would be violating diplomacy, so he was thinking to use them for his benefit.

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Cuitláhuac along with Cuauhtémoc persisted in the idea that these raiders were unreliable. Cuitláhuac advised Moctezuma "not to let someone enter your house who is going to get you out of it".

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While Cortés was speaking with the leader of the Totonacas, he discovered that they had to pay an annual tribute to the Mexica as well as other populations who did not like Moctezuma so they would join them if their decision was to march on Tenochtitlán.

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Until now his main objective had been to take a bit of land and extract as much gold as possible but now the opportunity to take an empire for himself was within reach. Yet Cortés had been acting illegally.

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To make their actions legal, Cortés and his people decided to found a town called Villa Rica de la Veracruz, a council who decided that he would stop being a caudillo and would become the new captain of his majesty's armies until new instructions, which was a serious matter. violation of the law. Cortés thought that if he could conquer Mexico he would be accepted again by the king.

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Arrival of Cortés to the Tlaxcala territory

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Arrival of Cortés to the Tlaxcala territory

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Cortés left for Tenochtitlan and entered the territory of Tlaxcala, their first violent encounters were constantly harassed by Tlaxcalans and Otomi warriors, they suffered their worst losses, there were many Spanish wounded because it was a large number of Tlaxcalans, they could not continue to have losses.

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The TLaxcalans had lived in a state of endless war with the empire so they realized that foreigners were more useful alive, since no one had more reasons to overthrow Moctezuma's empire than they did. On September 23, 1529, Cortés asserted his alliance in Tlaxacala.

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As Hernán advanced through the territory, the messengers of the empire brought him even more gifts at the same time that they warned him that the Tlaxcalans were not trustworthy, but without caring about this, he continued on his way with his massive army until he reached Cholula.

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The lords of Cholula received them however, the Spaniards suspected of a conspiracy by those of Cholula or Moctezuma, they found themselves in the temple of Quetzalcoatl and they sneaked into the courtyard after the doors were closed, Cortés knowing that they wanted to kill him And his men decree that they should kill them, the slaughter continued in the streets, the city was on fire and there were more than 3000 dead, they sacrificed the prisoners and Cortés and his army continued on their way.

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The march of Cortés towards Tenochtitlan.

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The march of Cortés towards Tenochtitlan.

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On November 8, 1519, the day the Spanish and their allies marched directly to Tenochtitlan, prepared for battle even in war paint. Despite this being a clear statement of what his intentions were, Moctezuma decided to meet with Cortes on the way since the traditional hospitality of the Mexica should not be broken, at the moment in which the emperor and the conqueror met they completely changed the history.

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The Spanish received accommodation in a palace and during the following days they toured the city, however the Mexica could kill them while they slept so the conquerors were scared and Cortés had to make a decision, he met with Moctezuma to debate and accused him of treason, he said that I was going to forgive him if he accompanied the Spanish to their bedrooms but if he made noise they were going to kill him.

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Moctezuma traveled through his own empire while his nobles carried him on a stretcher, who even asked him if they should face the Spanish to which he answered no and just as Moctezuma ended up being a prisoner within his own empire. All this situation made the Mexica question the decisions of Moctezuma at the same time that they created hatred for the Spanish.

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While all this was happening, Cortés received the news that a Spanish ship was approaching, in which Pánfilo de Narvaréz was, who was sent to trap or kill Cortés. While Cortés was heading towards Narvaréz, he left his less reliable soldiers under the command of Pedro de Alvarado to watch over Moctezuma and others, taking his interpreters, so the tension increased since the Mexica no longer considered the Spaniards as guests.

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There was a lot of tension during the celebration of the "Feast of Toxcatl" while it was happening Alvarado was paranoid, he captured citizens to find out what was happening, the bad translations only confirmed that people were planning a revolt, his fear of being killed made him launch the first blow.

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The day of the festival arrived and while the Mexica celebrated Alvarado and his troops entered the temple accommodating themselves strategically, blocking their exits, at the moment that Alvarado ´kill them´ is when a new massacre begins leaving more than 3000 people dead in the temple This continued in the streets, leaving most of the Aztec nobility dead, only the emperor and a few managed to survive, while thinking of a counterattack Alvarado forced Moctezuma to address his people asking them not to do anything about it, while the Spaniards were in their rooms the whole empire was lamenting.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Cortés had won his battle on the coast and killed most of the enemy soldiers within his army, as he entered Tenochtitlan the city was silent. Cortés met with Alvarado and heard what happened and the Spaniards found themselves under attack every time they went out on the street, Cortés was surrounded and people helped Cuitlahuac who had already been planning resistance for some time

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After all this, the Aztec empire ceased to exist, so by 1680 94% of the Aztec population had disappeared, most of them at the hands of the conquerors, due to forced labor and poor nutrition. The Spain tried to change the Aztec into Catholics and into people who acted like they came from Spain.