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A great article that Dr. Serembus shared in the lesson about test writing

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Developing and Evaluating Multiple Choice Tests for Trustworthiness.pdf

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DIY app to make animated videos.

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Animaker Tutorial : How to create Awesome videos using Animaker

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3 Steps for Creating Effective Learning Objectives

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3 Steps for Creating Effective Learning Objectives

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Source: CommLab India

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15 Rules

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Foley catheter insertion kit ThingLink created for Essentials in Online Learning course

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TOUCH this image to discover its story. Image tagging powered by ThingLink

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1 billion members | Manage your professional identity. Build and engage with your professional network. Access knowledge, insights and opportunities.

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Enrich and personalize learning

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Classroom Management Tools & Resources - Google for Education

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Get started with Google Classroom, a central hub for tools and resources designed to help educators manage classrooms and enrich learning experiences.

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Bloom's Taxonomy Verbs for Learning Objectives

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Bloom's Taxonomy Verbs for Learning Objectives

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Generador de Crucigramas
Créateur de mots croisé

1. Enter your crossword words and clues in the form below OR choose a premade word list (just below the instructions box) OR use the Quick Add Box to create your crossword clues and answers with Artificial Intelligence (AI).

2. Click the large green "Make Crossword Puzzle" button near the bottom of the form to make your free custom puzzle quickly.

3. You can now create online NEW!PLAYABLE and NEW!SHAREABLE crossword puzzles! Or make PDF's, Images, or just print them.

These Crosswords were created here!

Quick Start Tools

You enter any subject and we will generate all of your words and clues for you! TIPS Video

Generate Clues/Words with A.I.

Import a word/clue list into the form that is already made

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We have some pre-made lists that you can use:

Pre-Made Word Lists

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Crossword Puzzle Maker | Print, Play Online & Easily Share using our custom crossword maker

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Free crossword maker w/no registration needed! Free A.I. Generation. Play Online & Share! Add images, change colors and fonts to create professional looking printable crossword puzzles. Our A.I. crossword maker can create the entire puzzle with just a subject!

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Infographic Tool

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Infogram is an intuitive visualization tool that empowers people and teams to create beautiful content.
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All rights reserved © 2023 Infogram Terms & Privacy Infogram and Infogr.am are registered trademarks of Prezi, Inc.

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Create Infographics, Reports and Maps - Infogram

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Infogram is an easy to use infographic and chart maker. Create and share beautiful infographics, online reports, and interactive maps. Make your own here.

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Make a newspaper clipping with your own headline and story. Surprise friends and colleagues, send a birthday greeting or give your next blog post a special look.

To download your newspaper, use the link at the bottom of the generated image. You can use the images as you wish ie. put them on your own website or blog. Please note, that direct linking to the newspaper clippings doesn't work; the images are deleted from the server after a short time span.

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Make a newspaper clipping with your own headline and story. Surprise friends and colleagues, send a birthday greeting or give your next blog post a special look.

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Infographic Tool

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Infographic Maker Trusted By 11 Million Users - Piktochart

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With Piktochart AI, you can create stunning infographics, reports, presentations, and more in seconds. No design experience needed. Start for free.

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Unified Auth prototype for UI iterations

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Brittany Hagopian presentation on management of delirium

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For Remote or In-Person Classrooms

Factile is a free learning platform that lets teachers create engaging jeopardy-style quiz games for the remote or in-person classroom

Assess students' understanding of new topics or review the latest concepts using our simple, user-friendly gameboard template. Create and share your games with students, or search our database of already-created games. Use Factile with Google Classroom to easily assign games and flashcards to your class.
Play Demo Game

Four Team Review Games
Play in classroom or remote with Buzzer Mode

Two Individual Study Games
Self-paced learning in classroom or remote

Buzzer Mode

Buzzer Mode

Turn phones, tablets or computers into buzzer buttons for an engaging multi-player gameshow experience

"Factile is fun and exciting. Students enjoy the competition, the team-building, the camaradarie, the positive reinforcement, or all of the above. The standard, free version is very workable and click-driven, although I am sure the premium version contains greater functionality that may appeal to some folks. Your students will enjoy it as much as you enjoy watching them learn"

Bruce DuBoff AASL Best Websites for Teaching and Learning Committee Member

See more reviews

Are you looking to make your Factile game even more engaging? Let students BUZZ IN via their laptops, phones or tablets! Remote or In-Classroom.

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For Remote or In-Person Classrooms

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Classroom Jeopardy Review Game | Buzzer Mode | Factile

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Create your own Jeopardy template online without PowerPoint, or browse the pre-made templates to play Jeopardy-style classroom games or quizzes in minutes.

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Visible Body - Virtual Anatomy to See Inside the Human Body

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We create educational 3D medical apps that help you to better understand human anatomy and physiology.

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Modernize workflows with Zoom's trusted collaboration tools: including video meetings, team chat, VoIP phone, webinars, whiteboard, contact center, and events.

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Secure video meetings for teams and businesses.

Help your team stay securely connected with enterprise-grade video conferencing built on Google's robust and secure global infrastructure. Meet is included with Google Workspace, Google Workspace Essentials, and G Suite for Education.

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Google Meet: Video Conferencing for Business | Google Workspace

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Secure video meetings for teams and businesses. Help your team stay securely connected with enterprise-grade video conferencing built on Google's robust and secure global infrastructure. Meet is included with Google Workspace, Google Workspace Essentials, and G Suite for Education.

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We unlock the power of videos through simple editing tools and dazzling student data. The process is simple - find a video, add questions and assign it to your class. Watch as they progress and hold them accountable on their learning journey.

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Easily create beautiful interactive video lessons for your students you can integrate right into your LMS. Track students' progress with hassle-free analytics as you flip your classroom!

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Kahoot! is a game-based learning platform, used as educational technology in schools and other educational institutions. Its learning games, "Kahoots", are multiple-choice quizzes that allow user generation and can be accessed via a web browser or the Kahoot app.

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Kahoot! | Learning games | Make learning awesome!

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Kahoot! is a game-based learning platform that brings engagement and fun to 1+ billion players every year at school, at work, and at home.

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The Flipped Classroom: Where Interactive Learning Meets Technology

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Learning Resources

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Here are 156 free nursing games with some 6,000 questions designed to make your nurse learning / education more interesting, engaging and fun! In this section we have developed, and are experimenting with, different kinds of educational nursing games. Online games are very popular, so why not apply them to your nursing education?

The Super Nurse and Word Guess games have been developed in HTML5. Therefore, the latest browser versions of Internet Explorer (IE10/11), Firefox, Chrome or Safari need to be used. These games can also be played on most mobile devices.

We have enhanced the games software to produce a Report that you can print out and keep for your records, or to hand in for assignments. For statistical and research purposes, the game results are now being tracked and recorded.

Click on a Title below to open up a specific nursing educational game in a new window. If you find the audio annoying or distracting, click the Mute button on your computer. Enjoy!

1. Nursing Games - Super Nurse Series

1.27 Drug Dosage Calculations I - This game tests your knowledge of the metric system and how to accurately make conversions between the various units. ( 15 items selected from 50 questions).

1.28 Drug Dosage Calculations II - Test and refresh you knowledge and skills about how to calculate the correct tablet medication dosages. ( 15 items selected from 50 questions).

1.29 Drug Dosage Calculations III- This game is designed to assess and review your knowledge and skills in calculating the correct fluid medication dosages. ( 15 items selected from 50 questions).

1.30 Drug Dosage Calculations IV - Test and refresh your knowledge and skills in calculating the correct dosages for medication administration by injection. ( 15 items selected from 50 questions).

1.31 Drug Dosage Calculations V - This game assesses your knowledge and skills in calculating the correct intravenous (IV) dosages, flow rates and administration times. ( 15 items selected from 50 questions).

2. Nursing Games - Word Guess Series

2.45 Pediatric Disorders I - Test your knowledge of the names of disorders related to child development, vision, hearing, blood, respiratory system and nervous system in pediatric patients. (1 5 items drawn from a pool of 45 questions).

These Drag and Drop games were developed using Articulate's StoryLine 3 software. For best viewing of these SL3 games on Apple's iPhone and iPad, download and install the FREE Articulate from the iTunes Store. If you are using an Android tablet or phone, download and install the FREE Articulate Android Player App from Google Play.

3.2 Blood Tests I - See how well you know the indications / applications of 60 blood tests used to diagnose and monitor various body disorders and diseases. ( 15 questions selected from 60).

3.3 Blood Tests II - Test and refresh your knowledge of the indications / applications of another 60 blood tests used to diagnose and monitor various body disorders and diseases. ( 15 questions selected from 60).

3.4 Cancer Symptoms - Try this funky nursing game to see how well you know the signs and symptoms of 12 different types of common cancers. ( 24 questions).

3.5 Diagnostic Tests I - Try this game to see how well you know the indications / applications of 45 electrodiagnostic, endoscopic and nuclear diagnostic technologies, tools and procedures used to identify, monitor and evaluate body disorders and diseases. ( 15 questions from 45).

3.6 Diagnostic Tests II - Another game to see how well you know the indications / applications of 45 manometric, ultrasound and x-ray diagnostic technologies, tools and procedures used to identify, monitor and evaluate body disorders and diseases. ( 15 questions from 45).

3.10 Infectious Diseases - See how well you know the causes (bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites or protozoa) of these infectious diseases. ( 48 questions).

3.18 Oral Dosages - Another game about calculating the correct dosages for medications administered orally using solutions, suspensions, mixtures and syrups. ( 15 questions randomly selected from 35 items).

3.21 Pressure Ulcer Terms II - Another game to review the terminology used in the assessment, prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers / bedsores. ( 20 questions chosen from 70 items).

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Here are 156 free nursing games with some 6,000 questions designed to make your nurse learning / education more interesting, engaging and fun! In this section we have developed, and are experimenting with, different kinds of educational nursing games. Online games are very popular, so why not apply them to your nursing education?

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We express ourselves in different ways. On Flip, you can use our simple and fun built-in camera to record your thoughts, add effects and share within your Flip group as video, audio only or text in your web browser or mobile app.

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Flip is a video discussion and sharing app, free from Microsoft.

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Flip (formerly Flipgrid) is a video discussion and video sharing app, free from Microsoft, built for classrooms and beyond. Learn more.

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ClassMarker's secure, professional web-based Quiz maker is an easy-to-use, customizable online testing solution for business, training & educational assessments with Tests & Quizzes graded instantly, saving hours of paperwork!

Try it free

Flexible, customizable, and secure features

Check out ClassMarker's features loved by educators, trainers, and business owners alike.

See all features

How to Create Online Tests

Learn how to create Online Tests with ClassMarker.

1. Register an account with ClassMarker

Register your account and you can start creating Online Tests today

2. Select the Add new Test button

You can create unlimited Tests with ClassMarker

3. Start creating your Questions

All Questions you add will be added to your Question bank for re-use across your tests.

You can create multiple choice questions, true/false and matching questions, short answers and essay questions.

4. Assign the Test to be taken

You can assign your Test to a registered Group of students, or create a unique Link to your Test to send out or embed the Test on your website.

5. Select the Test settings

You can easily set time limits, availability dates, public and private access permissions, cheat prevention, randomize questions and answers, give certificates, email results and select if students can view their results.

6. View results from the Results section

View details of Test results including selected answers and category results.

7. View analytics over all results

Teachers and administrators can view Test result statistics such as correct answer frequency, best performing students, category results and more!

How to create quizzes online

(business owners, trainers, and educators)

Check out how easy it is to give online tests as well as grade and analyze results with ClassMarker's secure yet flexible features.

How to take quizzes online

(test takers)

Whether you're a trainee, staff member, or learner, you'll love how simple it is to take tests with ClassMarker - try a sample test here.

How ClassMarker works

Add questions.

Re-use questions.

Randomize order.

Private / public access.

Allow changing answers.

Set timers.

Set no. of attempts.

Seamless on mobile, tablet, or desktop.

Instant feedback for test takers.

Cheat-proof options.

Instant grading and real-time results.

Export results to admins/exam takers.

Automatic certification when test takers finish.

Create custom certificates.

ClassMarker is the ultimate online exam maker and test platform that helps educators, trainers, and business owners create their own secure, private exams, tests, and quizzes. Every piece of data you add to ClassMarker is confidential and locked to your account. Remove it at any time.

ClassMarker is GDPR and CCPA-compliant, which means that you can create custom online assessments safe in the knowledge that all your data is private. Contact us for a copy of our Data Protection Agreement.

ClassMarker is an online exam creator and marking tool that helps teachers, trainers, and business owners create custom tests and quizzes. We pride ourselves on having the most flexible features in the market.

We have money-saving solutions for both businesses and educational institutions of all sizes - no matter what you need to do with your class or group of learners, we can help!

Make your life easier with advanced test settings, such as time limits, public & private test access, randomized questions, instant feedback, and many more. Explore the full range of customer exam settings here, or check out our how-to videos for step-by-step instructions.

ClassMarker has flexible features for all needs: training tests, pre-employment assessments, online certifications & compliance, recruitment, health & safety quizzes, schools, universities, distance learning, online courses, E-Learning, and self-learning.

Our online exam maker will open up a whole world of possibilities for you, whether you're a small business owner, trainer/HR in a mid-size to large company, or an educator - the possibilities are endless.

Our mission is to empower educators, trainers, and business owners to train others by creating effective learning experiences. We believe that education is a right, not a privilege. That's why we created ClassMarker - so learning is accessible to everyone. We even have a free plan for not-for-profits.

Check out our affordable online testing plans - you're sure to find one that suits your needs no matter the size of your organization.

ClassMarker customers have the flexibility to work with our efficient online testing software as a stand-alone tool or integrated with other tools and platforms.

Get test results sent to your website in real-time, embed exams in WordPress & Google sites, and much more. View our Developers Documentation & Partner Integrations.

Download our "ClassMarker Essentials" guide to discover the wealth of features and possibilities that await you.

Whether you're an educator or a business, our guide will give an overview of how to supercharge your online tests.

Download now.

Join

the thousands of professionals using ClassMarker around the world & start creating custom online exams today.

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Online Testing Free Quiz Maker Create the Best quizzes

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The ClassMarker online testing website, is a professional, easy to use, online quiz maker that marks your tests and quizzes for you. Create online quizzes free quiz maker.

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Laerdal Medical (laerdal.com/us), one of the world's leading providers of healthcare solutions, is dedicated to helping save lives with products and services for Simulation, Airway Management, Immobilization, Basic Life Support, Advanced Life Support, Patient Care, Self-Directed Learning, and Medical Education. Laerdal is pleased to serve all healthcare providers and educators, from the lay rescuer to the medical professionals.

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Preparing Nurses For The Future-By Johnson & Johnson 

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Preparing Nurses For The Future-By Johnson & Johnson 

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Katie Hungarter is a registered nurse (RN) who was introduced to the nursing profession as a child watching her mom, an emergency room nurse, at work. "At first I was nervous about having so much responsibility for another person," says Katie. "But I am so glad I decided to become a nurse."

For the past two years, Katie has been caring for patients before and after their surgical procedures at Hunterdon Medical Center in Flemington, N.J. Although she attended a thorough orientation program at the hospital, making the transition from being a student and nurse intern to a registered nurse, "was intimidating," Katie recalls. "When I started working I was suddenly responsible for patients and had to interact with doctors for the first time."

As the U.S. faces the most profound shortage of nurses in its history, new nurses are vital to the nursing profession and the health care system. A shortfall of nearly half a million registered nurses threatens to disrupt the quality and availability of health care services.

Supporting Nurses in the Transition from Classroom to Patient Room
The Johnson & Johnson Campaign for Nursing's Future, a public-awareness campaign launched by Johnson & Johnson in 2002, is working to address the nursing shortage in the U.S. by recruiting new nurses and nurse faculty and helping to retain nurses currently in the profession.

To prepare soon-to-be nurses for the challenges of the workplace, Johnson & Johnson recently developed Your Future in Nursing, a training program that combines the interactivity of video computer gaming with real-life nursing scenarios. New and future nurses can practice responding to scenarios in a risk-free and relaxed virtual environment while developing the communication skills that are such a critical part of the transition from classroom to bedside.

"Understanding the needs and challenges of new nurses and supplying them with supportive tools and resources is key to keeping them in practice," says Andrea Higham, Director, Johnson & Johnson Campaign for Nursing's Future. "This learning tool represents a novel approach to education and development in health care, and our hope is that the software will engage and prepare future nurses for the real experience they'll face in today's nursing environment."

Your Future in Nursing was developed with insight from a diverse team of nurses, including Katie. They worked to identify common challenges that may face new nurses of all ages, such as feeling overwhelmed by patient care responsibilities to working with difficult co-workers.

"We worked hard to get at the heart of the issues that affect nurses during the transition from school to the workforce and then strategized the best ways for nurses to manage those issues," says Barbara Tofani, RN, Director, Hunterdon Regional Cancer Center and a consultant in the development of Your Future in Nursing.

The interactive training tool allows nurses to navigate a personalized 3-D nurse character through rooms of a virtual hospital. "The game is great because everywhere you turn you are encountering a different situation with doctors, nurses and patients. That is the real life of a nurse-you don't know what you'll run into on any given day," says Katie.

With experience comes confidence in caring for patients. "What I like about nursing is being with patients and the conversations that I have with them," says Katie, who is now working towards her Bachelor's degree in nursing. "You really feel like you are making a big difference."

Read more on how the Campaign for Nursing's Future was honored by the National League of Nurses

Learn more:
Your Future in Nursing
The Campaign for Nursing's Future
Discover Nursing
Follow Nursing Notes by Johnson & Johnson on Facebook

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Katie Hungarter is a registered nurse (RN) who was introduced to the nursing profession as a child watching her mom, an emergency room nurse, at work. "At first I was nervous about having so much responsibility for another person," says Katie. "But I am so glad I decided to become a nurse."

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Creating a Rubric

Rubrics are a tool to help you evaluate student performance. Knowing how to create and use rubrics gives you a better understanding of assessment and another option for assessing student performance. Rubrics are a great way to improve communication, learning, and grading fairness. In this course we will cover:

what rubrics are and how they can benefit you and your students

assessment concepts that relate to rubrics

how to create a rubric

how to judge the quality of the rubrics you create

The tutorial also provides several examples of rubrics and a list of resources where you can learn more.

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Rubrics are a tool to help you evaluate student performance. Knowing how to create and use rubrics gives you a better understanding of assessment and another option for assessing student performance. Rubrics are a great way to improve communication, learning, and grading fairness. Course authored and designed by Lisa O'Reilly, Instructional Designer."

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Using the Institute of Medicine (2003) competencies for nursing, QSEN faculty have defined pre-licensure and graduate quality and safety competencies for nursing and proposed targets for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to be developed in nursing pre-licensure programs for each competency.

Led by a national advisory board and distinguished faculty, QSEN pursues strategies to build will and develop effective teaching approaches to assure that future graduates develop competencies in patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics.

Acknowledgments

The QSEN Institute gratefully acknowledges the following QSEN faculty and Advisory Board members for their contributions to the development of the competency definitions and KSAs:

Paul Batalden, MD, (Dartmouth)

Jean Blackwell, MLS (UNC-Chapel Hill)

Carol Durham, EdD(c), MSN, RN, (UNC-Chapel Hill)

Leslie Hall, MD (U Missouri-Columbia)

Jean Johnson, PhD, RN, FAAN (George Washington University)

Mary (Polly) Johnson, MSN, RN, FAAN (NC Board of Nursing)

Elaine Smith, EdD(c), MBA, MSN, RN, CNAA (UNC-Chapel Hill)

M. Elaine Tagliareni, EdD, RN (Community College of Philadelphia)

This is how modafinil works as you can buy modafinil online via this website modafinilresearch.com

The QSEN Institute gratefully acknowledges the following for their contributions to the Spanish translation of the competency definitions:

Nilda Peragallo-Montano, Dean, School of Nursing (UNC-Chapel Hill)

Claudia Giraldo, Bilingual Executive Assistant to the Dean, School of Nursing (UNC-Chapel Hill)

The QSEN Institute gratefully acknowledges the following for their contributions to the Turkish translation of the competency definitions:

Dr. Öğr. Üye. Merve TARHAN, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Hemşirelik Bölümü

Merve TARHAN, Asst. Prof., Health Sciences Faculty, Department of Nursing

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Using the Institute of Medicine (2003) competencies for nursing, QSEN faculty have defined pre-licensure and graduate quality and safety competencies for nursing and proposed targets for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to be developed in nursing pre-licensure programs for each competency.

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VoiceThread is a learning tool for enhancing student engagement and online presence. With VoiceThread, instructors and/or students can create, share, and comment on images, Microsoft PowerPoint presentations, videos, audio files, documents, and PDFs, using microphone, webcam, text, phone, and audio-file upload.

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The ABCDs of Writing Instructional Objectives 

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The ABCDs of Writing Instructional Objectives 

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Revised Blooms Taxonomy

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Share Ideas Instantly with TechSmith Capture

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TechSmith Capture (formerly Jing) is a simple, free way to capture basic screenshots and screen recordings and share them with others.

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Writing Good Multiple Choice Test Questions 

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Writing Good Multiple Choice Test Questions 

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Cite this guide: Brame, C. (2013) Writing good multiple choice test questions. Retrieved [todaysdate] from https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/writing-good-multiple-choice-test-questions/.

Multiple choice test questions, also known as items, can be an effective and efficient way to assess learning outcomes. Multiple choice test items have several potential advantages:

Versatility: Multiple choice test items can be written to assess various levels of learning outcomes, from basic recall to application, analysis, and evaluation. Because students are choosing from a set of potential answers, however, there are obvious limits on what can be tested with multiple choice items. For example, they are not an effective way to test students' ability to organize thoughts or articulate explanations or creative ideas.

Reliability: Reliability is defined as the degree to which a test consistently measures a learning outcome. Multiple choice test items are less susceptible to guessing than true/false questions, making them a more reliable means of assessment. The reliability is enhanced when the number of MC items focused on a single learning objective is increased. In addition, the objective scoring associated with multiple choice test items frees them from problems with scorer inconsistency that can plague scoring of essay questions.

Validity: Validity is the degree to which a test measures the learning outcomes it purports to measure. Because students can typically answer a multiple choice item much more quickly than an essay question, tests based on multiple choice items can typically focus on a relatively broad representation of course material, thus increasing the validity of the assessment.

The key to taking advantage of these strengths, however, is construction of good multiple choice items.

A multiple choice item consists of a problem, known as the stem, and a list of suggested solutions, known as alternatives. The alternatives consist of one correct or best alternative, which is the answer, and incorrect or inferior alternatives, known as distractors.

Constructing an Effective Stem

1. The stem should be meaningful by itself and should present a definite problem. A stem that presents a definite problem allows a focus on the learning outcome. A stem that does not present a clear problem, however, may test students' ability to draw inferences from vague descriptions rather serving as a more direct test of students' achievement of the learning outcome.

2. The stem should not contain irrelevant material, which can decrease the reliability and the validity of the test scores (Haldyna and Downing 1989).

3. The stem should be negatively stated only when significant learning outcomes require it. Students often have difficulty understanding items with negative phrasing (Rodriguez 1997). If a significant learning outcome requires negative phrasing, such as identification of dangerous laboratory or clinical practices, the negative element should be emphasized with italics or capitalization.

4. The stem should be a question or a partial sentence. A question stem is preferable because it allows the student to focus on answering the question rather than holding the partial sentence in working memory and sequentially completing it with each alternative (Statman 1988). The cognitive load is increased when the stem is constructed with an initial or interior blank, so this construction should be avoided.

Constructing Effective Alternatives

1. All alternatives should be plausible. The function of the incorrect alternatives is to serve as distractors,which should be selected by students who did not achieve the learning outcome but ignored by students who did achieve the learning outcome. Alternatives that are implausible don't serve as functional distractors and thus should not be used. Common student errors provide the best source of distractors.

2. Alternatives should be stated clearly and concisely. Items that are excessively wordy assess students' reading ability rather than their attainment of the learning objective

3. Alternatives should be mutually exclusive. Alternatives with overlapping content may be considered "trick" items by test-takers, excessive use of which can erode trust and respect for the testing process.

4. Alternatives should be homogenous in content. Alternatives that are heterogeneous in content can provide cues to student about the correct answer.

5. Alternatives should be free from clues about which response is correct. Sophisticated test-takers are alert to inadvertent clues to the correct answer, such differences in grammar, length, formatting, and language choice in the alternatives. It's therefore important that alternatives

have grammar consistent with the stem.

are parallel in form.

are similar in length.

use similar language (e.g., all unlike textbook language or all like textbook language).

6. The alternatives "all of the above" and "none of the above" should not be used. When "all of the above" is used as an answer, test-takers who can identify more than one alternative as correct can select the correct answer even if unsure about other alternative(s). When "none of the above" is used as an alternative, test-takers who can eliminate a single option can thereby eliminate a second option. In either case, students can use partial knowledge to arrive at a correct answer.

7. The alternatives should be presented in a logical order (e.g., alphabetical or numerical) to avoid a bias toward certain positions.

8. The number of alternatives can vary among items as long as all alternatives are plausible. Plausible alternatives serve as functional distractors, which are those chosen by students that have not achieved the objective but ignored by students that have achieved the objective. There is little difference in difficulty, discrimination, and test score reliability among items containing two, three, and four distractors.

Additional Guidelines

1. Avoid complex multiple choice items , in which some or all of the alternatives consist of different combinations of options. As with "all of the above" answers, a sophisticated test-taker can use partial knowledge to achieve a correct answer.

2. Keep the specific content of items independent of one another. Savvy test-takers can use information in one question to answer another question, reducing the validity of the test.

Considerations for Writing Multiple Choice Items that Test Higher-order Thinking

When writing multiple choice items to test higher-order thinking, design questions that focus on higher levels of cognition as defined by Bloom's taxonomy. A stem that presents a problem that requires application of course principles, analysis of a problem, or evaluation of alternatives is focused on higher-order thinking and thus tests students' ability to do such thinking. In constructing multiple choice items to test higher order thinking, it can also be helpful to design problems that require multilogical thinking, where multilogical thinking is defined as "thinking that requires knowledge of more than one fact to logically and systematically apply concepts to a ...problem" (Morrison and Free, 2001, page 20). Finally, designing alternatives that require a high level of discrimination can also contribute to multiple choice items that test higher-order thinking.

Additional Resources

Burton, Steven J., Sudweeks, Richard R., Merrill, Paul F., and Wood, Bud. How to Prepare Better Multiple Choice Test Items: Guidelines for University Faculty, 1991.

Cheung, Derek and Bucat, Robert. How can we construct good multiple-choice items? Presented at the Science and Technology Education Conference, Hong Kong, June 20-21, 2002.

Haladyna, Thomas M. Developing and validating multiple-choice test items, 2nd edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999.

Haladyna, Thomas M. and Downing, S. M.. Validity of a taxonomy of multiple-choice item-writing rules. Applied Measurement in Education, 2(1), 51-78, 1989.

Morrison, Susan and Free, Kathleen. Writing multiple-choice test items that promote and measure critical thinking. Journal of Nursing Education 40: 17-24, 2001.

This teaching guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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Writing Good Multiple Choice Test Questions

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by Cynthia J. Brame Print Version Cite this guide: Brame, C. (2013) Writing good multiple choice test questions. Retrieved [todaysdate] from https://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/writing-good-multiple-choice-test-questions/. Constructing an Effective Stem Constructing Effective Alternatives Additional Guidelines for Multiple Choice Questions Considerations for Writing Multiple Choice Items that Test Higher-order Thinking Additional Resources Multiple choice test questions, also known as items,...

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