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- John  L. O'Sullivan coined the phrase Manifest Destiny for racial justification.
- Manifest Destiny represented the defense for expansion and racial justification. Many defended the idea that non-white people could not be absorbed into the republican style system.
- Jefferson tries to justify the acquisition of western lands through the concept of opportunity for America.
- Gadsden Purchase was the final stage of Manifest Destiny.

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- Has an impact on different nations(specifically Spain, Mexico and Britain, because they get in the way of Manifest Destiny)
- People argued that if Jefferson stuck with his argument, then there would be conflict with other countries.
- The Rio Grande River was supposed to be the border for which Americans were allowed to settle the land of Texas. This led to a crisis with slavery because it was outlawed in Mexico.
-  Texas comes into America as a slave state. In order to maintain balance, Oregon joined the Union as a free state.
- James K. Polk was involved with the
- Under the treaty of hidalgo America received more land from Mexico and then also paid Mexico MILLIONS.

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- Many Hispanic citizens and Natives were under the jurisdiction of the United States.

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- Under this bill's establishment, the state of California was admitted as a free state
- There were formations of territorial governments in the rest of the lands acquired by Mexico, without restrictions on slavery.
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Texas was not allowed to be a part of the union until oregon became a part of the union because there would not be a balance between the slave and free states.
- both Britain and the United states claimed sovereignty over the region.
- American interest in the land grew in the 1820s and 1830s.
- They were motivated by a desire to counter Canadian missionaries whose presence was believed to counter the hope of annexation.

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- Dred Scott sued his master on the terms that he was a resident in free territory so he therefore, was a free man.
- Dred was well grounded by Missouri law.
-  The circuit court in which Scott filed the suit also declared Scott free
- Federal courts argued that slaves were property and cannot sue.
-The case  ended in a loss for the antislavery movement
- Also declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

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- Became the only reason for why California could apply for statehood.
- The gold attracted much if the population during that time
- The boom of California was the most proficient out of any other boom during that time.

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- California is admitted as a free state
- Slave trade outlawed in Washington DC
- New fugitive slave law enacted
- Popular sovereignty becomes the official policy of determining whether or not a state would be considered as a free or slave state.

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- Made it more affordable for people to travel throughout the land
- Contributed to the expansion of white settlement.
- Gadsden Purchase made the sectional rivalry more prominent.
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- James Gadsden persuaded the Mexican government to accept 10 million dollars in exchange for a strip of land that comprises part of Arizona and New Mexico and would facilitate a southern route for the transcontinental railroad.

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- Declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

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- The heart the debates between Lincoln and Douglas was a basic difference on the issue of slavery.
- Douglas did not have any moral position on the issue of slavery(he did not think that slaves should be counted as citizens, and also that the government was made on white basis)
- Lincoln claimed that  if the nation could accept that blacks could not have basic human rights then other groups such as immigrant laborers, could be deprived of human rights as well.
- Lincoln believed that slavery was morally wrong, but he was not an abolitionist.
- Lincoln believed that slaves were entitled to human rights.

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- Zachary Taylor believed that statehood could become the solution to the issue of slavery in the territories
- The number of slaves states and free states was equal in 1849. (15 each)
- Due to the imbalance that was to be caused if California, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah were admitted to the Union, there was talk of secession from the Union from some Southern leaders.
- In the North, every state except for one adopted a resolution demanding the prohibition of slavery in the territories.

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- The federal government was responsible for deciding the fate of slavery within new lands that remained territories.
- Congress balked because of other controversies concerning slavery that were complicating the debate.
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Douglas wanted the transcontinental railroad for his own city and section.
- He introduced a bill in January 1854 to organize a huge new territory, known as Nebraska, west of Iowa and Missouri.
- The proposed bill would prepare way for a new free state and was in the area of the Louisiana Purchase, north of the Missouri Compromise(in the case, closed to slavery).
- Douglas inserted a provision that the status of slavery in the territory would be determined by territorial legislature - that is according to "popular sovereignty".
- Douglas agreed to an additional clause repealing the Missouri Compromise.
- He also agreed to split the land into two new territories Kansas and Nebraska.

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- The Kansas Nebraska Act produced many consequences.
- It divided and destroyed the Whig Party
- It divided the northern Democrats
- It spurred the creation that was very sectional.
- People in major parties that opposed Douglas's Bill called themselves the Anti-Nebraska Democrats and the Anti-Nebraska Whigs.
- Both parties formed an organization and named it the Republican Party.
- In the elections of 1854, the Republicans had won enough seats in Congress to permit them, along with the allies among the know-Nothings, to organize the House of Representatives.

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- James K. Polk  dispatched a special minister, John Slidell, to try buy off the Mexicans.
- The Mexicans refused to rejected the offer to purchase the disputed territories.
- As soon as he heard the news, Polk ordered Taylor's army in Texas to move across the Nueces River to the Rio Grande.
- The Mexican did not fight for months until some Mexican Troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked a unit of American soldiers.

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- Instability in Mexico drove General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna to seize power as a dictator and impose a new autocratic regime on the nation and its territories.
- A new law increased the Mexican government's power at expense of the state's power.
- The Texans believed that this was a shot at them.
- Mexicans imprisoned Stephen Austin in Mexico City, claiming that he encouraged revolts among other Americans in Texas.
- More conflict emerged when the Mexican government sent more troops into the territory.
- The American settlers defiantly declared their independence from Mexico.
- Santa Anna led a large army into Texas.
Mexicans annihilated an American garrison in the Alamo mission in San Antonio.
Americans started to flee eastward toward Louisiana due to the success of Anna's army.
- General Sam Houston managed to keep a force together and managed to defeat Mexican forces in the Battle of San Jacinto.
- Houston's army also took Santa Anna prisoner.

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- Democratic Party was torn apart by the issue of slavery.
- Southerners demanded a strong endorsement of slavery.
- Westerners supported the idea of popular sovereignty.
- The Democratic Party met at a convention which ended in the endorsement of popular sovereignty.
- Delegates from eight states in the lower South walked out.()
- Remaining delegates were indecisive on a presidential candidate and adjourned after meeting again in Baltimore in June.
- The Republican leaders were trying to broaden their appeal so as to attract every major interest group  in the North.
- Republicans believed that the North was blocking the North's economic aspirations.
- In the November election, Lincoln won the presidency with the majority of the electoral vote.
- However he only won two-fifths of the fragmented popular vote.

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- Saw the expansion of American democracy thorughout the world as a way to divert attention from the controversies of slavery.
- Dreamed to expand trade in the Pacific and acquiring new land in the Wesrern Hemisphere.